Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-06-30 / A capilaroscopia periungueal (CPU) é um método diagnóstico simples, não invasivo e de baixo custo que permite o estudo in vivo do estado funcional e morfológico da rede capilar através da visualização direta da fileira distal de capilares da região periungueal dos dedos das mãos. Ela é usada para distinguir o fenômeno de Raynaud (FRy) primário do secundário, como preditor de prognóstico para as colagenoses e para diferenciar doença ativa de inativa (principalmente na dermatomiosite). Nossos objetivos foram avaliar o valor da CPU na evolução da atividade de doença na dermatomiosite juvenil (DMJ) e avaliar os achados clínicos e de CPU de uma coorte de crianças e adolescentes com FRy sem critérios para doenças reumáticas auto-imunes (DRAI). Foram avaliados prospectivamente 30 pacientes com DMJ (critérios de Bohan e Peter) e 40 crianças e adolescentes com FRy através do exame clínico (alterações cutâneas e força muscular) e laboratorial (enzimas musculares, provas de fase aguda e anticorpo antinuclear - AAN). A avaliação capilaroscópica foi realizada através de um microscópio óptico com aumentos de 10 e 16 vezes. O grupo de pacientes com DMJ compreendeu 20 pacientes do sexo feminino (66,6%), com média de idade de 10,4 anos e tempo médio de evolução da doença de 4 anos. Na primeira avaliação 22 das 26 capilaroscopias periungueais (84,6%) realizadas durante a fase ativa exibiram padrão escleroderma (padrão SD) e os 4 exames realizados durante a remissão foram normais. Portanto, em 26 dos 30 pacientes (86,6%) avaliados os dados clínicos e laboratoriais foram associados com os achados capilaroscópicos. Na avaliação prospectiva 15 dos 18 pacientes (83,3%) que mantinham atividade de doença persistiam com padrão SD na CPU e 10 dos 12 exames (83,3%) realizados durante a remissão foram normais ou apresentaram melhora do padrão SD. Portanto, em 25 dos 30 pacientes (83,3%) reavaliados a CPU também se associou com a presença ou ausência de atividade da doença. No grupo de crianças e adolescentes com FRy, 30 (75%) eram do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 14,6 anos e tempo médio de evolução de 4,2 anos. A média de idade do início dos sintomas foi de 10,4 anos e o tempo médio até o diagnóstico de 1,4 anos. Treze (32,5%) dos 40 pacientes apresentaram AAN positivo. Cinco pacientes (12,5%) apresentaram alterações na CPU inicial: 4 microangiopatia inespecífica e 1 padrão SD. Todos foram avaliados prospectivamente e 3 (7,5%) apresentaram alterações na CPU com tempo médio entre as avaliações de 1,6 anos (dos quais 2 sem alterações na 1ª avaliação). Dois pacientes com padrão SD na CPU apresentaram durante a evolução doença mista do tecido conjuntivo e hipotireoidismo respectivamente. Em um paciente com CPU normal e presença de auto-anticorpos foi diagnosticado lúpus eritematoso sistêmico após 1 ano da avaliação inicial. A CPU se associa com a atividade da DMJ e é útil para excluir doenças reumáticas ou outra doença auto-imune nas crianças e adolescentes com FRy. / Objective: To evaluate prospectively the clinical features and nailfold capillaroscopy findings of a cohort of children and adolescents who presented Raynaud´s phenomenon without criteria for auto-immune rheumatic diseases. Methods: We included 40 children and adolescents with Raynaud’s phenomenon. Each patient was clinically evaluated and laboratory exams were performed, including antinuclear antibodies. Concomitantly we also performed a nailfold capillaroscopy by using a optical microscope with a magnification of 10 and 16X. Results: Thirty (75%) out of 40 patients were girls with a mean age of 14.6 years and mean follow-up time of 4.2 years. The mean age at disease onset was 10.4 years and the mean time until diagnosis 1.4 years. Thirteen out of 40 patients (32,5%) presented antinuclear antibodies positivity. Five (12.5%) patients had altered nailfold capillaroscopy: 4 inespecific microangiopathy and 1 scleroderma pattern. All patients were prospectively evaluated within a mean interval time of 1.6 years and 3 (7.5%) patients presented nailfold capillaroscopy alterations. Two patients that showed scleroderma pattern at the nailfold capillaroscopy presented during the follow-up mixed connective tissue disease and hypothyroidism, respectively. In a patient with normal nailfold capillaroscopy and auto-antibodies positivity systemic lupus erythematosus was diagnosed after 1 year of initial evaluation. Conclusions: Raynaud´s phenomenon remains primary in most cases, however nailfold capillaroscopy is useful to help in exclusion of auto-immune rheumatic diseases or other auto-immune diseases. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Background In Swedish working life, exposure to cold and exposure to hand-arm vibration (HAV) are two common health hazards. Health effects of HAV in the neurosensory, vascular and musculoskeletal systems are collectively denoted hand-arm vibration syndrome (HAVS), and have been thoroughly studied. Effects of cold exposure in terms of effects on the peripheral neurosensory and vascular system are on the contrary limited, especially in an occupational setting. Effects of cold exposure or cold injury have not previously been assessed with quantitative sensory testing (QST). Commonly reported symptoms after exposure to HAV and after cold injuries, includes cold sensitivity and sensation of cold. Cold sensitivity can also occur without previous exposure to vibration or cold and may have a major impact on quality of life. Other possible risk factors for cold sensitivity need to be assessed. Sensation of cold hands could theoretically imply an early manifestation of damage to the neurosensory or vascular system, and therefore be of importance to enable early detection of vascular and neurosensory HAVS. The purpose of this thesis was to increase the knowledge about health effects from cold and HAV on the peripheral neurosensory and vascular system, with an occupational perspective. The aims were: first, to identify and evaluate health effects and sequelae in the peripheral neurosensory and vascular system due to cold injury and cold exposure; second, to investigate if sensation of cold hands is a predictor for future onset of Raynaud's phenomenon or paresthesia; and third, to identify possible risk factors associated with cold sensitivity. Methods A case series on 15 military conscripts with local cold injuries in the hands or feet, involving QST and symptom descriptions, was conducted to investigate the hypothesis that cold injuries can result in similar neurosensory and vascular impairments as in HAVS. To assess health effects of cold exposure, a cohort study on 54 military conscripts in cold winter military training, with cold exposure assessments, was conducted. Possible health effects were assessed after 14 months of military training, containing considerable cold exposure, by means of QST, Finger systolic blood pressure after local cooling (FSBP) and a questionnaire. To investigate if sensation of cold hands is a predictor for vascular or neurosensory HAVS we investigated a cohort of 178 employees at a manufacturing company where HAV was a common exposure. The cohort was followed during 21 years and both vibration exposure and health outcomes were assessed regularly. Questionnaire items were used to assess sensations of cold hands as well as signs of Raynaud’s phenomenon and paresthesia. To identify risk factors for cold sensitivity a case-control study was conducted involving 997iiiparticipants from the general population in northern Sweden. The study was cross-sectional and explored possible risk factors for cold sensitivity. Results Cold injuries and cold exposure were associated with reduced sensibility in QST and increase severity and prevalence of neurosensory and vascular symptoms. Our results did not show any impairment in peripheral blood flow due to cold exposure, detectable by FSBP. The risk of developing Raynaud's phenomenon was increased for workers previously reporting sensation of cold hands (OR 6.3, 95% CI 2.3-17.0). No increased risk for paresthesia in relation to a sensation of cold hands was observed. The identified risk factors for cold sensitivity were frostbite in the hands, rheumatic disease, nerve injury in upper extremities or neck, migraine and vascular disease. When analysing women and men separately, women’s risk factors were frostbite in the hands, rheumatic disease, migraine and cold exposure. Men’s risk factors were frostbite in the hands, vibration exposure and nerve injury in upper extremities or neck. BMI > 25 was a protective factor for both men and women. Conclusion Cold injury and cold exposure are associated with impairments in the neurosensory system, detectable by QST. Symptoms such as sensation of cold hands and white fingers indicate vascular involvement, even though no vascular impairments due to cold exposure could be detected by objective measurements. A sensation of cold hands is a risk factor for development of Raynaud´s phenomenon, but not for paresthesia. At the individual level, reporting cold hands does not appear to be useful information when considering the possibility of a future development of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Frostbite in the hands is a risk factor for cold sensitivity among both women and men. For women rheumatic disease, migraine and cold exposure are also independent risk factors, and for men, exposure to HAV. Being overweight is a protective factor for both women and men.