The study aims to empirically study the Early warning system and how national parliaments in the EU vary regarding the issuing of reasoned opinions. In recent years the subject of subsidiarity within the EU has become an increasingly debated and controversial topic. The Early warning system aims to alleviate the democratic deficiency of the EU, but the scientific community is divided on how efficient it is. Using data from the European parliament this study examines reasoned opinions and factors that influences why national parliaments issue them and why there is such a variation amongst the national parliaments issuing them. The study finds that being a member of the Eurozone and the EU15 has important implications for parliaments issuing reasoned opinions.

This essay studies the national parliaments' reasoned opinions at the early warning mechanism. The study aim to declare if there is any variation in which national parliaments who is active in the early warning mechanism, and if there is a variation in type of bills in the early warning mechanism. These study also wants to describe some variation in how the national parliaments argued in the reasoned opinions. The study gives an enhanced understanding of the importance and legitimacy of the early warning mechanism and the reasoned opinions. The result shows that there is a certain group of parliaments who are more active and these are with few exceptions EU 15 countries. The study also shows that there is some kind of bills that is more prevalent than others, there is however some variation. There is also a wide variation in the arguments raised in the reasoned opinions. The results indicate that the national parliaments varies greatly in managing the reasoned opinions and it gives a negatively impacton the early warning mechanism. / Studien granskar de nationella parlamentens motiverade yttranden inom ramen för EU:s subsidiaritetsgranskning. Studiens syfte är att beskriva en möjlig variation angående  vilka nationella parlamenten som är aktiva inom subsidiaritetsgranskningen. Studiens syfte är även att beskriva variationen i vilka lagförslag som återfinns i subsidiaritetsgrankningen, samt om de nationella parlamenten varierar i  argumentering i de motiverade yttrandena. Studien visar att det finns nationella parlament som är vanligare förekommande inom granskningen, samt att vissa typer av lagförslag föranleder fler yttranden än andra. Beträffande argumenteringen i de motiverade yttrandena fanns en stor variation.

Submitted by WILSON BARBOSA ALVES null (wilsonbalves@hotmail.com) on 2016-08-25T03:43:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final.pdf: 3463973 bytes, checksum: b3c4228dc49d2a2d0dad169ed0abc8b8 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-08-29T17:29:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_wb_me_bauru.pdf: 3463973 bytes, checksum: b3c4228dc49d2a2d0dad169ed0abc8b8 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-29T17:29:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 alves_wb_me_bauru.pdf: 3463973 bytes, checksum: b3c4228dc49d2a2d0dad169ed0abc8b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-04 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A expansão econômica internacional gerada pela Revolução Industrial em países da Europa no século XIX apelava para uma mão de obra cada vez mais qualificada, gerando a necessidade de escolas e de um sistema educacional que atendessem aos interesses sociais nesse período. Os europeus realizavam experiências em educação utilizando como ponto de partida o ensino do desenho como forma de qualificação profissional para o desenvolvimento industrial de seus países. O Brasil, por sua vez, não era um país industrial, servia apenas aos interesses internacionais e como mercado consumidor de produtos industriais fabricados na Europa. Pensavam que o ponto de partida para superar essa realidade seria incentivar a educação industrial popular e romper com a crença de que as atividades manuais eram destinadas aos escravos, o que afastava os homens livres do trabalho manual. Desta forma, serão apresentadas nesta dissertação as primeiras iniciativas do ensino profissional criadas no século XIX com a finalidade de desenvolver uma política economicamente industrial por meio da instrução popular qualificada e igualitária, sendo o ensino do desenho o núcleo dessa instrução. Nesta perspectiva, serão expostas as iniciativas inovadoras do ilustre Rui Barbosa (jurista, político, diplomata, escritor, filólogo, tradutor e orador), que apontava, por meio de sua proposta da reforma do ensino primário, as vantagens que o conhecimento do desenho traria à nossa indústria, entre elas, a valorização das profissões industriais. E por fim, a pesquisa procura resgatar as iniciativas do ensino do desenho no Brasil no século XIX, a partir da hipótese de que houve duas correntes: uma baseada na filosofia do positivismo, encampada pelo Liceu de Artes e Ofícios de São Paulo, e a outra, no ensino intuitivo, seguida pela reforma do ensino primário de Rui Barbosa e pelo Liceu de Artes e Ofícios do Rio de Janeiro. Por meio de uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre o Liceu de Artes e Ofícios do Rio de Janeiro e dos pareceres de Rui Barbosa, será possível investigar e analisar o conteúdo até então perdido em nossa história referente ao ensino do desenho, possibilitando um olhar mais crítico sobre as práticas pedagógicas de contraposição à filosofia positivista proposta pelo Liceu de Artes e Ofícios de São Paulo. / The international economic expansion prompted by the Industrial Revolution in European countries during the 19th century demanded an increasingly qualified workforce, generating the need for schools and an educational system that met the social interests of that period. Europeans carried out experiments in education using as a starting point the teaching of drawing as a form of professional qualification for the industrial development of their countries. Brazil, in turn, was not an industrial country. It only served to international interests and as a consumer market for industrial products made in Europe. They thought that the starting point to overcome this reality would encourage popular industrial education and deconstruct the belief that manual activities were for the slaves, which drove free men away from manual work. Hence, this study will present the first professional education initiatives created in the 19th century with the purpose of developing an economically industrial policy through qualified and egalitarian popular education, being the teaching of drawing the center of that education. From this perspective, this study will present the innovative initiatives of the notable Rui Barbosa (lawyer, politician, diplomat, writer, philologist, translator and speaker), who indicated, through his proposal of the Educational Reform in Elementary Schools, the advantages that the drawing knowledge would bring to our industry, among them, the valorization of industrial professions. And finally, the study aims to recover the origin of the teaching of drawing in Brazil from the hypothesis that there were two schools of thought: one based on positivism, followed by the School of Arts and Crafts of São Paulo, and the other, on the intuitive teaching, followed by the Educational Reform in Elementary Schools of Rui Barbosa and the School of Arts and Crafts of Rio de Janeiro. Through bibliographical research about the School of Arts and Crafts of Rio de Janeiro and the reasoned opinions of Rui Barbosa, it was possible to investigate and analyze the content once lost in time in our history up to now in relation to the teaching of drawing, enabling a more critical look at the pedagogical practices of opposition to the positivist philosophy proposed by the School of Arts and Crafts of São Paulo.