The recovery boiler in a pulp and paper mill plays a dual role of recovering pulping chemicals and generating steam for either chemical processes or producing electricity. The efficiency of producing steam in the recovery boiler is limited by the first melting temperature of ash deposits that accumulate on the superheater tubes. Above the first melting temperature, the molten salt reacts with the protective oxide film that develops and dissolves it. The most protective oxide is determined by evaluating how little it dissolves and how its solubility changes in the molten salt. Solubility tests were done on several protective oxides in a known salt composition from a recovery boiler that burns hardwood derived fuel. ICP-OES was used to measure concentration of dissolved metal in the exposure tests while EDS and XRD were used to verify chemical compositions in exposure tests. NiO was found to be the least soluble oxide while Cr₂O₃ and Al₂O₃ had similar solubility with Fe₂O₃ being less soluble than Cr₂O₃ but more soluble than NiO. Exposure tests with pure metals and selected alloys indicated that even though Fe₂O₃ has little solubility, it is not a protective oxide and causes severe corrosion in stainless steels. The change in performance of iron based alloys was due to the development of a negative solubility gradient for Fe₂O₃ where Fe₂O₃ precipitated out of solution and created a continuous leaching of oxide. Manganese was found to be beneficial in stainless steels but its role is still unknown. Nickel based alloys were found to be least corroded due to nickel's low solubility and because it did not form a negative solubility gradient.

The removal of electrostatic precipitator (ESP) ash by solving the ash in water constitutes an environmental problem if heavy metals, such as cadmium, present in the ash remain in the outgoing effluent streams. The ESP ash solution is alkaline, meaning cadmium is present as the insoluble salt Cd(OH)2, cadmium hydroxide. The aim of this work is to reduce the amount of cadmium released to water recipients from pulp mills by investigating different precipitation mechanisms in ESP ash/ water solutions. Solutions with different concentrations, pH and added process chemicals were prepared and the Cd content in the supernatant measured with atomic absorption spectroscopy. The Cd removal through precipitation reached the highest values when ESP ash concentrations were >150 g/l, pH was above 11.5 and the ash solution was allowed to precipitate for 24h. The addition of polymers was found to reduce needed precipitation time. The effect of concentration on Cd removal could be caused by maximum solubility for the Cd2+ ion being reached at roughly 100 g/l ash concentration. The need for higher pH values could be caused by Cd forming complex ions with other solutions at pH<11 and theoretical maximum Cd2+ ion concentration decreasing from pH 10 to pH 13. / Uttag av elfilteraska där askan löses i vatten utgör ett miljöproblem om tungmetaller i elfilteraskan, till exempel kadmium, finns kvar i det avloppsvatten som lämnar systemet. Elfilteraskan är basisk, vilket innebär att kadmium bildar det olösliga saltet kadmiumhydroxid, Cd(OH)2 när askan löses i vatten. Målet med detta examensarbete är att reducera mängden kadmium som släpps ut till vattenrecipienter från massabruk genom att undersöka fällningsmekanismer i vattenlösningar av elfilteraska. Lösningar med olika koncentration, pH och fällningstid förbereddes och kadmiumhalten i klarfasen mättes genom atomabsorptionsspektroskopi. Avskiljningsgraden för kadmium var som störst när koncentrationen >150 g/l, pH var över 11,5 och fällningstiden för hydroxidsalterna var 24h. Polymertillsats visades reducera nödvändig fällningstid. Koncentrationens påverkan på kadmiumhalt i klarfasen kan tänkas bero på att maximal koncentration för Cd2+-jonen nås vid ungefär 100 g/l koncentration. Högre pH-värden kan leda till att komplexbildning med andra joner i asklösningen, vilket sker vid pH<11, undviks. Den teoretiskt maximala lösligheten för Cd2+-jonen minskar från pH 10 till pH 13, vilket kan förbättra avskiljningsgraden.

Pappers- och massaindustrin är stor i Sverige och dess produkter konsumeras vid hög grad. Eftersom industrin är omfattande och energikrävande är det viktigt att energianvändningen kan optimeras så långt som möjligt. I detta examensarbete utförs en utredning gällande en sodapanna och dess utgående ångtemperatur.  Sodapannan tillhör Mondi Dynäs och utmaningen består i att ångtemperaturen ska ökas från pannan för att maximera energiproduktionen i turbinen, vilket förser hela fabriken med elektricitet och ånga. I dagsläget arbetar sodapannan vid ett tryck på 64,2 bar och 485°C. En ökning av temperaturen och därmed en ökning av entalpin kommer i sin tur möjliggöra ökad elproduktion. Syftet med arbetet är att ta fram förslag till åtgärder som kan implementeras för att öka den utgående ångtemperaturen, samt att lokalisera de komponenter som begränsar temperaturen.     Best Avaliable Techniques (BAT-villkor) för pappersproduktion beskriver hur en sodapanna kan effektiviseras gällande värmeöverförande ytor och elproduktion och dessa punkter användes som vägledning i studien. Med BAT och dess punkter om hur förbättringar kan implementeras samt uppgifter från Mondi Dynäs egna anställda kunde fokus läggas på överhettarna och dess design samt lasten på pannan.    Litteraturstudier utfördes gällande att effektivisera sodapannan och tyngden lades på materialval av överhettartuber för att motverka korrosion och designen av dem. Överhettaren står för 30% av värmeöverföringen och är avgörande för sluttemperaturen av ångan. Därefter gjordes beräkningar för att avgöra om sodapannan är lastad enligt design. Resultatet av studien visar att de föreslagna åtgärderna kan öka ångtemperaturen med 5% vilket motsvarar i en ökning av elproduktion motsvarande 20 miljoner kronor för spotpriset 2023. Studien fastställer även att tubmaterialen som idag används för överhettarna inte är optimala vilket påverkar värmeöverföringen och därmed utgående ångtemperatur, därför rekommenderas nya materialval. Svartlutstillförseln till pannan analyserades också med resultat att den är marginellt underlastad. / The paper and pulp industry is significant in Sweden, with its products being in high demand. Due to the extensive and energy-intensive nature of the industry, optimizing energy usage is crucial. This thesis focuses on investigating a recovery boiler and its outgoing steam temperature. The recovery boiler belongs to Mondi Dynäs, and the challenge is to increase the steam temperature from the boiler to maximize energy production in the turbine, which supplies electricity and steam to the entire factory. Currently, the recovery boiler operates at a pressure of 64.2 bar and 485°C. Increasing the temperature and consequently the enthalpy will enable increased electricity production. The objective of this work is to propose measures that can be implemented to increase the outgoing steam temperature and identify the components limiting the temperature.   The Best Available Techniques (BAT) for pulp production describe how a recovery boiler can be optimized in terms of heat transfer surfaces and electricity production. These points were used as guidance in the study. With BAT and input from Mondi Dynäs employees, the focus was placed on the superheaters and their design, as well as the load on the boiler.   Literature studies were conducted to enhance the recovery boiler, with emphasis on the material selection of superheater tubes to prevent corrosion and their design. The superheater accounts for 30% of heat transfer and is crucial for the final steam temperature. Calculations were then performed to determine if the recovery boiler is loaded according to design.   The results of the study indicate that the proposed measures can increase the steam temperature by 5%, corresponding to an increase in electricity production worth 20 million SEK for the spot price in 2023. The study also establishes that the currently used tube materials for the superheaters are not optimal, affecting heat transfer and the outgoing steam temperature. Therefore, new material choices are recommended. The black liquor supply to the boiler was also analysed, revealing a marginal underload.

A importância da energia elétrica gerada pelo setor de celulose e papel têm crescido no mercado brasileiro, pois com a crise hídrica que tem causado transtornos financeiros aos diversos setores da economia, muitas empresas têm optado por ter a geração de energia como um novo plano de negócio. Desta forma, para que esta produção cresça são necessários investimentos nessa área. Por isso, é essencial conhecer o processo, bem como os parâmetros envolvidos na produção de energia. Com a finalidade de ampliar os conhecimentos da área de energia dentro do setor de celulose e papel, este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a relação dos parâmetros das caldeiras de recuperação e biomassa, bem como de seus combustíveis, afim de determinar sua influência na produção de vapor. Para isso, foram utilizados os valores dos parâmetros das caldeiras de recuperação e biomassa, entre eles: consumo de combustível, vazões de ar, temperaturas da água de alimentação e do vapor gerado, como também os valores das características químicas e físicas do licor negro, incluindo poder calorífico superior, teor de sólidos totais, teor de orgânicos e inorgânicos, e da biomassa, densidade aparente, poder calorífico superior, umidade e teor de cinzas. Os parâmetros e as características dos combustíveis foram disponibilizados por uma empresa do setor de celulose e papel do Brasil. Para análise e discussão dos dados foram feitos cálculos de eficiência energética, análise de diagramas de dispersão, correlação de Pearson, elaboração de modelos matemáticos para estimativa de produção de vapor e a determinação dos valores ideais dos parâmetros dos combustíveis, para produção máxima de vapor. A partir das análises de eficiência energética, a caldeira de recuperação manteve uma média de 86%, enquanto que a caldeira de biomassa obteve uma média de 51%. Analisando as relações entre todos os parâmetros, nas caldeiras as variáveis com maior influência na operação foram as vazões de ar, vazão da água de alimentação, o consumo de combustível, temperatura da água de alimentação, temperatura dos gases de saída e a pressão do vapor, enquanto que nos combustíveis a maior influência foi do poder calorífico superior. Dentre os modelos matemáticos analisados para a predição da produção de vapor, apenas o modelo utilizando parâmetros da caldeira de recuperação foi estatisticamente significativo. Através da análise das características dos combustíveis, relacionando-as com o objetivo de obter a máxima produção de vapor, os valores ideais calculados destas características químicas e físicas do licor negro e da biomassa se mantiveram de acordo com a literatura. / The importance of the electric energy generated by the pulp and paper sector has grown in the Brazilian market, because the water crisis has caused financial distress to the various sectors of the economy, and then many companies have chosen to have the power generation as a new business plan. In this way, for this production to grow, investments in this area are necessary. Therefore, it is essential to know the process as well as the parameters involved in energy production. With the purpose of increasing the knowledge of the energy area within the pulp and paper sector, this work aimed to identify the relation of the parameters of recovery and biomass boilers, as well as their fuels, in order to determine their influence in the production of steam. In order to do this, the values of the parameters of the recovery and biomass boilers were used, among them: fuel consumption, air flows, feed water and steam temperatures, as well as the values of the chemical and physical characteristics of the black liquor, including higher calorific value, total solids content, organic and inorganic content, and of biomass, apparent density, higher calorific value, moisture and ash content. The parameters and characteristics of fuels were made available by a Brazilian pulp and paper company. In order to analyze and discuss the data were made energy efficiency calculations, dispersion diagrams analysis, Pearson correlation, mathematical models for estimation of steam production and determination of the ideal values of the fuel characteristics for maximum steam production. From the energy efficiency analyzes, the recovery boiler maintained an average of 86%, while the biomass boiler obtained an average of 51%. Analyzing the relationships among all parameters, the variables with the greatest influence on the operation were air flow, feed water flow, fuel consumption, feed water temperature, outlet gas temperature and steam pressure, while in fuels the greatest influence was the higher calorific value. Among the mathematical models analyzed for the prediction of steam production, only the model using parameters of the recovery boiler was statistically significant. Analyzing the characteristics of the fuels in order to obtain the maximum steam production, the estimated ideal values of these chemical and physical characteristics of black liquor and biomass were kept in agreement with the literature.

Wood consists not only of cellulose, lignin and hemicellulose but also of so called extractives which includes fats and acids and these components are separated in the mill from the black liquor. These extractives are in the mill denoted as tall oil soap. Tall oil has a large field of applications like chemicals and fuel and as it is produced to the atmosphere if it can replace oil and thus reduce the oil consumption. Tall oil soap is separated from the black liquor in a skimmer and the focus of this thesis was to examine the effect of air injection and the soap layer thickness on the soap separation efficiency in a skimmer. The work was focused on in analyzing the soap content of the inlet and outlet black liquor flow of the skimmer and to detect if an enhancement has been achieved with the two mentioned methods. The reason for the pulp mill to improve the soap separation efficiency was to decrease the risk of foaming and fouling in the evaporator but also to be able to increase the production of tall oil. The air injection gave a 41% improvement of the soap separation efficiency and further improvements are probably possible to achieve. The air injection flow was about 7 l air /m3 liquor in the black liquor feed. The airflow lowers the density of soap, creating a greater difference in density between soap and black liquor and this improves the separation efficiency. A thicker soap layer could increase the likelihood for soap drops to raise and reach the soap-liquor interface, because the soap drops have the tendency to bind with each other and will be separated from the liquor instead of following with the skimmed liquor outlet (fig. i.2). However, this study shows no indication of improvement with thicknesses that exceeds 0,75- 3,5 m which also endanger the skimmer due to overflow from the skimmer or create a short circuit between the in- and the outlet black liquor flow.

Modern chemical technology is an efficient tool for solving problems, particularly within the complex environment of the pulp and paper industry, and the combination of experimental studies, mill data and mass balance calculations are of fundamental importance to the development of the industry. In this study various examples are presented, whereby chemical technology is of fundamental importance. It is well documented that under normal conditions the molten salt mixture from the kraft recovery boiler flows down into the dissolving tank without problems. However, in the case of  alternatives to the kraft recovery boiler, knowledge of more precise data of the molten salts is required for the design calculations. In this study the viscosity for the case of sodium carbonate and 30 mole% sulphide has been measured and is of the magnitude 2 – 3 cP at temperatures relevant for a recovery boiler, i.e. similar to water at room temperature. The presence of non-process elements (NPE) in a typical pulp mill has been investigated. The main input is with regards to the wood, and anticipated problems include; deposits in evaporators, high dead-load in liquor streams, plugging of the upper part of the recovery boiler and decreasing efficiency in the causticization department. Efficient green liquor clarification is of the greatest importance as an efficient kidney for many NPE. Mill data and calculations show that the magnesium added in the oxygen delignification does not form a closed loop. Integration of a prehydrolysis kraft pulp mill producing dissolving pulp with a plant producing viscose textile fiber could be highly beneficial. The prehydrolysis liquor will contain both sugars and acetic acid. It is however not possible to fully replace the sulphuric acid of the viscose spinning bath with acetic acid of own production. The sulphuric chemicals from the viscose plant can be partly taken care of in the kraft recovery area as well as the viscose plant which can be supplied with alkali and sulphuric acid. Zinc-containing effluents from the viscose plant can be treated with green liquor to precipitate zinc sulphide. / Modern chemical technology is an extremely efficient tool for solving problems particularly in a complicated environment such as the pulp and paper industry. Here, examples are studied during which chemical technology is of fundamental importance. At normal conditions the molten salt mixture from the kraft recovery boiler flows down into the dissolving tank without hindrance. However, for certain kraft recovery boiler alternatives, knowledge of more precise data of the molten salts is required. The viscosity for the case of sodium carbonate and 30 mole% sulphide has been measured and is of the magnitude 2 – 3 cP at relevant temperatures. The main input of non-process elements (NPE) is down to the wood, and known problems include deposits in evaporators and decreasing efficiency in the causticization department. Green liquor clarification is an efficient kidney for many NPE. Magnesium added in the oxygen delignification does not form a closed loop. Integration of a prehydrolysis kraft pulp mill producing dissolving pulp with a plant producing viscose textile fiber could be of significant interest, as the handling of both alkali and sulphuric compounds can be integrated. Problems will however arise as the capacity of the pulping line and the chemical recovery has to be adjusted.

This thesis deals with the design of a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG). Theintroductory part is devoted to a brief description of the boiler, the specified parametersand the compilation of the temperature profile. The main computational part of thiswork is divided into 6 parts. The first contains preparatory calculations, including thecalculation of boiler eiciency. In the second part, a flue gas duct is designed. This isfollowed by a thermal calculation of the boiler for all heat exchange surfaces. The last 3parts deal with the design of the drum, piping and the loss of boiler draft calculation.

The industrial sector in Sweden stands for 38 percent of the total energy use. Within these 38 percent the pulp and paper industry stand for about half of the energy use. Due to the extent of the energy use it is important that we do what we can to keep the energy usage as low as possible within our industries. In this bachelor thesis a case study is performed regarding a problem with a recovery boiler which belong to one of Stora Ensos pulp mills in a small town called Skutskär in Sweden. The problem with the recovery boiler is that it does not reach the temperature of the outgoing steam for which the soda boiler was designed, which causes the efficiency to suffer. The problem with the recovery boiler is not sustainable either in terms of energy use or economy. Recovery boiler 6 (RB6) as it is called is one of two recovery boilers belonging to the pulp mill. Both boilers are designed to produce high pressure steam at 56 bar and 450°C. The high-pressure steam produced goes through a back-pressure turbine where the pressure is lowered to the working pressure of the remaining factory while electricity is produced. Steam at a lower temperature results in lower enthalpy, which in turn will affect the electricity generation in the back-pressure turbine. The purpose of the study is to quantify the loss in electricity generation caused by the lack of steam temperature of RB6. As well as investigating the causes of the lack of heat transfer where the goal is to locate the problem area. A literature study was conducted regarding the efficiency of the recovery boiler, where much emphases was placed on the function of the superheater and the soot system. The superheater accounts for about 30 percent of all heat transfer in a recovery boiler and is directly crucial for reaching the final temperature of the steam. In the literature study, among other things, the design and fouling of superheater is studied to see that if affects the heater transfer. Further, the soot system effect on the heat transfer is also studied and it shows that the soot system has a greatly influence of the final heat transfer. The method used to conduct the study is primarily data analysis. The pulp mills internal analysis program WinMops is used in combined with Excel to analyze operational data. First, the magnitude of the problem was investigated by calculating the effect of RB6’s lack of steam temperature on the total enthalpy of the steam reaching the turbine. Calculations were made for electricity generation in normal cases and under the influence of RB6, where the difference was considered as lost electricity generation. Once the size of the problem was determined, the investigation of causes of heat transfer began, with the superheater coming into focus. The results of the case study show that RB6’s lack of steam temperature causes a loss of electricity production equivalent to 7 million SEK in a normal year and a year with a low electricity price, this amount to 3 million SEK. Whit regard to the second investigation, it is very likely that the superheater causes the temperature drop. However, the study shows that the superheater has no smaller heat transfer surface in relation to the other recovery boiler and that the heat transfer rate is also not deviant. The superheater shows a hint of fouling at the same time as the flow of soot steam is slightly lower on RB6, unlike the mill’s other recovery boiler. An interesting phenomenon that emerges in the study is that the tertiary air flow tends to have a greater effect on RB6 outgoing steam flow than expected. / Industrisektorn står för omkring 38 procent av Sveriges totala energianvändning. Av de 38 procenten står pappers- och massaindustrin för omkring hälften av all energianvändning. Eftersom industrin är en omfattande del gällande energianvändningen är det viktigt att åtgärder utförs för att hålla energianvändningen så låg som möjligt. I detta examensarbete utförs en fallstudie gällande ett problem med en sodapanna som tillhör Stora Ensos massabruk i Skutskär. Problematiken med sodapannan är att den inte når upp i den temperaturen på utgående ångan som sodapannan designades för vilket gör att verkningsgraden blir lidande. Problemet med sodapannan är inte hållbart både sett till energianvändning eller ekonomi. Sodapanna 6 (SP6) som den kallas är en av två sodapannor som tillhör massabruket. Båda sodapannorna är designade för att producera högtrycksånga vid 56 bar och 450°C. Högtrycksångan som produceras går via en mottrycksturbin där trycket sänks till arbetstrycken för resterande fabriken samtidigt som el produceras. Ånga vid lägre temperatur medför lägre entalpi vilket i sin tur kommer att påverka elproduktionen i motrycksturbin. Syftet med studien är att kvantifiera förlusten i elproduktion som den bristande ångtemperaturen av SP6 orsakar. Utöver det är syftet även att utreda orsaker till den bristande värmeöverföringen där målet är att lokalisera problemområdet. En litteraturstudie utfördes gällande effektivitet kring sodapannan varvid mycket tyngd lades på överhettarens samt sotningens funktion. Överhettaren står för omkring 30 procent av all värmeöverföring i en sodapanna och är direkt avgörande för att nå sluttemperaturen på ångan. I litteraturstudien studeras bland annat utformning och försmutsning av överhettaren för att se hur det påverkar värmeöverföringen. Vidare studeras sotningens påverkan på värmeöverföringen och även den påverkar i stor grad den slutgiltiga värmeöverföringen. Metoden som används för att genomföra studien är framförallt dataanalys. Massabrukets interna analyseringsprogram WinMops används tillsammans med Excel för att kunna analysera driftdata. Först utreddes storleken på problemet med hjälp av att beräkna hur stor påverkan SP6 bristande ångtemperatur har på den totala entalpin på ångan som når turbin. Beräkningar utfördes för elproduktion vid normalfall och vid påverkan av SP6 varvid skillnaden betraktades som den förlorade elproduktionen. När problemets storlek var fastställt började utredningen kring orsaker till bristande värmeöverföring varvid överhettaren hamnade i fokus. Studiens resultat visar att SP6 bristande ångtemperatur orsakar en elproduktionsförlust som motsvarar 7 miljoner kronor ett normalår och ett år med lågt elpris rör det sig om 3 miljoner kronor. Gällande den andra utredningen är det med stor sannolikhet överhettaren som orsakar temperaturfallet. Däremot visar studien att överhettaren inte har någon mindre värmeöverförande yta i förhållande till den andra sodapannan samt att värmeöverföringstalet är inte heller avvikande. Överhettaren visar en antydan på försmuttning samtidigt som sotångflödet är något lägre på SP6 till skillnad från brukets andra sodapanna. Intressant fenomen som dyker upp i studien är att tertiärluftflödet tenderar att ha en större påverkan på SP6 utgående ångflöde än förväntat.

Abstract In this thesis, a new type of laser diode transmitter using enhanced gain-switching suitable for use with a single photon avalanche diode (SPAD) detector was developed and tested in the pulsed time-of-flight laser range finding (lidar) application. Several laser diode versions were tested and the driving electronics were developed. The driving electronics improvements enabled a pulsing frequency of up to 1 MHz, while the maximum laser output power was about 5–40 W depending on the laser diode dimensions. The large output power is advantageous especially in conditions of strong photon noise emerging from ambient light outdoors. The length of the laser pulse matches the jitter of a typical SPAD detector providing several advantages. The new laser pulser structure enables a compact rangefinder for 50 m distance measurement outdoors in sunny conditions with sub-centimeter precision (σ-value) at a valid distance measurement rate of more than 10 kHz, for example. Single photon range finding techniques were also shown to enable a char bed level measurement of a recovery boiler containing highly attenuating and dispersing flue gas. In addition, gated single photon detector techniques were shown to provide a rejection of fluorescent photons in a Raman spectroscope leading to a greatly improved signal-to-noise ratio. Photonic effects were also studied in the case of a pulsed time-of-flight laser rangefinder utilizing a linear photodetector. It was shown that signal photon noise has an effect on the optimum detector configuration, and that pulse detection jitter can be minimized with an appropriate timing discriminator. / Tiivistelmä Tässä työssä kehitettiin uudentyyppinen, tehostettua "gain-switchingiä" hyödyntävä laserdiodilähetin käytettäväksi yksittäisten fotonien avalanche-ilmaisimien (SPAD) kanssa, ja sitä testattiin pulssin lentoaikaan perustuvassa laseretäisyysmittaussovelluksessa. Useita laserdiodiversioita testattiin ja ohjauselektroniikkaa kehitettiin. Ohjauselektroniikan parannukset mahdollistivat jopa 1 MHz pulssitustaajuuden, kun taas laserin maksimiteho oli noin 5–40 W riippuen laserdiodin dimensioista. Suuri lähtöteho on edullinen varsinkin vahvoissa taustafotoniolosuhteissa ulkona. Laserpulssin pituus vastaa tyypillisen SPAD-ilmaisimen jitteriä tarjoten useita etuja. Uusi laserpulssitinrakenne mahdollistaa esimerkiksi kompaktin etäisyysmittarin 50 m mittausetäisyydelle ulkona aurinkoisessa olosuhteessa mm–cm -mittaustarkkuudella (σ-arvo) yli 10 kHz mittaustahdilla. Yksittäisten fotonien lentoaikamittaustekniikan osoitettiin myös mahdollistavan soodakattilan keon korkeuden mittauksen, jossa on voimakkaasti vaimentavaa ja dispersoivaa savukaasua. Lisäksi portitetun yksittäisten fotonien ilmaisutekniikan osoitettiin hylkäävän fluoresenssin synnyttämiä fotoneita Raman-spektroskoopissa, joka johtaa selvästi parempaan signaali-kohinasuhteeseen. Fotoni-ilmiöitä tutkittiin myös lineaarista valoilmaisinta hyödyntävän pulssin kulkuaikamittaukseen perustuvan lasertutkan tapauksessa. Osoitettiin, että signaalin fotonikohina vaikuttaa optimaaliseen ilmaisinkonfiguraatioon, ja että pulssin ilmaisujitteri voidaan minimoida sopivalla ajoitusdiskriminaattorilla.

This work deals with fouling in the recovery boiler at Montes del Plata, Uruguay. Multivariate data analysis has been used to analyze the large amount of data that was available in order to investigate how different parameters affect the fouling problems. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Partial Least Square Projection (PLS) have in this work been used. PCA has been used to compare average values between time periods with high and low fouling problems while PLS has been used to study the correlation structures between the variables and consequently give an indication of which parameters that might be changed to improve the availability of the boiler. The results show that this recovery boiler tends to have problems with fouling that might depend on the distribution of air, the black liquor pressure or the dry solid content of the black liquor. The results also show that multivariate data analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing these types of fouling problems. / Detta arbete handlar om inkruster i sodapannan pa Montes del Plata, Uruguay. Multivariat dataanalys har anvands for att analysera den stora datamangd som fanns tillganglig for att undersoka hur olika parametrar paverkar inkrusterproblemen. Principal·· Component Analysis (PCA) och Partial Least Square Projection (PLS) har i detta jobb anvants. PCA har anvants for att jamfora medelvarden mellan tidsperioder med hoga och laga inkrusterproblem medan PLS har anvants for att studera korrelationen mellan variablema och darmed ge en indikation pa vilka parametrar som kan tankas att andras for att forbattra tillgangligheten pa sodapannan. Resultaten visar att sodapannan tenderar att ha problem med inkruster som kan hero pa fdrdelningen av luft, pa svartlutens tryck eller pa torrhalten i svartluten. Resultaten visar ocksa att multivariat dataanalys ar ett anvandbart verktyg for att analysera dessa typer av inkrusterproblem.