國內外對BOT實質選擇權之研究，大多集中於BOT主體本身所隱含之各種選擇權價值，鮮少論及BOT附屬事業之選擇權價值。惟因交通運輸BOT主體之自償率往往偏低，故須以保證最小運量或特許經營附屬事業等方式，來吸引潛在投資者。附屬事業對整個BOT計畫價值的影響頗大，如何針對其選擇權之價值加以分析為本研究的主要課題。個案將以台灣南北高速鐵路計畫為例，對其附屬事業之放棄選擇權加以探討。 本研究將主要探討下列課題，並提出研究結果： 一、有限差分法及蒙地卡羅模擬法計算選擇權價值，其間之差異？本 文利用有限差分法及蒙地卡羅模擬法來各別求算BOT 附屬事業的 放棄選擇權價值，一來了解 BOT 附屬事業的放棄選擇權價的大 小，二來比較有限差分法及蒙地卡羅模擬法兩者間的差異。 二、BOT附屬事業的放棄選擇權是否受主體事業的經營績效所影響？ 三、BOT附屬事業是否須考量履約保證金之設計？ 四、BOT主體決定經營或放棄時，是否會影響其附屬事業之放棄選擇 權價值？ 本研究係以蒙地卡羅模擬法及有限差分法單獨估計台灣南北高速鐵路附屬事業之放棄選擇權價值，並建立運輸主體與附屬事業間價值的關聯，再以蒙地卡羅模擬法作更精確的估算。另使用單因子變異數分析及Tukey's Multiple Comparison Method之統計方法，驗證BOT主體與其附屬事業選擇權間之相關性，期能有助於日後BOT計畫之參與者評估及決策使用。 / The study of the Real Option Analysis (ROA) thesis of BOT generally focus is on the principal parts of the project only, rarely is considered the option of ancillary business of BOT. Because the self-liquidation-ratio of the transportation of BOT is low, it needs the government financial support (minimum traffic guarantee or revenue enhancements) to attract the interest of intended investors. The influence of the ancillary business of BOT is huge, so how to evaluate the option is the big issue of thesis. The case focus on the Taiwan High Speed Rail BOT project, and will study the option value of it’s ancillary business. Thesis will discuss the following issues, and develop the result of study. 1.The calculation difference between Monte Carlo Simulation & Finite Difference Method to work out option value, Thesis will use the Monte Carlo Simulation & Finite Difference Method to work out the abandon option value of ancillary business of BOT. To get the abandon option value and compare the calculation difference between Monte Carol Simulation & Finite Difference Method. 2.Will the abandon option value of ancillary business of BOT be influenced by the principal parts of the project？ 3.Is there a need to consider the performance security deposit of ancillary business of BOT？ 4.Will the decision of BOT impact the abandon option value of ancillary business or not？ The thesis will use the Monte Carol Simulation & Finite Difference Method to calculate the abandon option value of ancillary business of Taiwan North-South High-Speed Railway Project (THR), and create the relation between the BOT & it’s ancillary business. The thesis will use the ANOVA & Tuley’s Multiple Comparison Method to validate the relationship, and hope it will let the participator to consider in the future.

Les Partenariats Publics Privés (PPPs) peuvent être un outil efficace pour optimiser et moderniser la commande publique dans un contexte où les besoins en investissement public ne cessent d’accroître. Les fréquences importantes de renégociation et les difficultés à estimer correctement les revenus futurs demeurent un défi majeur lors de la structuration financière des PPPs. Ce travail propose d’incorporer des clauses financières flexibles afin de remédier à ce problème. L’approche développée se base sur les théories d’options réelles et d’optimisation multi-objectif. Dans un premier temps, une méthodologie adéquate pour la gestion des risques est développée. La volatilité du projet est déterminée par le biais de la simulation de Monte Carlo et un déflateur stochastique est introduit afin de conduire les différentes valorisations d’options sous la probabilité historique. Ce travail développe dans un second temps, quatre formes de flexibilité qui permettent de réajuster l'équilibre financier du projet, si le revenu est insuffisant. Enfin une approche d’optimisation multi-objectif est développée afin de permettre de visualiser les différents compromis auxquels l’introduction de la flexibilité donne lieu. / Public private partnerships can be a solution to the dilemma of how to do more with less available funds that public entities are constantly financing in the last decades. If implemented properly, Public Private Partnerships can contribute to the modernization of public service provision and can constitute efficient vehicles for the delivery of optimal value for money. The high incidence of renegotiation as well as the difficulty of accurately predicting the future demand on the projects is a matter of concern when it comes to the financial structuring of Public Private Partnerships. This work proposes a real-option- based optimization framework to boost the financial viability of the projects. This is done by introducing flexible financial clauses. First, an adequate framework for risk management, where volatility is derived by Monte Carlo simulation and the valuation is made without switching to the risk neutral measure, is presented. Four families of flexible clauses are, afterwards, investigated. Such clauses are triggerred, if the revenue level of the projet is not sufficient to guarnatee its financiel viability. Finally, this work develops a multi-objective optimization approach in order to assess the different trade-offs that the introduction of flexibility leads to. The proposed optimization problem is solved via multi-objective evolutionary algorithms.

[pt] Essa tese, metodológica e normativa, estende a teoria moderna de avaliação econômica de projetos de investimento sob incertezas, conhecida por teoria das opções reais, do ponto de vista de uma companhia de petróleo que otimiza a alocação de recursos e investimento. A teoria das opções reais é combinada com outras teorias - daí o nome opções reais híbridas - de forma a efetuar uma análise mais abrangente e realista de problemas complexos da indústria de petróleo. As duas principais combinações analisadas nessa tese são: (a) a combinação da teoria das opções reais e teoria dos jogos - jogos de opções reais - de forma a considerar de forma endógena o comportamento estratégico das outras firmas, especialmente no jogo de parada ótima com externalidades positivas conhecido por guerra de atrito, e a possibilidade de trocar esse jogo por um jogo cooperativo de barganha; e (b) a combinação da teoria das opções reais com métodos probabilísticos e de decisão estatística Bayesianos - opções reais Bayesianas - gerando uma nova maneira de modelar a incerteza técnica de um projeto em modelos dinâmicos de opções reais. Essas duas combinações são re-combinadas para se obter uma solução adequada que capture as diferenças de valor da informação nos jogos não-cooperativo e cooperativo. Importantes variáveis tais como o fator de chance exploratório, o volume e a qualidade da reserva de petróleo, são modeladas através do desenvolvimento de uma nova teoria sobre distribuições de revelações e medidas de aprendizagem. De forma mais sucinta são analisadas outras opções reais híbridas, com destaque para a combinação da teoria das opções reais com a teoria de computação evolucionária - opções reais evolucionárias - com grande potencial em aplicações complexas de otimização sob incerteza. O método é exemplificado com uma aplicação usando algoritmos genéticos para evoluir a regra de decisão de exercício ótimo da opção real. / [en] This methodological and normative thesis extends the modern economic valuation theory of projects under uncertainty, known as real options theory, from the point of view of an oil company that optimizes the allocation of investment and resources. The real options theory is combined with other theories - so the name hybrid real options - in order to perform a more comprehensive and realistic analysis of complex problems that arises from petroleum industry. The two main combinations analyzed here are: (a) the combination of real options theory with game theory - real options games - to consider endogenously the strategic behavior of other firms, especially in the optimal stopping game with positive externalities known as war of attrition, as well as the possibility to change this game by a cooperative bargain game; and (b) the combination of real options theory with methods from probability theory and Bayesian statistical decision - Bayesian real options - generating a new way to model technical uncertainty of a project in dynamic real options models. These two combinations are re-combined in order to obtain an adequate solution that captures the value of information differences in non-cooperative and cooperative games. Important variables like exploratory chance factor, volume, and quality of a petroleum reserve, are modeled with the development of a new theory on revelation distribution and measures of learning. In a more concise way, are analyzed other hybrid real options, highlighting the combination of real options theory with the evolutionary computation theory - evolutionary real options - with great potential in complex applications of optimization under uncertainty. This method is exemplified with an application using the genetic algorithms to evolve the decision rule for optimal exercise of a real option.

Cette thèse examine les décisions financières à travers la théorie des options Américaines et Exotiques. Dans un premier temps, nous avons présenté une revue de la littérature sur les options de type Américain. La tarification de l’option Américaine standard d’achat est revisitée en vue de fournir les pré-requis. Dans l’étape suivante, un nouveau type de contrat d’option, appelé Strangle Euro-American ou Strangle Hybride, a été introduit. Des formules analytiques ont été fournies pour leurs prix ainsi que leurs paramètres de gestion. Une nouvelle méthode est proposée pour calculer les intégrales qui définissent les bornes d’exercice anticipé. Il a été démontré que cette méthode est efficiente, précise et rapide pour la tarification de tous les types de Strangle voir au delà. Puis, nous avons examiné les options Step de type Américain. Nous avons démontré que les propriétés des options d’achat "vanille" ne s’appliquent pas aux Step dans certaines situations. Les formules d’évaluation et des paramètres de gestion ont été déterminés. Et enfin, nous avons considéré l’évaluation d’une firme détenant simultanément une option d’abandon et une option d’expansion de ses activités selon des conditions du marché (favorables ou défavorables). Les seuils critiques de décision ont été obtenus. Des formules analytiques pour la valeur de la firme ont été obtenues. Des simulations illustrent le comportement de ces seuils critiques de décisions anticipées. / This thesis investigates the financial decisions through the theory of American and Exotic options. First, the literature on American-style derivatives is surveyed. The pricing of standard American call option in the early exercise premium representation is addressed in order to provide prerequisites for what follows. Second, a new variant of Strangle contracts, called Euro-American or Hybrid Strangles, is introduced and priced. Analytical formulas are provided for the prices of all these option contracts as well as their hedging parameters. A new quadrature is proposed to account for the systems of coupled integral equations that locate the early exercise boundaries. It is shown to be efficient, accurate, and fast for pricing all types of early exercisable strangles and more. Third, we examines the valuation of American Step options contract. The structures of the immediate exercise regions of the various contracts are identified. Typical properties of American vanilla calls are shown to fail in some cases. Formulas for prices and hedging parameters, for the American Step options, are derived. Finally, we consider the valuation of a firm holding simultaneously an option to expand and to abandon productions depending on the state of the market (good or bad) in a real option framework. Optimal decision levels are obtained. Analytical formulas for the firm’s value are provided. Numerical results document the behavior of the firm’s value and optimal exercise boundaries levels.