A instabilidade de placas laminadas se tornou um problema de grande importância no projeto de estruturas leves e seguras. Desta forma, o estudo de métodos e o desenvolvimento de programas computacionais para a obtenção de cargas críticas de flambagem neste tipo de estrutura são muito úteis. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo da aplicação da série trigonométrica de duplo seno na obtenção de cargas críticas de laminados retangulares simétricos, com os bordos simplesmente apoiados, baseado nas hipóteses de Kirchhoff, utilizando o método de Rayleigh-Ritz. Um programa computacional no Matlab 6.5 foi desenvolvido e validado por comparação com resultados encontrados na literatura. Em seguida, comparou-se os resultados do programa com os resultados obtidos pelo método dos elementos finitos utilizando-se o Nastran. Verificou-se que a série de duplo seno não ée adequada para a solução de laminados altamente anisotrópicos.

A determinação do fator de qualidade M durante a aplicação do laser é exaustiva e demorada. O método para avaliar o fator M2, descrito da norma ISO 11146, requer muitas medições do diâmetro em diferentes posições na cintura do feixe. Geralmente, os diâmetros são medidos por câmera CCD, rotação de corte de faca ou varredura por fenda. No entanto estes métodos são demorados e as flutuações no valor do M, geralmente devido à instabilidade, não são detectadas, principalmente se o laser for pulsado. Devido a esse problema, nós propomos um método que permite medir, em tempo real, a qualidade do feixe em uma única imagem lateral da propagação do feixe num meio espalhador. O desenvolvimento do método envolveu estudos de um meio espalhador e um sistema óptico de imagem adequado. Comparado com um método tradicional, este método é rápido e menos trabalhoso, providenciando múltiplas medições do diâmetro do feixe instantaneamente, com a mesma (ou até melhor) precisão dos resultados, em uma única imagem em tempo real. Os resultados são comparados com aqueles obtidos por um método convencional e claramente observaram-se as flutuações pulso a pulso de um feixe de laser multimodo. Este trabalho apresenta a determinação do fator de qualidade para um laser Nd:YAG pulsado.

Centralized light source (CLS) at the central office is an attractive solution for low-cost implementation of WDM-PON, as it eliminates the need of wavelength-specific transmitters and wavelength management at the optical network units (ONU). CLS can be realized by either a carrier-distributed scheme or a remodulation scheme. In both schemes, however, the upstream signal is susceptible to the interferometric crosstalk induced by the beating between the upstream signal and the back-reflected light due to the intrinsic Rayleigh Backscattering (RB), both of which are of the same wavelength. We propose and demonstrate a simple and novel scheme to suppress the RB noise in the carrier-distributed WDM-PON. Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) is used as the upstream modulation format and the destructive port of the delay-interferometer (DI) is employed to demodulate the upstream DPSK signal. As the spectrum of RB towards the OLT is narrow due to the very narrow spectrum of the distributed carrier, the RB noise can be considerably rejected by the notch filter-like destructive port of the DI at the OLT, which is used simultaneously to demodulate the upstream DPSK signal. The scheme can also be extended to the application in the remodulation-based WDM-PON, as long as the downstream signal has a narrow spectrum (i.e. via reducing downstream modulation depth). A unique feature of the DPSK signal with reduced modulation depth (RMD-DPSK) is that it can be demodulated by DI's destructive port without extinction ratio (ER) degradation, whereas the demodulated signal from DI's destructive port has a very low ER and can be used as the source for upstream remodulation. We also proposed a novel offset-Manchester coding to suppress Rayleigh noise in electrical domain via a postdetection high-pass filter. / Foreseeing the rapidly growing demand for multimedia services and the trend of service convergence, the penetration of optical fiber in access network is an ultimate solution to break the last-mile bottleneck imposed by the 100-year-old copper network. One of the most promising solutions to realize optical access is the passive optical network (PON), in which the network infrastructure is shared by many subscribers and has no active elements between the central office and the customer. Thus a PON requires neither electrical power nor active management, leading to effective reduction in operational expenses. Time-division-multiplexed passive optical networks (TDM-PONs) such as Ethernet PON (EPON) and Gigabit PON (GPON) are being widely deployed in current fiber-based access networks for providing broadband access, offering triple-play services including video, data and voice. In the near future, wavelength-division-multiplexed passive optical network (WDM-PON) can be the enabler of the next-generation optical broadband access that requires large dedicated and symmetric bandwidth, data privacy, and upgrade flexibility. TDM-PONs also can benefit from WDM technologies for capacity upgrade. / With more diverse multimedia and data services available for broadband access, the access network has to be flexible enough to cope with various data or video delivery such as broadcast/multicast services, in addition to the point-to-point traffic. Multicast is more attractive, compared to broadcast, as it allows selective control of the connection for each subscriber individually. Multicast can be easily realized in TDM-PONs as it employs power-splitting at the remote node (RN). However, it is more challenging in WDM-PONs, due to the dedicated connection between the optical line terminal (OLT) and each ONU. Many studies have been carried out to solve this problem. The prior schemes either need relatively complicated multicast control and/or cannot support future proof 10-Gb/s symmetric point-to-point (PtP) transmission. We proposed a novel multicast control scheme for a WDM-PON with 10-Gb/s symmetric bit rate. The multicast data encoded in DPSK format is superimposed onto all PtP channels modulated in inverse return-to-zero format. With an athermal Dr being used at the ONU to demodulate the DPSK signal, the multicast data can be effectively disabled by slight detuning the laser wavelength at OLT, which has negligible effect on the PtP data. The proposed scheme differs from all the previous schemes in that, the multicast control is realized via the inherent wavelength management of WDM systems, rather than via any other additional adjustment such as ER, synchronization, and polarization. v / Xu, Jing. / Adviser: Lian-Kuan Chen. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 73-06, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [201-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

Tam Wai Shing = 穩態環流的熱傳送與縱橫比之關係及其與湍流狀態的瑞利-伯纳德對流之聯繫 / 譚偉誠. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 59-61). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Tam Wai Shing = Wen tai huan liu de re chuan song yu zong heng bi zhi guan xi ji qi yu tuan liu zhuang tai de Ruili-Bonade dui liu zhi lian xi / Tan Weicheng. / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 2 --- Review of the theoretical studies of heat transport by turbulent convection --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1 --- The marginal stability arguments --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Chicago mixing zone model --- p.7 / Chapter 2.3 --- Shraiman and Siggia theory --- p.10 / Chapter 2.4 --- Grossmann and Lohse Theory --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Estimation of the kinetic dissipation --- p.13 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Estimation of the thermal dissipation --- p.14 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- The four regimes --- p.15 / Chapter 3 --- Aspect-ratio dependence: The problem studied --- p.19 / Chapter 3.1 --- The velocity field --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Incompressible flow --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Large-scale circulating flow --- p.21 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- No-slip boundary conditions --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2 --- The functions f(x) and g(y) --- p.23 / Chapter 3.3 --- Boundary conditions for the temperature field --- p.23 / Chapter 3.4 --- Important parameters in the numerical calculation --- p.24 / Chapter 4 --- The numerical calculations --- p.31 / Chapter 5 --- Results and discussions --- p.34 / Chapter 5.1 --- Nu-Г Relationship --- p.38 / Chapter 5.2 --- Nu - Pe Relationship --- p.41 / Chapter 6 --- Implications for heat transport by Rayleigh-Benard convection --- p.49 / Chapter 6.1 --- Nu-Ra relationship --- p.50 / Chapter 6.2 --- Comparison with recent experimental results --- p.52 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusions --- p.57 / Bibliography --- p.59

In the first part of the thesis, we carried out direct two-dimensional (2D) multipoint measurements of the velocity fields in a turbulent Rayleigh-Benard convection cell to study the properties of small-scale convective turbulence. The local homogeneity and isotropy of the velocity field are tested using a number of criteria and are found to hold to an excellent degree. The properties of velocity circulation Gammar are also studied. The results show that the circulation appears to be more effective to capture the effect of local anisotropy than the velocity field itself. The distribution of Gammar is found to depend on the scale r, reflecting strong intermittency. It is further found that velocity circulation has the same anomalous scaling exponents as the longitudinal and transverse structure functions for low-order moments (p ≲ 5). Whereas, for high-order moments (p ≳ 5), the anomalous scaling exponents for circulation are found to be systematically smaller than the scaling exponents of the longitudinal and transverse structure functions. / In the second part of the thesis, the simultaneous visualization of the temperature and velocity fields was used to study the properties of thermal plumes. Our visualization reveals the process of the morphological evolution between sheetlike and mushroomlike plumes, which were also quantified by the height dependence of plume numbers and of vorticity fluctuations. A direct connection between the heat transport and coherent structures, i.e. thermal plumes, was established, which shows that it is plume number that primarily determines the Nu-Ra scaling relation. Individual plumes were extracted and their statistical and geometric properties were studied. It is found that the log-normal distribution is universal for thermal plumes and the log-normal statistics may be used to model them. In addition, both our quantitative characteristic and direct 3D spatial visualizations indicate that the previously-believed sheetlike plumes should be reconsidered to be only one-dimensional structures. / In the third part of the thesis, the planar laser-induced fluorescence technique was induced to study the 2D passive scalar mixing in high-Schmidt-number buoyancy-driven turbulence. The passive scalar mixing evolution was studied and various geometric properties, such as shape complexity, fractal dimension and local curvature, were used to characterize the isoconcentration contours of the 2D passive scalar fields. It is found that when the flow gets more turbulent the shape of passive scalar packets becomes closer to a circular shape and the passive scalar mixing becomes more isotropic, indicating the increased mixing and stirring of the turbulent flow. / The objective of this thesis is to address the following three key issues in turbulent thermal convection, i.e. turbulent fluctuations in small scales, coherent structures and passive scalar mixing in buoyancy-driven turbulence. / Zhou, Quan = 對流熱湍流中能量級串, 相干結構和標量場混合的实验研究 / 周全. / Adviser: Ke-Qing Xia. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3576. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-117). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307. / Zhou, Quan = Dui liu re tuan liu zhong neng liang ji chuan, xiang gan jie gou he biao liang chang hun he de shi yan yan jiu / Zhou Quan.

by S.W. Wong. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1996. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 76-77). / by S.W. Wong. / Title Page --- p.i / Dedication --- p.ii / Acknowledgments --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.iv / Table of Contents --- p.v / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- A Brief Introduction to Nonlinear Optics --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Experimental Measurement of the First Hyperpolarizability β for pNA by Hyper-Rayleigh Scattering in Solution --- p.24 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2 --- Theory of Measurement of β by HRS --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3 --- Experimental Setup --- p.31 / Chapter 3.4 --- Preparation of Sample --- p.34 / Chapter 3.5 --- Results --- p.35 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Studies of Depolarization Ratio in HRS --- p.44 / Chapter 4.1 --- Background --- p.44 / Chapter 4.2 --- Theory --- p.45 / Chapter 4.3 --- Results --- p.55 / Chapter 4.4 --- Discussion and Conclusion --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Measurement on other Nonlinear Optical Compounds --- p.63 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.73 / References --- p.76

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-05-22T13:48:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_InversaoDadosOndas.pdf: 140994516 bytes, checksum: 401ef5e70ef9a780409ce40a7c36d018 (MD5) / Rejected by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br), reason: Definir palavras-chave on 2014-08-06T16:22:02Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-01T16:35:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_InversaoDadosOndas.pdf: 140994516 bytes, checksum: 401ef5e70ef9a780409ce40a7c36d018 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-10T12:55:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_InversaoDadosOndas.pdf: 140994516 bytes, checksum: 401ef5e70ef9a780409ce40a7c36d018 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-10T12:55:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Tese_InversaoDadosOndas.pdf: 140994516 bytes, checksum: 401ef5e70ef9a780409ce40a7c36d018 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1996 / Neste trabalho compilamos informações sobre um grande número de medidas de velocidade de grupo para ondas Rayleigh do modo fundamental, com período até 100 segundos. Tais dados consistiram de informações retiradas da literatura geofísica e cobriram toda a Terra. Parte dos dados foi organizada em trabalhos anteriores e uma segunda parte foi apresentada aqui de forma inédita. Para a América do Sul, selecionamos os principais conjuntos de dados de tais ondas e elaboramos diversos perfis onde a distribuição de velocidade de ondas cisalhantes foi obtida a partir da inversão das curvas de dispersão de velocidade de grupo. Tais perfis serviram para termos uma ideia inicial da estrutura interna da Terra em nosso continente. Com o conjunto global de dados de velocidade de grupo foi possível obtermos os mapas de distribuição lateral de valores de velocidade para cada período referencial entre 20 e 100 segundos. Tais mapas foram produzidos da mesma forma que os mapas de velocidade de fase de ROSA (1986), onde a amostragem for para realizada para blocas medindo 10x10 graus, englobando toda a Terra, em projeção mercator. O valor de velocidade de grupo em cada bloco, para cada período, foi obtido a partir da inversão estocástica dos dados de anomalia de velocidade em relação aos modelos regionalizados de JORDAN (1981) com os valores de velocidade de grupo de ROSA et al. (1992). Os mapas de velocidade de grupo obtidos aqui foram então empregados, na América do Sul, com os valores de velocidade de fase dos mapas obtidos por ROSA (1986). Assim, foi possível determinarmos, em profundidade, os mapas de variação de velocidade de onda cisalhante e os mapas de distribuição de valores de densidade. Com isto, pudemos construir o primeiro mapa de profundidade do Moho (todo do Manto Superior) da América do Sul. / We have compiled a large set of group velocity measurements for fundamental mode Rayleigh waves with period smaller than 100 seconds. These data are composed of worldwide information gathered from the geophysical literature. Part of the data was compiled in previous works, and a second part of these data was measured in this thesis. For the South American plate, we have selected the main sets of measurements for such waves and gathered them in several profiles, for which the depth distribution of the shear wave velocity was determined from the inversion of the group velocity dispersion curves. These depth profiles were useful to have an idea of the internal structure of the Earth underneath the South American plate. Using the global group velocity data set, it was possible to determine the maps showing the lateral variation of group velocity for reference period values ranging from 20 to 100 seconds. These maps were produced in the same way that ROSA (1986) used to generate the corresponding phase velocity maps, using blocks measuring 10x10 degrees around the earth and considering the mercator projection. The group velocity value at each block was obtained, for each reference period value, from the stochastic inversion of the travel time delays from the JORDAN (1981) each model, considering the average group velocity values determined by ROSA et al. (1992) for this model. The group velocity maps obtained here were then jointly used with the phase velocity values determined by ROSA (1986) for the determination of the earth’s internal distribution of shear wave velocity as well as the density distribution, from the depth inversion of both phase and group velocity dispersion curves. The results enabled us to construct the first map showing the possible depth of the Moho discontinuity (upper mantle depth) for South America.

Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-06-18T16:11:18Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DispersaoOndasRayleigh.pdf: 20019750 bytes, checksum: afe92614b0dfea249cf425b1afcd0e2f (MD5) / Rejected by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br), reason: Indexar os assuntos on 2014-08-07T16:18:03Z (GMT) / Submitted by Cleide Dantas (cleidedantas@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-02T16:35:34Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DispersaoOndasRayleigh.pdf: 20019750 bytes, checksum: afe92614b0dfea249cf425b1afcd0e2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2014-09-04T16:43:52Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DispersaoOndasRayleigh.pdf: 20019750 bytes, checksum: afe92614b0dfea249cf425b1afcd0e2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-04T16:43:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Dissertacao_DispersaoOndasRayleigh.pdf: 20019750 bytes, checksum: afe92614b0dfea249cf425b1afcd0e2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 1989 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Este trabalho representa um estudo de dispersão da componente vertical da onda de superfície de Rayleigh com trajetórias na plataforma Sulamericana. Os registros utilizados são provenientes das estações localizadas no território Brasileiro; sendo a do Rio de Janeiro (RDJ), a de Brasília (BDF), a de Caicó (CAI) e a de Belém (BEB), pois estas são as únicas estações sismológicas no Brasil que têm sensores de período longo e que servem para o estudo de dispersão no intervalo de 4 a 50 segundos, aqui realizados. Os terremotos utilizados estão localizados ao longo da parte leste da cadeia Andina e dentro da plataforma Sulamericana com trajetórias tipicamente continental. Foram selecionados 34 eventos com a utilização dos seguintes critérios práticos: a localização, a magnitude m_b e a profundidade, ocorridos durante o período de Janeiro de 1978 até Junho de 1987. O estudo de dispersão aqui abordado significa a determinação da velocidade de grupo e das amplitudes espectrais correspondentes aos harmônicos fundamental e primeiro superior. Normalmente os harmônicos de ordem segunda ou maior são raramente disponíveis na observação. Dois tipos de medidas foram feitas: (i) velocidade de grupo vs. período e (ii) amplitude vs. período. Os estudos de dispersão são fundamentais para determinação da estrutura da crosta e manto superior que estão diretamente relacionados com os fenômenos geológicos. Neste trabalho, regionalização é definida como a identificação das diferentes formas de curvas de dispersão, que estão relacionadas com as trajetórias epicentro-estação ao longo da plataforma Sulamericana e que venham ter uma correlação geológica como está descrito no item 4.3 deste trabalho. A distribuição dos epicentros se faz desde o extremo sul da Argentina até o extremo norte da Venezuela, objetivando iniciar com este trabalho uma sistemática voltada aos estudos de regionalização da plataforma Sulamericana na nossa instituição. Neste trabalho foram observados três tipos distintos de curvas em 27 trajetórias e agrupadas por famílias 1,2 e 3 respectivamente, onde procurou-se correlacionar suas diferentes formas com a geologia regional da plataforma Sulamericana. A obtenção da curva de dispersão foi feita através da técnica do filtro múltiplo (Dziewonski et al, 1969). Este filtro tem a propriedade de separar os harmônicos através das suas velocidades de grupo para cada frequência selecionada, e também de recuperar as amplitudes características dos harmônicos (Herrmann, 1973). O desenvolvimento teórico do filtro bem como suas limitações e forma de uso são tratados por Dziewonski et al (1972). Como parte do trabalho há a implantação, adaptações e o desenvolvimento de parte do fluxograma do filtro múltiplo, bem como a estruturação da digitalização dos dados para o processamento e interpretação não-automática dos resultados do processamento. / This work represents a dispersion study of the vertical component of the Rayleigh wave with trajectories on the South American platform. The records used are from stations located in the Brazilian territory such as the ones from Rio de Janeiro (RDJ), Caicó (CAI), Brasília (BDF) and Belém (BEB). These are the only seismological stations in Brazil with long period sensors that can be useful for the dispersion studies in the interval 4 to 50 seconds. The earthquakes used are localized along the eastern part of Andean mountain belt and inside the South American platform, with tipically continental trajectories. 34 events were selected using the following pratical criteria: the localization, the magnitude m_b, the depth, and that they occured in the period of January 1978 to June 1987. The dispersion study done here means the determination of group velocities and spectral amplitudes, corresponding to the fundamental and first higher modes. Normally the modes of second order or more are rarely observed. Two types of measurements were made: (i) group velocity versus period and (ii) spectral amplitude versus period. Dispersion studies are important for determining the structure of the crust and upper mantle which are directly related to gelogical phenomena. In this work, regionalization is defined as the identification of different forms of dispersion curves and their relation to the epicenter-station trajectory on the South American platform. We also correlate them geologicaly, as described in item 4.3 of this work. The distribution of epicenters occurs from the extreme South of Argentina to the extreme North of Venezuela, with the objective of iniciating with this work a sistematic study of the sub-Andean area in our institution. Three distinct types of curves were observed in 27 trajectories and grouped in three families (1, 2 and 3). Their forms were compared with the regional geological features of South American platform. The multiple filter technique was used to obtain the dispersion curves (Dziewonski et al 1969). This filter has the property of separating the modes through their group velocities for each frequency selected and also recovers the espectral amplitudes characteristic for each harmonic (Herrmann, 1973). The theorectical development of the filter properties as well as the limitations and aplicabilities are treated by Dziewonski et al (1972). As part of this work there was the implementation, adaptions and the layout of fluxograms of the multiple filter software, as well as the digitalization procedure for data processing and non-automatic interpretation of the results.

Tese de Mestrado Integrado. Engenharia Mecânica. Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2013

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) are wireless networks, which consist of a collection of mobile nodes with no fixed infrastructure, where each node acts as a router that participates in forwarding data packets. They are a new paradigm of wireless communications for mobile hosts that are resource-constrained with only limited energy, computing power and memory. Previous studies on MANETs concentrated more on energy conservation in an idealistic environment without taking into consideration, the effects of realistic mobility, interference and fading. The definition of realistic mobility models is one of the most critical and, at the same time, difficult aspects of the simulations of networks designed for real mobile ad hoc environments. The reason for this is that most scenarios for which ad hoc networks are used have features such as dynamicity and extreme uncertainties. Thus use of real life measurements is currently almost impossible and most certainly expensive. Hence the commonly used alternative is to simulate the movement patterns and hence the reproduction of movement traces quite similar to human mobility behavior is extremely important. The synthetic models used for movement pattern generation should reflect the movement of the real mobile devices, which are usually carried by humans, so the movement of such devices is necessarily based on human decisions. Regularity is an important characteristic of human movement patterns. All simulated movement models are suspect because there is no means of accessing to what extent they map reality. However it is not difficult to see that random mobility models such as Random Walk, Random Waypoint (default model used in almost all network simulations), etc., generate movements that are most non-humanlike. Hence we need to focus on more realistic mobility models such as Gauss Markov, Manhattan Grid, Reference Point Group Mobility Model (RPGM), Column, Pursue and other Hybrid mobility models. These models capture certain mobility characteristics that emulate the realistic MANETs movement, such as temporal dependency, spatial dependency and geographic restriction. Also a Rayleigh/Ricean fading channel is introduced to obtain a realistic fading environment. The energy consumed by the data, MAC, ARP and RTR packets using IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol with the various mobility models in fading and non-fading channel conditions are obtained using ns-2 simulations and AWK programs. The realistic movement patterns are generated using three different mobility generators BonnMotion Mobility Generator, Toilers Code and Scengen Mobility Generator. This thesis work performs an in-depth study on th eeffects of realistic mobility and fading on energy consumption, packet delivery ratio and control overhead of MANETs.