La détection de gaz potentiellement dangereux représente une problématique d’actualité pour la protectiondes personnes mais aussi un enjeu d’avenir pour le stockage des énergies renouvelables. Les outils desimulations développés au sein du Département Temps-Fréquence de l’Institut FEMTO-ST, associés aux outilstechnologiques proposés par la centrale MIMENTO ont permis la mise au point de capteurs SAW apportantdes réponses à ces problématiques. Ces derniers fondés sur les propriétés des ondes de Love ont ainsi permis ladétection du monoxyde de carbone dans la gamme du ppm. De même, la mesure de concentration d’hydrogènede l’ordre du pourcent a pu être réalisée par le biais de dispositifs s’appuyant sur les ondes Rayleigh. Les effortsfournis pour l’optimisation des dispositifs électro-acoustiques ont aboutis à la réalisation de lignes à retard surquartz affchant des pertes d’insertion de 16 dB. La limitation de ces pertes, généralement de l’ordre de 25 dB à30 dB sur quartz, augmente les potentialités de nos capteurs en terme d’autonomie et de fonctionnalisation desurface. La connaissance des phénomènes physiques gouvernant leur fonctionnement représente, à notre sens,la base de leur développement futur. De cette idée découle notre démarche d’identification et de compréhensionde ces derniers par le biais des différentes techniques de caractérisations et d’analyses disponible au sein denotre l’institut. Des pistes, telles que le recours à un alliage métallique pour la fonctionnalisation des surfacessensibles et la mise en œuvre d’une méthode de séparation des puces limitant les perturbations du signal directdes dispositifs électro-acoustiques, ont été explorées et ont permis d’améliorer la réponse des capteurs. Lepotentiel des composants à ondes élastiques guidée pour la détection de grandeurs chimiques en phase gazeusea pu être établi sur la base des résultats expérimentaux obtenus au cours de cette thèse. Dans la continuité decette dernière, deux projets de recherche (P-AIR et SMARTY) visant le contrôle de la qualité de l’air en milieuurbain ont d’ors et déjà été engagés. / The detection of hazardous gas is a topical issue for the protection of persons. Besides, it represents a challenge linked to the storage of renewable energy. Simulation tools developed within the Time and Frequency Department attached to the FEMTO-ST Institute together with technological facilities available at MIMENTO center have enabled the development of SAW sensors providing answers to these issues. These Love wave’sbased sensors properties have enabled the detection of carbon monoxide in the ppm range. Similarly, hydrogen concentrations of the percent order has been measured by mean of Rayleigh wave’s based sensors. The efforts to optimize electro-acoustic devices have led to achieve delay lines built on quartz with insertion losses of 16 dB.Usually around 25 dB to 30 dB, the reduction of the insertion losses improves the potential of these sensorsin terms of autonomy and surface functionalization. Knowledge of the physical phenomena governing theoperation of these sensors represent the basis of their future development. Thus, different characterization and analysis techniques available in our institute have been carried out to reveal these phenomena. From there, the functionalization of sensor’s sensitives surfaces with metallic alloys and implementation of a chip separation method limiting the disturbance of the direct signal of the electro-acoustic devices, have been explored to improve the performance of the sensors. Based on the experimental results obtained in this thesis, the potential of elastic guided wave’s sensors applied to the detection of chemical quantities in gas phase can be established.In continuation of this study, two projects (P-AIR and SMARTY) dedicated to the control of the urban air quality have already been engaged.

Nous avons étudié les phénomènes convectifs et leur interaction dynamique avec la formation des microstructures pendant la solidification dirigée d’alliages étalliquesbinaires.La méthode post-mortem a été utilisée d’abord pour étudier la Transition olonnaire-Equiaxe pendant la solidification dirigée d’échantillons cylindriques d’Al-3,5wt%Ni non affiné sous la Technique de Rotation Accélérée de Creuset. La simulation numérique a été éffectuée et acquérie les résultats en concordance avec les manipulations.La technique in-situ a été appliquée pour comprendre l’évolution en fonction de temps des grains pendant solidification d’Al-4wt%Cu. La caractéstiques tatistiques des grains ont été discutées.La convection d’instabilité déclenchée par la poussée ou la tension superfaciale sous les gradients thermiques verticale et horizontale dans un système de double couches liquide-zone poreuse ont réspectivement étudié par analysis d’instabilité linéaire.L’inhomogénéité de la perméabilité de zone pateuse dendritique a été tenue en compte afin de comprendre son influence sur le début de convection pendant la solidification dirigée d’Al-3,5wt%Li. / We studied the convective phenomena and their dynamical interaction with the formation of the microstructurs during directional solidification of binary metallic alloys.The post-mortem method was used first to study the Columnar-Equiaxed-Transition during the directional solidification of unrefined Al-3.5wt%Ni in cylindric samples under the Accelerated Crucible Rotation Technique. The numerical imulation was carried out and achieved the results in agreement with experiments.The in-situ technique was applied to understand the evolution of equiaxed grains during solidification of Al-4wt%Cu in function of time. The statistical characteristics of equiaxed grains were discussed.The buoyancy-driven and surface-tension-driven instability convection under vertical and horizontal thermal gradients in a liquid-porous double-layered system were respectively investigated through linear instability analysis.The inhomogeneity of the dendritic mush permeability was taken into account in order to understand its influence on the triggering of convection during the directional solidification of Al-3.5wt%Li.

La thèse est portée essentiellement sur la stabilisation indirecte d’un système de deux équations des ondes couplées et sur la stabilisation frontière de poutre de Rayleigh.Dans le cas de la stabilisation d’un système d’équations d’onde couplées, le contrôle est introduit dans le système directement sur le bord du domaine d’une seule équation dans le cas d’un domaine borne ou à l’intérieur d’une seule équation mais dans le cas d’un domaine non borné. La nature du système ainsi couplé dépend du couplage des équations et de la nature arithmétique des vitesses de propagations, et ceci donne divers résultats pour la stabilisation polynomiale ainsi la non stabilité.Dans le cas de la stabilisation de poutre de Rayleigh, l’équation est considérée avec un seul contrôle force agissant sur bord du domaine. D’abord, moyennant le développement asymptotique des valeurs propres et des vecteurs propres du système non contrôlé, un résultat d’observabilité ainsi qu’un résultat de bornétude de la fonction de transfert correspondant sont obtenus. Alors, un taux de décroissance polynomial de l’énergie du système est établi. Ensuite, moyennant une étude spectrale combinée avec une méthode fréquentielle, l’optimalité du taux obtenu est assurée. / The thesis is driven mainly on indirect stabilization system of two coupled wave equations and the boundary stabilization of Rayleigh beam equation. In the case of stabilization of a coupled wave equations, the Control is introduced into the system directly on the edge of the field of a single equation in the case of a bounded domain or inside a single equation but in the case of an unbounded domain. The nature of thus coupled system depends on the coupling equations and arithmetic Nature of speeds of propagation, and this gives different results for the polynomial stability and the instability. In the case of stabilization of Rayleigh beam equation, we consider an equation with one control force acting on the edge of the area. First, using the asymptotic expansion of the eigenvalues and vectors of the uncontrolled system an observability result and a result of boundedness of the transfer function are obtained. Then a polynomial decay rate of the energy of the system is established. Then through a spectral study combined with a frequency method, optimality of the rate obtained is assured.

Tato práce popisuje výzkum zaměřený na studium vertikálních teplotních profilů a fluktuací v turbulentní Rayleighově-Bénardově konvekci. Experiment byl proveden v "Barrel of Ilmenau" obsahující válcovou experimentální celu s průměrem 7,15 m a výškou 4,7 m ("the aspect ratio" = 1,5) naplněnou suchým vzduchem. Teplotní profily a fluktuace byly studovány podél vertikální osy cely mezi horní a spodní deskou spodní deskou v rozmezí Rayleighova čísla (Ra) 1E11 4E12. Teplotní profily byly změřeny novou metodou využívající systém s optickým vláknem Luna ODiSI-B, který byl pořízen týmem z Ilmenau. Systém umožňuje měřit teplotní profil ve všech bodech podél celého vlákna současně s prostorovým rozlišením 5 mm.

Les évènements météoriques constituent une source d’importance fondamentale pour la sismologie planétaire, étant donné que leur localisation, et dans certains cas, leur temps d’origine peuvent être déterminés précisément par des orbiteurs. Cette importance augmente encore dans le cas d’une expérimentation à 1 seul sismomètre, comme dans le cas de SEIS (Seismic Experimentof Interior Structure) de la mission actuelle InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport). En effet, la localisation précise permet de réaliser une inversion directe des temps de propagation différentiels et des formes d’ondes pour la détermination de la structure interne. Les impacts de météorites génèrent des ondes de volume et de surface lors de leur arrivée à la surface d’une planète. Quand ils explosent dans l’atmosphère, ils produisent des ondes de chocs qui sont converties en ondes linéaires, sismiques pour la partie solide, et acoustiques pour la partie atmosphérique. Ce phénomène peut être modélisé par l’amplitude de l’excitation de modes sphéroïdaux, dû aux effets de couplage entre l’atmosphère et le sol. Ce manuscrit de thèse est consacré à l’investigation et la modélisation des ondes de Rayleigh générées par des météores. Un rappel général des avancées en sciences planétaires est d’abord fourni, avec un focus sur la sismologie planétaire et les études des sources sismiques atmosphériques. Ensuite, la théorie concernant les ondes de choc dans l’atmosphère et au sol est présentée plus en détails. Dans le cas de la formation d’une onde de choc dans l’atmosphère, l’effet de transition d’un régime de propagation non linéaire vers un régime linéaire est documenté pour le superbolide de Chelyabinsk. Pour la génération d’ondes dans la subsurface, un impact de météorite sur la lune est passé en revue, en utilisant des codes hydrodynamiques. Une analyse comparée de ces deux cas est réalisée de façon à présenter les processus de transition du régime de propagation. Une inversion de la source sismique du superbolide de Chelyabinsk est effectuée, de manière à examiner les propriétés de la source associée dans l’atmosphère terrestre. Nous avons développé une source multiple, composée d’une série de points source consécutifs, basé sur une trajectoire fournie. Les calculs des sismogrammes synthétiques des ondes de Rayleigh associées à l’événement sont réalisés par la sommation des modes propres du modèle de la partie solide et de la partie atmosphérique de la planète. A travers une technique d’inversion basée sur la décomposition des valeurs singulières et la méthode du moindre carré, nous fournissons des solutions pour la magnitude du moment. De plus, nous avons trouvé dans les données sismiques un effet Doppler, associée à la directivité de la source. En plus, nous avons réalisé des modélisations 3-D basées sur la méthode des éléments spectraux dans le cas d’un modèle solide uniquement, de façon à comprendre les effets des caractéristiques 3-D crustales, et surligner les différences avec une source inversée dans le sol par rapport à une source correctement positionnée dans l’atmosphère. Dans le cas de Mars, la sommation des modes propres est utilisée pour fournir les formes d’ondes associées aux impacts à la surface de la planète ou à basse altitude dans l’atmosphère martienne. Il est montré que la contribution du mode solide sphéroïdal fondamental domine les formes d’onde, par rapport aux deux premières harmoniques. La comparaison entre les amplitudes de sismogramme synthétiques de tailles différentes, montre que les petits impacteurs (diamètre de 0,5 mètre à 2 mètres) peuvent être détectés par les capteurs VBB de SEIS, seulement pour les hautes fréquences des ondes de Rayleigh, même pour des distances épicentrales très faibles. / Meteoric events constitute a source of paramount importance for Planetary Seismology, since their locations and, in some cases, their occurence times can be accurately known from orbiters, tracking or visual inspections. Their contribution is enhanced in the case of a seismic experi- ment with one seismometer, as the SEIS (Seismic Experiment of Interior Structure) of the im- minent Martian mission “InSight” (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations, Geodesy and Heat Transport), as the known location allows a direct inversion of differential travel times and wave forms for structure identification. Meteor impacts generate body and surface waves when they reach the surface of a planet. When they explode into the atmosphere, they generate shock waves which are converted into linear, seismic waves in the solid part and acoustic waves in the atmosphere. This effect can be modeled as the amplitude of Rayleigh and other Spheroidal modes excitation, due to atmo- spheric/ground coupling effects. This PhD dissertation is focusing on the investigation and modeling of the meteor generated Rayleigh waves. A brief recall to the advance of planetary science with focus on planetary seismology and the study of atmospheric seismic sources is presented. Thereafter, the theory concerning the shock waves in the atmosphere and in the ground is presented in further detail. In the case of shock wave generation in the atmosphere, the effect of transition from a highly nonlinear propagation regime to the linear one is presented for Chelyabinsk superbolide. In the case of the generation in the subsurface, a meteor impact on the Moon is investigated, using hydrodynamic codes. A comparative analysis of both cases is performed in order to present the transition processes of the propagation regime. An inversion of the seismic source of Chelyabinsk superbolide is performed, in order to examine the properties of the associated source in Earth’s atmosphere. We develop a line source, made of a series of consecutive point sources, based on a provided trajectory. The calculation of synthetic seismograms of Rayleigh waves associated to the event is performed by the summation of normal modes of a model for the solid part and the atmosphere of the planet. Through an inversion technique based on singular value decomposition and least square method, solutions for the moment magnitude are provided. Moreover we found in the seismic data a Doppler effect, associated with the directivity of the source. In addition, we perform 3D modeling based on spectral element method in a purely solid model, to assess the effects of 3D crustal features and highlight differences with a source inverted in the ground versus on a source correctly positioned in the atmosphere. In the case of Mars, normal mode summation is used in order to provide waveforms asso- ciated to impacts on the planetary surface or in low altitudes in the martian atmosphere. It is shown that the contribution of the fundamental spheroidal solid mode is dominating the wave- forms, compared to the one of the first two overtones. The comparison between the amplitudes of synthetic seismograms of different size, show that small impactors (diameter of 0.5 to 2 meters) can be detected by the SEIS VBB seismometer of InSight mission, only in the higher frequencies of Rayleigh waves, even for short epicentral distances. An analysis based on im- pact rate estimations enables to calculate the number of detectable events of meteor impacts for projectiles with diameter greater than 1 meter and it leads to the conclusion of 6.7 to 13.4 detectable impacts during a Mars year, the nominal operational period of InSight mission. Finally, an analysis on the ground characteristics of a shallow low velocity zone under InSight landing site is presented. Through an investigation by classical test of geomechanics, it is shown that this zone is supposed to affect the quality of seismic signals.

The thesis is focused on the investigation of Rayleigh-Bénard problem in an extended setting approximating the conditions in the Earth's mantle. The aim is to evaluate the influence of depth- and temperature- dependent material parameters, dissipation, adiabatic heating/cooling and heat sources on the qualitative characteristics of thermal convection. We identify the critical values of dimensionless parameters that determine the onset of convection and characterize the dominating convection patterns in marginally supercritical states. These issues are addressed by the application of linear stability analysis and weakly non-linear analysis. It has been found that the character of convection differ substantially from the standard case of Rayleigh-Bénard convection. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

[pt] Neste trabalho foi feito o estudo do espalhamento da luz realizado por partículas esféricas dielétricas, pelo uso do método dos elementos finitos, através do software COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6, sendo considerado o comportamento da luz tanto como onda quanto como partícula. Este estudo visa, no futuro, a compreensão do laser aleatório em sistemas com centros espalhadores de diferentes geometrias. Considerando o comportamento ondulatório da luz, foi estudada a teoria sobre as séries de Mie. Esta, por sua vez, é uma solução que, dado o campo de incidência, pode-se calcular os campos espalhados e absorvidos por partículas esféricas. Foram calculados os valores da seção de choque de espalhamento e a média do cosseno do ângulo de espalhamento para uma partícula de raio (r) maior que um décimo do comprimento de onda (Comprimento de onda) da luz (raio maior que um décimo do comprimento de onda) e uma com (raio menor que um décimo do comprimento de onda). Neste último caso, também foi estudada a variação da intensidade da luz espalhada em função do ângulo de espalhamento. Os resultados das partículas pequenas corresponderam ao regime de Rayleigh. As partículas esféricas consideradas foram a rutila, TiO2, e a alumina, Al2O3. Foi estudado também o espalhamento de luz realizado por duas partículas idênticas. Para esse caso, obteve-se uma luz espalhada mais intensa na região entre as partículas em comparação a outras regiões. Ademais, ao comparar com o espalhamento feito por uma única partícula, foi notado que a luz espalhada por duas partículas, na região entre as duas, também era mais intenso. Além disso, ao estudar o confinamento de luz entre duas e três partículas de r = 230 nm, viu-se que o espectro do campo espalhado apresentava mais de um pico, como há em lasers aleatórios coerentes. No que concerne ao comportamento corpuscular da luz, foi considerada a equação de difusão de fótons, onde o espectro de emissão da fluorescência de R6G incidindo em uma concentração da ordem de 1010 cm−3 partículas foi simulado e, posteriormente, comparou-se o resultado obtido com o comportamento de um sistema de laser aleatório incoerente. / [en] In this work, the study of light scattering performed by dielectric spherical particles was carried out, using the finite element method, through the COMSOL Multiphysics 5.6 software, considering the behavior of light both as a wave and as a particle. This study aims, in the future, to understand the random laser in systems with scatter centers with different geometries. Considering the wave behavior of light, the theory of the Mie series was studied. This is a solution that, given the incidence field, makes it possible to calculate the fields scattered and absorbed by the spherical particles. The values of the scattering cross section and the mean of the cosine of the scattering angle were calculated for a particle with radius (r) bigger than one tenth of the light wavelength (wave length) (radius greater than one tenth of the wave length) and one with (radius less than one tenth of the wave length). In the latter case, the variation of the scattered light intensity as a function of the scattering angle was also studied. The small particle results corresponded to the Rayleigh regime. The spherical particles considered were rutile, TiO2, and aluminium oxide, Al2O3. The scattering of light performed by two identical particles was also studied. For this case, a more intense scattered light was obtained in the region between the particles compared to other regions. Furthermore, when comparing with the scattering done by a single particle, it was noticed that the light scattered by two particles, in the region between the two, was also more intense. Furthermore, when studying the confinement of light between two and three particles with r = 230 nm, it was seen that the spectrum of the scattered field showed more than one peak, as one has in coherent random lasers. Concerning the corpuscular behavior of light, the photon diffusion equation was considered, where the emission spectrum of the fluorescence of R6G incident on a concentration of the order of 1010 cm−3 particles was simulated and, later, the result obtained was compared with the behavior of an incoherent random laser system.

In wireless communications, employing pilot symbols enables to estimate the state of the wireless channel at the expense of decreasing the number of symbols available for transmitting data. Addressing this trade-off is particularly challenging when the channel changes rapidly over time, since channel estimates become obsolete over short transmission periods. This master thesis proposes an analytical model to characterize this trade-off and develops an algorithm to find the near-optimal pilot spacing in terms of the achieved over spectral efficiency. This algorithm is simulated in a cellular system that serves uncrewed aerial vehicles. Numerical results indicate that the altitude of the uncrewed aerial vehicle, the Rician factor, the Doppler frequency, and the number of receive antennas influence the overall spectral efficiency and consequently, pilot spacing should take into account these system parameters. / I trådlös kommunikation möjliggör användning av pilotsymboler att uppskatta tillståndet för den trådlösa kanalen på bekostnad av att minska antalet tillgängliga symboler för att överföra data. Att ta itu med denna avvägning är särskilt utmanande när kanalen ändras snabbt över tiden, eftersom kanaluppskattningar blir föråldrade under korta överföringsperioder. Denna masteruppsats föreslår en analytisk modell för att karakterisera denna avvägning och utvecklar en algoritm för att hitta det närmast optimala pilotavståndet i termer av uppnådd över spektral effektivitet. Denna algoritm simuleras i ett cellulärt system som betjänar obemannade flygfarkoster. Numeriska resultat indikerar att höjden för det obemannade luftfartyget, Rician-faktorn, Dopplerfrekvensen, antalet mottagarantenner påverkar den totala spektrala effektiviteten och följaktligen bör pilotavståndet ta hänsyn till dessa systemparametrar.

Plasmonic nanoparticles, specifically gold and silver nanoparticles, exhibit unique optical, physical, and chemical properties that are exploited in many biomedical applications. Due to their nanometer size, facile surface functionalization and enhanced optical performance, gold and silver nanoparticles can be used to investigate cellular biology. The work herein highlights a new methodology that has exploited these remarkable properties in order to probe various aspect of cancer cell biology, such as cell cycle progression, drug delivery, and cell death. Cell death mechanisms due to localized gold and silver nanoparticle exposure were also elucidated in this work. Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the synthesis and functionalization of gold and silver nanoparticles as well as reviews their implementation in biodiagnostic and therapeutic applications to provide a foundation for Chapters 3 and 4, where their use in spectroscopic and cytotoxic studies are presented. Chapter 2 provides the reader with detailed explanations of experimental protocols for nanoparticle synthesis and functionalization, in vitro cellular biology experiments, and live-cell Raman spectroscopy experiments that were utilized throughout Chapters 3 and 4. Chapter 3 presents the use of nuclear-targeted gold nanoparticles in conjunction with a Raman microscope modified to contain a live-cell imaging chamber to probe cancer cell cycle progression (Chapter 3.1), examine drug efficacy (Chapter 3.2), monitor drug delivery (Chapter 3.3), and detect apoptotic molecular events in real-time (Chapter 3.4). In Chapter 4, the intracellular effects of gold and silver nanoparticles are explored through live-cell Rayleigh imaging, cell cycle analysis and DNA damage (Chapter 4.1), as well as through the elucidation of cytotoxic cell death mechanisms after nanoparticle exposure (Chapter 4.2) and live cell imaging of silver nanoparticle treated cancer cell communities (Chapter 4.3).

This thesis examines the use of nonlinear ultrasound to evaluate sensitization, a precursor to stress corrosion cracking in austenitic stainless steel. Ultrasonic Rayleigh surface waves are generated on a specimen; as these waves pass through sensitized material, second harmonic generation (SHG) increases. In austenitic stainless steel with oven-induced sensitization, this increase is due only to the formation of chromium carbide precipitates, key products of the sensitization process. Weld-induced sensitization specimens demonstrate additional increases in SHG, likely caused by increased residual stress and dislocation density as a result of uneven heating. Experimental data are used to calculate the acoustic nonlinearity parameter, which provides a single value directly related to the quantity of micro- and nano-scale damage present within any given sample. Using this procedure, the effects of weld- and oven-induced sensitization are compared. Results demonstrate the feasibility of using nonlinear Rayleigh waves to detect and monitor stress corrosion susceptibility of welded material.