Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Health Sciences: Environmental Health, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2016. / The Durban University of Technology (DUT) signed the Taillores Declaration (TD) in an attempt to deal with environmental issues and subsequently waste management challenges. A few projects have been initiated within the institution to realise the TD ten point action plans. Currently there is limited data regarding the status quo at DUT. A quantitative descriptive study was conducted to analyse the situation with regards to waste management and recycling practices and to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of students towards waste management and recycling at DUT. An audit of the refuse receptacles was conducted and information obtained was plotted out on a map of two selected campuses. A questionnaire was used to collect data on the practices of waste management and recycling from nine departments. A total of 403 students from the Indumiso and Riverside campuses of DUT were recruited for the KAP study. The findings revealed that refuse receptacles are provided inconsistently and that there is a lack of planning around the provision of these receptacles. Departmental practices regarding waste management and recycling were found to vary from one department to the next. The KAP study results indicated that the students’ knowledge regarding waste management and recycling is poor and their attitudes and practices towards waste management and recycling may be improved by education and enforcement of policy. It is essential to develop a policy regarding waste management and recycling for DUT. In addition, a learning programme should be implemented for all new students entering DUT and during orientation. / M

The problem with which this investigation is concerned is that of planning and carrying out an art program in which a particular group of students in a low income group, by utilizing discarded and inexpensive materials, can create useful and satisfying objects for the improvement of their home interiors.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Mounting pressure on waste management has forced the City of Cape Town (CCT) to progressively move towards achieving an integrated waste management system (IWMS). This system presents a holistic approach of dealing with waste issues. The waste management hierarchy indicates that the ‘cradle-to-cradle’ approach of waste management is more ideal as compared to the traditional ‘cradle-to-grave’ approaches of waste management, example landfilling. However the challenges that have transpired in the rollout of waste minimisation initiatives highlight the need to continuously improve the system. This thesis investigates the municipal solid waste (MSW) minimisation programmes initiated by the CCT Solid Waste Management Department. A systems approach that combined both quantitative and qualitative methodologies was employed in the analysis. A material flow analysis (MFA) model was used to trace the flow of waste through the waste management system. The benefit of applying the MFA approach for waste management problems has been highlighted in literature in terms of identifying potential recycling, and other, waste-treatment technologies, and predicting the outcomes of waste treatment and disposal initiatives. The main objective of this study was to apply an adapted MFA method in order to determine the progress of the existing waste minimisation programmes and to also determine the opportunities to utilise biodegradable and other recyclable components of the waste streams; thereby improving the IWMS of the CCT. The MFA provided a conceptual understanding of the flow of waste materials in the CCT. The mass assessment of waste minimisation facilities, such as the Bellville compost plant and Athlone material recovery facility and refuse transfer station, unveiled that there is still a large amount of biodegradable and recyclable municipal solid waste that ends up in landfills regardless of the waste minimisation facilities available. However, it is still immature at this stage to conclude the success of the Think Twice campaign, since this is a fairly new initiative that relies on the response rate of the public. There are challenges associated with the recyclable waste recovery rates such as public awareness, proper advertising, operational problems that still need to be addressed. The MFA results also showed the final sinks of the different waste types that are sent through the different waste minimisation facilities run by the CCT. The current institutional arrangements and legislative environment have been greatly improved but there are still a number of challenges that need to be addressed. The largest, overall challenge is devising a practical plan of ‘closing the loop’ in order to develop a circular economy. The concept of ‘cradle-to-cradle’ seems to be premised on extended producer responsibility and other stringent control mechanisms, which are currently believed, will yield negative consequences in the South African context. A lot more work needs to be done to achieve a genuinely integrated and sustainable solid waste management system. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Stad Kaapstad streef na ‘n geïntegreerde afval beheer sisteem (GABS) as gevolg van toenemende druk op die bestuur van afval. Hierdie stelsel bied 'n holistiese benadering tot die hantering van afval-probleme. Die afvalbestuur-klassifikasie wys dat die “wieg-tot-wieg” benadering meer ideaal is as die tradisionele “wieg-tot-graf” benaderings van afvalbestuur, byvoorbeeld die bestaande sorteringsterreine. Die uitdagings wat voor-gekom het in die bekendstelling van afvalbeperkingsinisiatiewe het getoon dat daar ‘n voortdurende behoefte is om die stelsel te verbeter. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die munisipale vaste-afvalbeperkingsprogamme wat deur die Stad Kaapstad se Departement Vaste-Afvalbestuur geïnisieer is. Beide kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe metodes is gebruik om die analises uit te voer. ‘n Materiaal vloei-analise model (MVM) is gebruik om die vloei van afval deur die afvalbestuur-sisteem te volg. Die voordeel van die toepassing van die MVM-model word uitgelig in die literatuur in terme van identifisering van potensiële herwinning en ander afvalbehandelings-metodes en die voorspelling van die uitkomste van afval-behandeling en wegdoen-inisiatiewe. Die hoofdoel van die studie was om ‘n aangepaste MVM-metode toe te pas om die vordering van die bestaande afvalbeperkings programme vas te stel asook om die gebruik van bioafbreekbare en ander herwinbare komponente van die afvalstrome beter te kan benut en daardeur ‘n verbetering van die GABS van die Stad Kaapstad teweeg te bring. Die MVM het goeie insig gebied in die vloei van afvalmateriaal in die Stad Kaapstad. Die massa-waardebepaling van afvalverminderings-fasiliteite, soos die Belville kompos-aanleg en die Athlone materiaalherwinningsfasiliteit asook die afval-oordragstasie, het onthul dat daar nog groot hoeveelhede biodegradeerbare munisipale vaste-afval in die stortingsterreine beland ten spyte van die afvalbeperkings-fasiliteite wat beskikbaar is. Dit is egter nog te vroeg om ‘n gevolgtrekking oor die sukses van die “Think Twice” veldtog te maak aangesien dit 'n redelike nuwe inisiatief is wat op die terugvoer van die publiek staatmaak. Daar is uitdagings wat verband hou met die herwinbare afvalhersteltempo’s soos byvoorbeeld: openbare bewustheid, goeie advertering asook operasionele probleme wat nog aangespreek moet word. Die MVM resultate het ook ‘n daling in die verskillende afval-tipes wat deur die verskillende afvalbeperkingsfasiliteite van die Stad Kaapstad gestuur word, getoon. Die huidige institusionele reëlings en wetgewende omgewing het baie verbeter, maar daar is nog 'n aantal skuiwergate wat aangespreek moet word. Die grootste algehele uitdaging tans is die ontwerp van ‘n praktiese plan om die skuiwergate te oorkom en om ‘n kringloop in die ekonomie te ontwikkel. Die "wieg-totwieg" benadering berus op uitgebreide produsente verantwoordelikheid en ander streng beheermaatreëls wat waarskynlik negatiewe gevolge in die Suid-Afrikaanse konteks gaan oplewer. Daar is egter nog baie werk wat gedoen moet word om ‘n geïntegreerde en volhoubare stelsel vir die bestuur van vaste-afval daar te stel.

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014 / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In situ Informal Settlement Upgrading (ISU) was explored in this thesis, focussing on its relevance to waste service upgrading options immediately available and practically implementable for residents of Enkanini, a poorly serviced township (slum) in Stellenbosch, South Africa. Household food waste (kitchen scraps) was chosen as a key point of entry for exploring the context and viability of in situ improvement of solid waste management services in the area. This was done by investigating ways biological and social aspects of soil quality and food waste management can be incrementally improved in the settlement. Transdisciplinary methodology, Participatory Action Learning and Social Learning perspectives, combined with ecological thinking were used to explore different methods of managing food waste in Enkanini. A food waste collection pilot project was initiated in Enkanini by the Stellenbosch Municipality in 2012. The project was modified and continued in 2013, which served as the case study for this thesis. In 2013, food waste was collected by 56 households over five months. It was treated with Bokashi Effective Micro-organisms (Bokashi EM) containing yeasts, lactic acid bacteria, actinomycetes and photosynthetic bacteria. The Bokashi EM partially fermented the waste before it was used for composting or feeding to Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. Laboratory testing of food waste, compost, soils and larvae waste residue determined the safety, potential and sustainability of food waste for recycling and contribution to local urban agriculture by closing the organic waste loop, and for generating an income stream. A total of 5851kg food waste was collected, saving 6m3 landfill space. Households generated 5,2kg - 9,6kg food waste per week. Extrapolating this lower figure for all of Enkanini (about 2400 households), about 50,2 tonnes of food waste could be generated per month. If this were collected and recycled or composted, this would save 51,2m3 landfill space per month. The most commonly cited benefit of food waste collections by participants was reduction of vermin in or around their homes. Laboratory testing indicated that some samples had high levels of Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria. No traces of Salmonella were found in food waste, compost and soil samples, and most were within acceptable limits for heavy metals. It was cautioned that vegetables grown on soils or compost with high E. coli be washed or cooked before consumption. Following socially and ecologically sustainable management of Enkanini’s food waste requires a combination of waste management methods. Options include localised composting - burying EM treated food waste in soil; in situ container composting of waste and adding this to soil; processing of EM treated food waste by Black Soldier Fly larvae (and their subsequent use as feed for chickens or fish); and finally by anaerobic digestion for generation of biogas and effluent fertiliser in local biodigestors. The thesis showed that biological elements (such as bacteria and soil nutrients) have impacts on residents in communities and these need to be considered significant. The thesis suggests ecological elements be considered as indicators or building blocks for ISU locally, nationally and internationally. Keywords: in situ incremental upgrading, food waste management, Effective Micro-organisms, social learning, urban agriculture, closed-loop systems, organic waste management, informal settlements. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In situ Opgraderingsprojek vir Informele Nedersetting (OIN) is in hierdie tesis ondersoek, met die fokus om die relevansie van afval diens opgradering opsies prakties te implementeer vir die inwoners van Enkanini, Stellenbosch, Suid Afrika, 'n gemeenskap met swak dienslewering. Huishoudelike kombuis voedselafval is gekies om die konteks en lewensvatbaarheid van in situ verbetering van vaste afval bestuur dienste te ondersoek. Dit is bereik deur maniere te ondersoek om die biologiese en sosiale aspekte van die kwaliteit van grond en voedselafval bestuur in die nedersetting te verbeter. Transdissiplinêre metode, Deelnemende Aksie Leer en Sosiale Leerprosesse, gekombineer met ekologiese denke, is gebruik is om verskillende metodes van die bestuur van voedselafval in Enkanini te verken. 'N Enkanini voedselafval versamelingsprojek is in 2012 deur die Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit begin. Dit is in 2013 aangepas en vir hierdie studie gebruik. Gedurende vyf maande in 2013 is voedselafval deur 56 huishoudings ingesamel. Dit is behandel met Bokashi effektiewe mikro-organismes (EM Bokashi) met gis, melksuur bakterieë, aktinomisete en fotosintetiese bakterieë. Die Bokashi EM het die afval gedeeltelik gegis voordat die afval gebruik was vir kompos of voeding aan Swart Soldaat Vlieg (Hermetia illucens) larwes. Voedselafval, kompos, grond en larwe oorskot laboratourim toetse het die veiligheid bepaal, asook die potensiaal en volhoubaarheid van die afval vir herwinning en die bydrae tot die plaaslike stedelike landbou deur middel van die organiese afval siklus, en vir inkomste generering. 5851kg voedselafval is ingesamel en 6m³ se opvullingsruimte bespaar. Die huishoudings het 5,2kg – 9,6kg voedselafval per week gegenereer. Die laer syfer in aggeneem, kan sowat 50,2 ton voedsalafval per maand in Enkanini (ongeveer 2400 huishoudings) gegenereer word. As dit ingesamel, herwin of gekomposteer was, sou 51,2 m³ opvullingsruimte per maand bespaar word. Die belangrikste voordeel van die voedselafval versamelings was die vermindering van knaag en aasdiere rondom wonings. Laboratoriumtoetse het hoë vlakke van Escherichia coli (E. coli) bakterieë in sommige monsters gevind. Geen spore van Salmonella is in die voedselafval, kompos en grondmonsters gevind nie en meeste was binne die aanvaarbare perke vir swaar metale. Die gemeenskap is gewaarsku om groente wat in die grond of kompos gekweek is voor verbruik in chloorwater te was of kook. Die sosiale en ekologies volhoubare bestuur van Enkanini se voedselafval vereis 'n kombinasie van afval bestuursmetodes. Opsies sluit gelokaliseerde kompos - begrawe EM behandelde voedsel afval in die grond; in situ houer kompos afval en die toevoeging van hierdie tot die grond; verwerking van EM behandelde voedselafval deur Swart Soldaat Vlieg larwes (en hul daaropvolgende gebruik as voer vir hoenders of vis); en uiteindelik deur mestvergisting vir die generasie van biogas en kunsmis in biovergisters. Die tesis toon dat biologiese elemente (soos bakterieë en voedingstowwe in grond)'n impak het op die gemeenskap se inwoners en as n belangrik faktor beskou moet word. Die tesis dui ekologiese elemente as n toekomstige aanwysers aan indien OIN plaaslik, nasionaal of internasionaal oorweeg word. Sleutelwoorde: in situ toenemende opgradering, kos afval bestuur, effektiewe mikro-organismes, sosiale leerproses, stedelike landbou, geslotestelsel-sisteme, organiese afval, informele nedersettings.

Submitted by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-01T18:28:12Z No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Fabio_2017.pdf: 67920851 bytes, checksum: 05c272202a619adfb95c8590ddcb3c04 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-01T18:29:40Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Fabio_2017.pdf: 67920851 bytes, checksum: 05c272202a619adfb95c8590ddcb3c04 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Milena Rubi (milenarubi@ufscar.br) on 2017-06-01T18:29:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Fabio_2017.pdf: 67920851 bytes, checksum: 05c272202a619adfb95c8590ddcb3c04 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T18:29:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SANTOS_Fabio_2017.pdf: 67920851 bytes, checksum: 05c272202a619adfb95c8590ddcb3c04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-21 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Waste generation is a global challenge to be faced, especially in industrializing countries such as Brazil, where high waste generation in line with structural problems and inadequate waste management can result in environmental, economic and social problems. Thus, recycling can be considered as an important strategy to face this challenge in order to develop practices focused on the triple bottom line (sustainability). The recycling chain in Brazil is considered complex involving multiple actors, among them we can highlight the activities of scavengers as fundamental agents on viability of recycling. However, the scavengers are not always recognized, they are the ones that benefit least in the chain and they face several difficulties. In seeking to overcome the difficulties and achieve better positioning in the chain, scavengers have organized into cooperatives, networks and materials processing centers. From the environmental point of view, recycling processes, especially of post-consumer plastics, can also have an impact on the environment, if management is not established from the collection until the final disposal of the same. It is therefore important to adopt environmental management tools such as Cleaner Production (CP), for example, that result in benefits to the environment, society and organizations. This research aimed to identify opportunities for improvement in plastics recycling process in a cooperative of Sorocaba-SP, through the use of the CP tool. The research consisted of a case study in a cooperative that performs the recycling process of Polyethylene (PE) and Polypropylene (PP), transforming them into flakes and / or pellets. The steps of the CP adopted in this research were based on the Centro Nacional de Tecnologias Limpas (CNTL, 2003) and complemented by SEBRAE guidelines (2005) and by the study of Silva et al. (2013). The following steps were carried out: awareness and general characterization of the cooperative, mapping of the recycling process, quantification of input and output streams, definition of indicators, selection of the evaluation focus, identification of causes of waste generation, effluents and emissions, and identification of CP opportunities. The study revealed that the recycling process of the cooperative is passive to generate environmental impacts, mainly due to the lack of standardization of the raw material and the high consumption of water in the washing stage and consequent generation of effluents. 25 improvement opportunities were identified, focusing mainly on level 1 of housekeeping. In addition, barriers to CP in the cooperative were identified, especially those related to financial issues and lack of government support. Thus, it is necessary to overcome these barriers to an effective implementation of the CP and obtain the consequent economic, environmental and social benefits. / A geração de resíduos é um desafio mundial a ser enfrentado, principalmente nos países em processo de industrialização como o Brasil, no qual a alta geração de resíduos alinhada aos problemas estruturais de gestão e descartes inadequados podem ocasionar problemas ambientais, econômicos e sociais. Assim, a reciclagem pode ser considerada como uma importante estratégia para se enfrentar este desafio com o objetivo de desenvolver práticas voltadas para o tripé da sustentabilidade. A cadeia de reciclagem no Brasil é considerada complexa por envolver múltiplos atores, dentre eles, podem-se destacar a atuação dos catadores como agentes fundamentais na viabilização da reciclagem. No entanto, os catadores nem sempre são reconhecidos, são os que menos se beneficiam na cadeia e enfrentam várias dificuldades. Na busca por superar as dificuldades e obter um melhor posicionamento na cadeia, os catadores têm-se organizado em cooperativas, redes e centros de processamento de materiais. Sob o ponto de vista ambiental, os processos de reciclagem, principalmente dos plásticos oriundos do pós-consumo, também podem ocasionar impactos ao meio ambiente, caso não se estabeleça uma gestão desde a coleta até a destinação final dos mesmos. Assim, é importante a adoção de ferramentas de gestão ambiental como a Produção Mais Limpa (P+L), por exemplo, que resulte em benefícios ao meio ambiente, a sociedade e as organizações. Esta pesquisa objetivou identificar oportunidades de melhorias no processo de reciclagem dos plásticos em uma cooperativa de Sorocaba – SP, por meio da utilização da ferramenta P+L. A pesquisa consistiu em um estudo de caso em uma cooperativa que realiza o processo de reciclagem do Polietileno (PE) e Polipropileno (PP), transformando-os em flakes (fragmentos) e/ou pellets (grânulos). As etapas da P+L adotadas nesta pesquisa foram baseadas no Centro Nacional de Tecnologias Limpas (CNTL, 2003) e complementada pelas orientações do SEBRAE (2005) e pelo estudo de Silva et al. (2013). Assim realizaram-se as seguintes etapas: sensibilização e caracterização geral da cooperativa, mapeamento do processo de reciclagem, quantificação das correntes de entradas e saídas, definição de indicadores, seleção do foco de avaliação, identificação das causas de geração de resíduos, efluentes e emissões, e identificação de oportunidades de P+L. O estudo revelou que o processo de reciclagem da cooperativa é passivo de gerar impactos ambientais, devido principalmente a ausência de padronização da matéria-prima e o alto consumo de água na etapa de lavagem e consequente geração de efluentes. Foram identificadas 26 oportunidades de melhorias, em sua maioria classificadas no nível 1 da P+L (housekeeping). Além disso, foram identificadas barreiras de P+L na cooperativa, principalmente as relacionadas às questões financeiras e ausência de apoio governamental. Assim, foi constatado a necessidade de superar essas barreiras para uma efetiva implementação da P+L e obter os consequentes benefícios econômicos, ambientais e sociais.

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Tourism and Hospitality Management in the Faculty of Business at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2012 / The objective of the research study was to investigate how effective an eco initiative to recycle water and food waste would be when implemented in selected Cape Town hotels. Earthworm farms are able to convert organic food waste into usable compost as an alternative to landfills. Harvesting rainwater as a direct method for the reuse of waste water makes it possible to store captured rainwater for future use. This serves as an alternative source of surface water. The study further investigated whether implementing these initiatives would be successful as a future endeavour. Environmental movements were the instigators of the high demand for recycling initiatives. These movements aimed to address the deteriorating quality of water supplies, as well as growth in landfills. In South Africa, a decrease in the availability and quality of surface water has been coupled with an annual increase of 3.7 % in the demand for water. Landfills furthermore release toxic smoke when burned. Within the Hospitality Industry, travelers are increasingly seeking out environmentally friendly hotels as part of their corporate travel policy. This has occurred as a result of the increased focus on environmental initiatives by the International community. The researcher therefore aimed to provide practical examples of how existing theory regarding these initiatives is applicable to operations within hotels. The research methodology was determined through analysing the research strategy, the design and the research instruments. The research strategy was based on gathering facts relevant to the theory of the study. A descriptive approach was therefore adopted as the “-what-” question that was asked when measuring data to answer the research questions. The research design utilised a multi-strategy approach whereby both quantitative and qualitative data were gathered. This resulted in questionnaires, interviews and case studies forming part of the research instruments. The researcher found it effective to corroborate the findings from both quantitative and qualitative data: that is, the findings from the questionnaires were enhanced by the findings from the interviews. The case studies were conducted to provide a practical context to the theory. Recommendations have been made according to technological and social developments. Ultimately, this study illustrates the success of eco initiatives aimed at recycling water and food waste produced by selected hotels in Cape Town and a reduction in the waste generated by the hotels.

Trabalho desenvolvido através do projeto de mestrado interinstitucional - MINTER - entre a UTFPR e o IFAM - Manaus, financiado pela CAPES e pela SUFRAMA. / Financiado pela CAPES e pela SUFRAMA. / No estado do Amazonas a questão do gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) merece atenção e soluções que sejam sustentáveis dos pontos de vista ambiental, econômico e social. O RCD gerado, bem como o Poliestireno Expandido (EPS), ainda são descartados ou conduzidos às lixeiras com os agravantes da inexistência de um projeto de gestão, visto haverem problemas com inundações, poluição dos mananciais e, significativa ocupação nos lixões controlados pelo poder público, dentre outros. Outro aspecto relevante refere-se ao uso, pela construção civil, de agregados como o seixo rolado e granito, o primeiro extraído de rios e transportado em balsas percorrendo distâncias superiores a 700 km e o segundo explorado a distâncias superiores a 150 km da cidade de Manaus, causando alto impacto ambiental e elevado custo de logística. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade técnica da produção de concreto alternativo utilizando RCD e EPSR(Poliestireno Expandido Reciclado) obtido após processo de extrusão e moagem na forma de agregado graúdo ou miúdo. Os RCDs (de concreto) selecionados em obras e britados, bem como, o EPSR foram analisados granulometricamente com a finalidade de serem incorporados à concretos aplicados a fabricação de blocos de alvenaria. Os blocos produzidos foram analisados quanto a resistência mecânica e também quanto à absorção de água. O EPSR possui baixa densidade e contribui para a obtenção de blocos mais leves. / In the Amazon State, the issue of management concerning construction and demolition waste (C&D) deserves attention and solutions that are sustainable from environmental, economical and social standpoints. The RCD produced as well as the expanded polystyrene (EPS), are still discharged in inappropriate places or taken to the dumpsters with the worsening provided by the lack of a management project such as: floods pollution of the water resources (rivers lakes and others) and significant space occupation in the landfills controlled by the city council, among others. Another aspect, related with the civil engineering sector, refers to the usage of components like the pebbles and granite, the first one extracted from rivers and transported by ferries within distances over 700 km and the second one explored within distances over 150 km from Manaus City, causing high environmental impact and high logistics cost. The goal of this research was to study the technical feasibility of producing alternative concrete using RCD and post-consumpting EPS extruded and crushed to transform it in aggregate. The RCDs (of concrete) selected in construction sites and crushed, as well as the EPSR (expanded polystyrene recycled) were analyzed in its granulometric distribution to be used as aggregate on the concrete composition features to obtain wall blocks. The produced blocks were analyzed mechanically and also regarding the water absorption level. The EPSR has low density and contributing to the production of lighter blocks. / 5000-11-25

Trabalho desenvolvido através do projeto de mestrado interinstitucional - MINTER - entre a UTFPR e o IFAM - Manaus, financiado pela CAPES e pela SUFRAMA. / Financiado pela CAPES e pela SUFRAMA. / No estado do Amazonas a questão do gerenciamento dos Resíduos de Construção e Demolição (RCD) merece atenção e soluções que sejam sustentáveis dos pontos de vista ambiental, econômico e social. O RCD gerado, bem como o Poliestireno Expandido (EPS), ainda são descartados ou conduzidos às lixeiras com os agravantes da inexistência de um projeto de gestão, visto haverem problemas com inundações, poluição dos mananciais e, significativa ocupação nos lixões controlados pelo poder público, dentre outros. Outro aspecto relevante refere-se ao uso, pela construção civil, de agregados como o seixo rolado e granito, o primeiro extraído de rios e transportado em balsas percorrendo distâncias superiores a 700 km e o segundo explorado a distâncias superiores a 150 km da cidade de Manaus, causando alto impacto ambiental e elevado custo de logística. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse trabalho foi estudar a viabilidade técnica da produção de concreto alternativo utilizando RCD e EPSR(Poliestireno Expandido Reciclado) obtido após processo de extrusão e moagem na forma de agregado graúdo ou miúdo. Os RCDs (de concreto) selecionados em obras e britados, bem como, o EPSR foram analisados granulometricamente com a finalidade de serem incorporados à concretos aplicados a fabricação de blocos de alvenaria. Os blocos produzidos foram analisados quanto a resistência mecânica e também quanto à absorção de água. O EPSR possui baixa densidade e contribui para a obtenção de blocos mais leves. / In the Amazon State, the issue of management concerning construction and demolition waste (C&D) deserves attention and solutions that are sustainable from environmental, economical and social standpoints. The RCD produced as well as the expanded polystyrene (EPS), are still discharged in inappropriate places or taken to the dumpsters with the worsening provided by the lack of a management project such as: floods pollution of the water resources (rivers lakes and others) and significant space occupation in the landfills controlled by the city council, among others. Another aspect, related with the civil engineering sector, refers to the usage of components like the pebbles and granite, the first one extracted from rivers and transported by ferries within distances over 700 km and the second one explored within distances over 150 km from Manaus City, causing high environmental impact and high logistics cost. The goal of this research was to study the technical feasibility of producing alternative concrete using RCD and post-consumpting EPS extruded and crushed to transform it in aggregate. The RCDs (of concrete) selected in construction sites and crushed, as well as the EPSR (expanded polystyrene recycled) were analyzed in its granulometric distribution to be used as aggregate on the concrete composition features to obtain wall blocks. The produced blocks were analyzed mechanically and also regarding the water absorption level. The EPSR has low density and contributing to the production of lighter blocks. / 5000-11-25

Orientador: Luísa Andréia Gachet Barbosa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:45:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_FabianaMariada_M.pdf: 2221147 bytes, checksum: acb168d3d261f81f3d6f6d1d25e50816 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O reaproveitamento de resíduos na construção civil tem sido uma alternativa viável para diminuir o consumo de materiais naturais e a disposição inadequada dos resíduos no meio ambiente. Neste trabalho avaliou-se o reaproveitamento de resíduo de borracha de pneus, proveniente do processo de recauchutagem, em substituição parcial do agregado miúdo natural, para a produção de pisos táteis intertravados de concreto. O piso tátil de concreto é uma peça utilizada na pavimentação, que permite a percepção do ambiente ou rotas acessíveis, proporcionando mais segurança e autonomia para as pessoas com deficiência visual. A substituição foi feita em relação à massa da areia nas proporções de 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% e 50%. As seguintes propriedades do concreto foram investigadas: consistência no estado fresco, resistência à compressão, resistência à tração na flexão, absorção de água, índice de vazios, massa específica do concreto endurecido, resistência à abrasão, resistência ao impacto e análise de microestrutura. Embora a grande limitação do uso da borracha de pneus como agregado no concreto seja a redução das resistências mecânicas, os traços com até 50% de substituição atingiram ótimos valores de resistência à compressão e resistência à tração na flexão e apresentaram melhores resultados de resistência à abrasão. A utilização do resíduo de borracha de pneus, em substituição parcial da areia natural no concreto para a produção de piso tátil, além de contribuir com a sustentabilidade na construção civil, por meio da economia de extração de matérias-primas e redução do descarte e acúmulo inadequado de pneus inservíveis, proporcionou melhorias a algumas propriedades importantes para a eficiência e qualidade do piso tátil de concreto / Abstract: The reuse of waste in construction has been a viable alternative to reduce the consumption of natural materials and the improper disposal of waste on the environment. In this work recycled tire rubber (crumb rubber) was used as aggregate in concrete to produce tactile paving block. The concrete tactile paving block allows perception of the place or accessible routes, providing more security and independence for people with visual disabilities. The crumb rubber was used to replace sand by mass at the level of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The concrete characterization was performed by testing its consistency, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, porosity, density, abrasion resistance, impact resistance and microstructure analysis. Although the major limitation using the crumb rubber as aggregate in the concrete is to reduce the mechanical strength, the mixtures with up to 50% of substitution reached optimal values ??of compressive strength and flexural strength and showed a better abrasion resistance. The use of crumb rubber in partial replacement of natural sand in concrete to produce tactile paving block, proved to be a viable alternative. Besides contributing to construction sustainability, minimizing the extraction of raw materials, and reducing improper disposal and accumulation of scrap tires, provided improvements to some important properties that assure the efficiency and quality of the concrete tactile paving block / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestra em Tecnologia

South Africa is a water scarce country. The expansion of the industrial, mining, and agricultural sectors to meet the needs of South Africa’s growing population requires more water. There is therefore an urgent need to develop effective wastewater treatment processes in order to recover and reuse water. This dissertation presents the treatment of an acidic wastewater stream from a platinum refinery which at present is being disposed of by contract with a waste disposal company. The major concern in treating the acid effluent stream is the high concentration of sodium ions (18 200 mg/l) and chloride ions (104 900 mg/l). The precipitation process is used to treat wastewater, but ultimately it generates more secondary waste as a sludge. The other process that is used to treat wastewater is reverse osmosis (RO). RO is usually preferred in the last stage of the treatment because the process is more expensive as membranes need to be replaced regularly. The approach used in this research focuses on evaporating liquid, consequently concentrating the remaining solution until the ions in the solution crystallize. The liquid produced is recycled back into the platinum plant for reuse, and the remaining salt crystals are collected as the useful product. The proposed water treatment process produces dilute hydrochloric acid as the condensate and a crystallized sodium chloride rich residue. The refinery is currently disposing of around 20 000 l/day of wastewater to landfills. The proposed treatment process can recover half of the volume of the wastewater stream to the refinery, helping reduce the fresh water consumption of the process by 10 000 l/day. Furthermore, this will reduce the volume of wastewater going to disposal by a half, namely only 10 000 l/day will need to be disposed of. The amount of Cl that can be recovered is variable and depends on the quantity of chloride in the wastewater. In the two samples processed the recovery was between a 2,5 w% and 10,7 wt% aqueous HCl solution. This corresponds to a saving of between 250 to 1000 kg/day of HCl. As the concentration of the recovered solution is variable, the recycling process would need to monitor the composition of the recycled stream and make up the acid concentration to some fixed value for reuse in the prices. The production of a dilute hydrochloric acid stream should be particularly attractive to the platinum refinery as the operation of the refinery requires hydrochloric acid as a feed. Thus, by recycling the wastewater, the refinery would reduce the volume of wastewater to be disposed of thereby reducing the cost of disposal of the waste while simultaneously reducing the cost of buying fresh hydrochloric acid. The proposed recovery of liquid and recycling it back to the refinery, will also reduce the environmental impact of the refinery, and very importantly in a water scarce country, reduce the freshwater consumption of the process. / Physics / M. Sc. (Physics)