Liquid jet atomisation has a wide variety of application in areas such as injectors in automobile and launch vehicle combustors, spray painting, ink jet printing etc. Understanding physical mechanisms involved in the primary regime of atomisation in combustors is extremely challenging due to the lack of experimental techniques that can reliably provide measurements of gas and liquid velocity fields in this region. Experimental studies have so far been mostly restricted to conditions at atmospheric conditions rather than technically relevant operating pressures. We present a computational fluid dynamics based modelling approach that can capture the evolution of the flow field in the dense primary atomization region of the spray as part of the present thesis work. A fully compressible 3D flow solver is coupled with an interface tracking solver based on level set method. A generalised mathematical formulation for thermodynamic models is implemented in flow solver enabling easy switching between various equations of states. Solvers are parallelised to run on large number of processors and are shown to have good scalability. A modification to the level set method which greatly reduces mass conservation inaccuracies when compared with existing state-of-art baseline schemes has been developed during this work. The Ghost uid Method is used for applying matching conditions at the Interface. The liquid and gas phases are modelled using the perfect gas and Tait equations of state respectively. Several validation studies have been carried out to ensure quantitative accuracy of the solver implemented. Results from canonical Rayleigh Taylor instability simulations shows good agreement with reported results in literature. Finally, results for unsteady evolution of a water-air jet at a liquid to gas density ratio of 10 are shown. Physical mechanisms causing the initial droplet formation are discussed in detail. Droplet feedback is identified as one of the important mechanisms in triggering liquid core instabilities. Comparisons between droplet size distributions obtained from computations are carried out. Vorticity dynamics is used to understand hole and ligament formation from liquid core. Effect of numerical droplets on the simulation results is also looked at in detail.

No description available.

Le contrôle de l’instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) est crucial pour la fusion par confinement inertiel (FCI) puisque son développement peut compromettre l’implosion et la correcte compression de la cible. En attaque directe, l’énergie fournie par l’irradiation de nombreux faisceaux laser provoque l’ablation de la couche externe de la cible (ablateur) et l’apparition résultante d’un plasma de basse densité en expansion. De ce fait, une très haute pression apparait autour de cette surface, ce qui conduit à l’accélération de la cible vers l’intérieur. On se trouve alors en présence d’un fluide de basse densité qui pousse et accélère le fluide plus dense. C’est une des situations typiques qui favorisent le développement de l’instabilité de RT. Cette thèse développe pour la première fois, dans le contexte de la FCI, une théorie linéaire de stabilité pour des structures à double front d’ablation, qui apparaissent quand des matériaux de nombre atomique modéré sont utilisés comme ablateurs. / The Rayleigh-Taylor instability is a major issue in inertial confinement fusion capable to prevent appropriate target implosions. In the direct-drive approach, the energy deposited by directed laser irradiation ablates off the external shell of the capsule (ablator) into a low-density expanding plasma. This induces a high pressure around the ablating target surface (ablation region) that accelerates the capsule radially inwards. This situation, a low density fluid pushing and accelerating a higher density one, is the standard situation for the development of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability, and therefore a potential source of target compression degradation. For moderate-Z materials, the hydrodynamic structure of the ablation region is made up of two ablation fronts (double ablation front) due to the increasing importance of radiation effects. This thesis develops for the first time a linear stability theory of double ablation fronts for direct-drive inertial confinement fusion targets.

Cette thèse puise sa motivation dans l'industrie pétrolière, et plus particulièrement dans la phase de cimentation primaire des puits pétroliers. Le travail consiste en une étude expérimentale des écoulements biphasiques, stables et instables, des fluides utilisés durant cette opération. Dans les cas instables, l'instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor, qui est susceptible de se développer quand un fluide lourd repose sur un fluide léger sous le champs gravitaire par exemple, est l'une des instabilités responsables des phénomènes de mélange observés entre les fluides déplacés, notamment la boue et le ciment. Elle est étudiée dans ce travail dans le cas de fluides modèles, à seuil, reprenant le même comportement rhéologique que les fluides pétroliers, à la fois d'un point de vue qualitatif et quantitatif. Dans les cas stables où les fluides pétroliers laissent des dépôt sur les parois du puits, une étude expérimentale, se basant sur des fluides à seuil modèles, permet de relier l'épaisseur du dépôt aux paramètres importants du problème, à savoir les paramètres rhéologiques du fluide à seuil et les propriétés de l'écoulement / This thesis draws its motivation from the petroleum industry, and more particularly from the phase of primary cementation of the oil wells. The work consists of an experimental study of the biphasic, stable and unstable flows, fluids were used during this operation. In the unstable cases, the instability of Rayleigh-Taylor, which may develop when a heavy fluid rests on a light fluid under fields’ gravitaire for example, is one of the instabilities responsible for phenomena of mixture observed between the uncalled-for fluids, in particular the mud and the cement. It is studied in this work in the case of model fluids, in threshold, resuming the same rheologic behavior as the oil fluids, at the same time from a qualitative and quantitative point of view

L'instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor (IRT) est notamment rencontrée lors des expériences de Fusion par Confinement Inertiel, et son développement est un obstacle à la réussite de ces expériences. L'objet de cette thèse est d'étudier la croissance de l'IRT pour différents régimes de compressibilité, au moyen de simulations numériques directes réalisées à l'aide d'un code pseudo-spectral multidomaine de type Chebyshev-Fourier-Fourier.La méthode du développement asymptotique permet d'établir des modèles à bas nombre de Mach pour lesquels la contribution acoustique est éliminée. L'implantation dans le code de simulation du modèle anélastique, qui met en jeu des fluides stratifiés et capture les effets thermiques, est améliorée. Le modèle de Boussinesq est ajouté au code. La précision de la méthode numérique est étudiée pour différents découpages en sous-domaines. Plusieurs éléments de validation sont présentés, dont la comparaison avec une expérience.La première simulation présentée, réalisée avec le modèle de Boussinesq, s'intéresse à la croissance auto-semblable de l'IRT. Les lois d'échelle de la vorticité et de la dissipation sont dégagées. La structure de la turbulence et du mélange entre les deux fluides est discutée. Certaines propriétés de la turbulence homogène et isotrope sont retrouvées, mais on note la persistance d'anisotropie aux petites échelles. Les premières simulations 3D de l'IRT avec le modèle anélastique sont présentées. L'influence des effets de compressibilité sur les premières phases de la croissance est étudiée. En outre, une couche de mélange anélastique en faible stratification est analysée et présente des effets de compressibilité non négligeables. / The Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) is especially observed in inertial confinement fusion experiments, and its development prevents the success of these experiments. The purpose of this work is to study the growth of the RTI for different compressibility regimes by using a multidomain pseudospectral Chebyshev-Fourier-Fourier simulation code. The asymptotic expansion method allows to establish several low Mach number models which do not contains acoustics. The implantation of the anelastic model, which deals with stratified fluids and captures thermal effects, has been improved. Moreover, the Boussinesq model is added to the simulation code. The accuracy of the entire numerical method is studied, as a function of the subdomain separation, and several validation elements are shown, including a comparison with an experimental study. The first simulation to be analyzed is achieved with the Boussinesq model. We focus on the self-similarity of the RTI growth. The temporal scalings of vorticity and dissipation are displayed, and the structures of turbulence and mixing are discussed. Some properties of isotropic and homogeneous turbulence are observed, however some anisotropy remains at small scales. The first three-dimensional anelastic simulations are presented. The influence of compressibility effects on the first stages of the growth is studied. Finally, a developed anelastic mixing layer involving weakly stratified fluids is described and was found to display non-negligible compressibility effects.

No description available.

Volcanic activity, and the resultant deposits and structures at the Earth's surface, are the outcome of the inner workings of underground magmatic plumbing systems. These systems, essentially, consist of magma reservoirs which supply magma to the surface through volcanic conduits feeding volcanic eruptions. The mechanics and structure of plumbing systems remain largely unknown due to the obvious challenges involved in inferring volcanic processes occurring underground from observations at the surface. Nevertheless, volcanologists are beginning to gain a deeper understanding of the workings and architecture of magmatic plumbing systems from geophysical observations on active volcanoes, as well as from geological studies of the erosional remnants of ancient volcanic systems. In this work, I explore the relationship between the structure and mechanics of shallow plumbing systems and the volcanic eruptions these systems produce. I attempt to contribute to the understanding of this complex relationship by linking geological and geophysical observations of an eroded basaltic subvolcanic system, and the eruptive and tectonic activity of an active volcano, with mathematical models of magma ascent and stress transfer. The remarkable exposures of the Carmel outcrop intrusions, near the San Rafael swell, southeast Utah, U. S. A., allow detailed geological and geophysical observations of the roots of volcanic conduits that emerge from a subhorizontal magma feeder reservoir. These observations reveal a new mechanism for magma ascent and eruption triggering through gravitational instabilities created from an underlying feeding sill, and shed light on the mechanics of sill emplacement. Geophysical and geological observations of the 1999 and xii 1992 eruptions of the Cerro Negro volcano, Nicaragua, are used to explore the coupling between changes in the stress field and the triggering of volcanic eruptions, and magma ascent through the shallow crust. Modeling results of stress transfer and conduit flow highlight the importance of the surrounding stress field and geometry of the volcanic conduits that comprise shallow plumbing systems.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Em suma, esta tese propõe uma metodologia de acompanhamento de interfaces móveis que baseia-se no método dos conjuntos de nível aqui chamado de método das curvas de nível, uma denominação baseada nas aplicações em que as interfaces são representadas por curvas acoplado a uma implementação semi-Lagrangeana, para problemas em meios porosos. Embora esta técnica possa, em princípio, ser aplicada a qualquer problema físico que apresente uma interface móvel, nesta tese são focados escoamentos em meios porosos consolidados e saturados por um ou dois fluidos imiscíveis e incompressíveis. Adicionalmente, um método iterativo paralelizável para a resolução de sistemas de equações lineares definidos em redes, que podem ser reduzidos à forma das equações fundamentais de equilíbrio, é empregado na determinação dos campos de velocidade associados aos escoamentos em meios porosos. O cenário semi-Lagrangeano acoplado ao método das curvas de nível é comparado com a implementação utilizando o bem conhecido esquema up-wind. Um exaustivo estudo realizado revela a superioridade da metodologia proposta frente à concorrente utilizando o up-wind. Finalmente, o método das curvas de nível com implementação semi-Lagrangeana (método semi-Lagrangeano das curvas de nível), e o método iterativo para a determinação do campo de velocidades são aplicados no estudo de problemas transientes em meios porosos que apresentam instabilidades dos tipos Saffman-Taylor e Rayleigh-Taylor. Este estudo envolve uma análise de estabilidade linear, a introdução de diversas perturbações trigonométricas na interface e a sua evolução não-linear. / Briefy, this thesis proposes a method for capturing moving interfaces based on the level set method coupled to a Semi-Lagrangian implementation for problems in porous media. Although this method could, in principle, be applied to any physical problem with moving interfaces, we foccus, in this thesis, on flows inside a consolidated porous media saturated by one or two imiscible and incompressible fluids. Besides, a parallelizable iterative method for solving linear systems defined on a network that can be reduced to the fundamental equilibrium equations, is employed to determine the velocity field associated with the flow in a porous medium. The semi-Lagrangian scheme coupled with the level set method is compared with the well-known implementation with the up-wind scheme. An exhaustive study is performed and reveals the superiority of the proposed scheme in relation to the competing one using the up-wind method. Finally, the level set method with semi-Lagrangian implementation and the iterative method for determining the velocity field are applied to the study of transient problems in porous media which present Saffman-Taylor and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. This study involves the application of a linear stability analysis, the introduction of several trigonometric perturbations to the interface and its non-linear evolution.

Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Em suma, esta tese propõe uma metodologia de acompanhamento de interfaces móveis que baseia-se no método dos conjuntos de nível aqui chamado de método das curvas de nível, uma denominação baseada nas aplicações em que as interfaces são representadas por curvas acoplado a uma implementação semi-Lagrangeana, para problemas em meios porosos. Embora esta técnica possa, em princípio, ser aplicada a qualquer problema físico que apresente uma interface móvel, nesta tese são focados escoamentos em meios porosos consolidados e saturados por um ou dois fluidos imiscíveis e incompressíveis. Adicionalmente, um método iterativo paralelizável para a resolução de sistemas de equações lineares definidos em redes, que podem ser reduzidos à forma das equações fundamentais de equilíbrio, é empregado na determinação dos campos de velocidade associados aos escoamentos em meios porosos. O cenário semi-Lagrangeano acoplado ao método das curvas de nível é comparado com a implementação utilizando o bem conhecido esquema up-wind. Um exaustivo estudo realizado revela a superioridade da metodologia proposta frente à concorrente utilizando o up-wind. Finalmente, o método das curvas de nível com implementação semi-Lagrangeana (método semi-Lagrangeano das curvas de nível), e o método iterativo para a determinação do campo de velocidades são aplicados no estudo de problemas transientes em meios porosos que apresentam instabilidades dos tipos Saffman-Taylor e Rayleigh-Taylor. Este estudo envolve uma análise de estabilidade linear, a introdução de diversas perturbações trigonométricas na interface e a sua evolução não-linear. / Briefy, this thesis proposes a method for capturing moving interfaces based on the level set method coupled to a Semi-Lagrangian implementation for problems in porous media. Although this method could, in principle, be applied to any physical problem with moving interfaces, we foccus, in this thesis, on flows inside a consolidated porous media saturated by one or two imiscible and incompressible fluids. Besides, a parallelizable iterative method for solving linear systems defined on a network that can be reduced to the fundamental equilibrium equations, is employed to determine the velocity field associated with the flow in a porous medium. The semi-Lagrangian scheme coupled with the level set method is compared with the well-known implementation with the up-wind scheme. An exhaustive study is performed and reveals the superiority of the proposed scheme in relation to the competing one using the up-wind method. Finally, the level set method with semi-Lagrangian implementation and the iterative method for determining the velocity field are applied to the study of transient problems in porous media which present Saffman-Taylor and Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities. This study involves the application of a linear stability analysis, the introduction of several trigonometric perturbations to the interface and its non-linear evolution.

Les différents dimensionnements et expériences de Fusion par Confinement Inertiel (FCI) en attaque directe comme indirecte montrent qu'une des principales limites à l'atteinte de l'ignition est l'instabilité de Rayleigh-Taylor (IRT) qui cause la rupture de la coquille de la cible en vol et potentiellement le mélange du combustible chaud du coeur avec celui, froid, de la coquille. La connaissance, la compréhension et la maîtrise des conditions initiales de ce mécanisme sont donc d'un grand intérêt. Nous présentons ainsi une étude expérimentale et théorique des conditions initiales de l'IRT ablative en attaque directe au travers de deux campagnes expérimentales réalisées sur le laser OMEGA (LLE, Rochester). La première campagne concerne l'étude de l'instabilité de Richtmyer-Meshkov (IRM) ablative imprimée par laser ; cette instabilité commence à se développer au début de l'irradiation laser et fixe l'ensemencement de l'IRT. Nous avons mis en place une configuration expérimentale qui a permis de mesurer l'évolution temporelle de l'IRM ablative imprimée par laser pour la première fois. Nous présentons ensuite une interprétation des résultats de cette expérience par des simulations hydrodynamiques réalisées avec le code CHIC, ainsi que par un modèle théorique de l'IRM ablative imprimée par laser. Nous montrons que le moyen le plus direct de contrôler cette instabilité est de réduire l'amplitude des défauts d'intensité laser. Ceci peut être accompli en utilisant des cibles couvertes par une couche de mousse de basse densité. Ainsi, lors de la deuxième campagne, nous avons étudié pour la première fois l'effet de mousses sous-denses sur la croissance de l'IRT ablative. Au cours de ces expériences, des feuilles de plastique recouvertes d'une couche de mousse ont été irradiées par un faisceau laser portant une perturbation d'intensité destinée à imprimer des modulations sur la cible. Différentes données expérimentales sont présentes : rétrodiffusion de l'énergie laser, dynamique de la cible obtenue par mesure de côté d'auto-émission et radiographies de face faisant apparaître l'effet des mousses sur les modulations de densité surfacique des cibles. Ces données ont ensuite été interprétées à l'aide de simulations CHIC et du code d'interaction laser-plasma PARAX. Nous montrons qu'une des mousses réduit l'amplitude des modulations de l'intensité laser d'un facteur 2. Par conséquent, cette thèse a donné lieu au développement de configurations expérimentales et d'un ensemble d'outils de dépouillement numériques pour l'étude approfondie des instabilités hydrodynamiques en FCI. / Numerous designs and experiments in the domain of Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) show that, in both direct and indirect drive approaches, one of the main limitations to reach the ignition is the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI). It may lead to shell disruption and performance degradation of spherically imploding targets. Thus, the understanding and the control of the initial conditions of the RTI is of crucial importance for the ICF program. In this thesis, we present an experimental and theoretical study of the initial conditions of the ablative RTI in direct drive, by means of two experimental campaigns performed on the OMEGA laser facility (LLE, Rochester). The first campaign consisted in studying the laser-imprinted ablative Richtmyer-Meshkov instability (RMI) which starts at the beginning of the interaction and seeds the ablative RTI.We set up an experimental configuration that allowed to measure for the first time the temporal evolution of the laser-imprinted ablative RMI. The experimental results have been interpreted by a theoretical model and numerical simulations performed with the hydrodynamic code CHIC. We show that the best way to control the ablative RMI is to reduce the laser intensity inhomogeneities. This can be achieved with targets covered by a layer of a low density foam. Thus, in the second campaign, we studied for the first time the effect of underdense foams on the growth of the ablative RTI. A layer of low density foam was placed in front of a plastic foil, and the perturbation was imprinted by an intensity modulated laser beam. Experimental data are presented : backscattered laser energy, target dynamic obtained by side-on selfemission measurement, and face-on radiographs showing the effect of the foams on the target areal density modulations. These data were interpreted using the CHIC code and the laser-plasma interaction code PARAX. We show that the foams noticeably reduce the amplitude of the laser intensity inhomogeneities and the level of the subsequent imprinted ablation front modulations. In conclusion, this thesis allowed us to develop an experimental platform and a suite of numerical tools for future, more detailed studies of hydrodynamic instabilities for ICFapplications.