Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-20T14:33:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao_Apes_Roberto_Falcao_Perera.pdf: 3589314 bytes, checksum: 4a5a48df383871bd545792b793207ecc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-07-06 / The production of technological knowledge in Brazil was intensified during a historical moment in which the interests of the instituted powers weren t corresponding to the necessities of the productive sector. The role of the official organs of rural extension and research was to introduce Brazil into the international context of agricultural modernization. This would attend the interests of the agricultural inputs production industry and of the food processing industry. As the interests became more distant there was stockage of non-used technologies with consequent effort of these organizations for the adoption of these technologies. Intending to avoid the stock rise, some initiatives have been implemented. These initiatives use especially participative methodologies associated with social organization strategies that promote an approach between researchers and farmers. They also seek for a better definition of the research problems, making it easier to use the produced knowledge. The aim of this work was to analyze the Reference Network methodology as a tool for this approach. Based on result evaluation and on the insight of the farmers involved in works which used this methodology we suggest that there should be more caution to form these networks as well as associate them to other strategies for the reduction of technology stocks / A produção do conhecimento tecnológico no Brasil foi intensificada em um momento histórico em que os interesses dos poderes instituídos não encontravam sintonia com as demandas originadas no setor produtivo. Os órgãos oficiais de pesquisa e de extensão rural estavam imbuídos de inserir o Brasil no contexto internacional da modernização da agricultura, atendendo aos interesses da indústria produtora de insumos agrícolas e da indústria processadora de alimentos. Deste distanciamento de interesses resultou um estoque de tecnologias não utilizadas, com conseqüente esforço destas organizações para a sua adoção. No sentido de evitar o aumento deste estoque, algumas iniciativas vêm sendo implementadas, principalmente com a utilização de metodologias participativas, associadas às estratégias de organização social, que promovem uma maior aproximação entre pesquisadores e agricultores, buscando uma melhor definição dos problemas de pesquisa, facilitando a utilização do conhecimento produzido. Este estudo buscou analisar a metodologia de Redes de Referência como uma ferramenta para esta aproximação. Baseado na avaliação de resultados e na percepção de agricultores envolvidos em trabalhos que utilizaram esta metodologia sugere-se que deve haver um maior cuidado ma formação destas redes, bem como a associação com outras estratégias para potencializar a utilização do conhecimento.

<p>When the Swedish electricity market was re-regulated in 1996 the trading with electricity was exposed to competition and the net service henceforth should be comprised by a monopoly comprised by a regulation. The regulation was based on a review of the costs of the network companies. No attention were paid to if the network was efficient. The following years many of the networks were sold from the municipalities to power companies, to increasing merger prices. The increasing prices in the mergers were followed by increasing prices to the subscribers of the network services. The regulator tried to stop the fast increasing prices, but didn’t succeed. The regulation paradigm couldn’t face the new realities and had to be revised.</p><p>In 1998 the author of this thesis was commissioned by the Swedish Regulator to propose a new regulation model for the Swedish grid companies. Existing models were reviewed but none of them fulfilled the requirements from the regulator; to be self-regulating and give incentives to improved efficiency and distribution reliability. Therefore a new approach was launched. The new approach was to change perspective from a company focus to a consumer focus – a performance-based regulation.</p><p>The solution was to base the regulation of the creation of a standard asset, a Reference Network. From this a new model – the Network Performance Assessment Model (NPAM) – was defined. The Reference Network is defined by four definitions, concerning the elements and topology of a Reference Network, the Subscriber Requirements and the Objective Prerequisites. These definitions grants the transparency of the model.</p><p>The model is sharp and is run into operation in 2004. The final test of the model indicated that the Swedish network companies are overcharging their subscribers with approximately 20%.</p><p>This thesis is an explanation of the model and the definitions, and a review of the thoughts and research which formed the model. Moreover there is a discussion of some topics reported by others in articles about the model. Finally in the conclusion there are topics of simplicity and transparency.</p>

When the Swedish electricity market was re-regulated in 1996 the trading with electricity was exposed to competition and the net service henceforth should be comprised by a monopoly comprised by a regulation. The regulation was based on a review of the costs of the network companies. No attention were paid to if the network was efficient. The following years many of the networks were sold from the municipalities to power companies, to increasing merger prices. The increasing prices in the mergers were followed by increasing prices to the subscribers of the network services. The regulator tried to stop the fast increasing prices, but didn’t succeed. The regulation paradigm couldn’t face the new realities and had to be revised. In 1998 the author of this thesis was commissioned by the Swedish Regulator to propose a new regulation model for the Swedish grid companies. Existing models were reviewed but none of them fulfilled the requirements from the regulator; to be self-regulating and give incentives to improved efficiency and distribution reliability. Therefore a new approach was launched. The new approach was to change perspective from a company focus to a consumer focus – a performance-based regulation. The solution was to base the regulation of the creation of a standard asset, a Reference Network. From this a new model – the Network Performance Assessment Model (NPAM) – was defined. The Reference Network is defined by four definitions, concerning the elements and topology of a Reference Network, the Subscriber Requirements and the Objective Prerequisites. These definitions grants the transparency of the model. The model is sharp and is run into operation in 2004. The final test of the model indicated that the Swedish network companies are overcharging their subscribers with approximately 20%. This thesis is an explanation of the model and the definitions, and a review of the thoughts and research which formed the model. Moreover there is a discussion of some topics reported by others in articles about the model. Finally in the conclusion there are topics of simplicity and transparency. / QC 20101208

Submitted by Paulo Sérgio de Oliveira Júnior null (psergio.jr@hotmail.com) on 2017-11-17T14:41:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 d_oliveira-jr_ps_thesis.pdf: 14260833 bytes, checksum: ebcb000a304456bb9bc42d8d1ccaa566 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO (luizamenezes@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2017-11-17T17:10:17Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveirajunior_ps_dr_prud.pdf: 14260833 bytes, checksum: ebcb000a304456bb9bc42d8d1ccaa566 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-17T17:10:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveirajunior_ps_dr_prud.pdf: 14260833 bytes, checksum: ebcb000a304456bb9bc42d8d1ccaa566 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-05 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / PPP (Precise Point Positioning) is a positioning method by GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), based on SSR (State Space Representation) concept that can provide centimeter accuracy solutions. Real-time PPP (RT-PPP) is possible thanks to the availability of precise products, for orbits and clocks, provided by the International GNSS Service (IGS), as well as by its analysis centers such as CNES (Center National d'Etudes Spatiales). One of the remaining challenges on RT-PPP is the mitigation of atmospheric effects (troposphere and ionosphere) on GNSS signals. Thanks to recent improvements in atmospheric models, RT-PPP can be enhanced, allowing accuracy and centimeter initialization time, comparable to the current NRTK (Network Real-Time Kinematic) method. Such performance depends on topology of permanent stations networks and atmospheric conditions. The main objective of this project is to study the RT-PPP and the optimized infrastructure in terms of costs and benefits to realize the method using atmospheric corrections. Therefore, different configurations of a dense and regular GNSS network existing in France, the Orpheon network, are used. This network has about 160 sites and is owned by Geodata-Diffusion (Hexagon Geosystems). The work was divided into two main stages. Initially, ‘float PPP-RTK’ was evaluated, it corresponds to RT-PPP with improvements resulting from network corrections, although with ambiguities kept float. Further on, network corrections are applied to improve “PPP-RTK” where ambiguities are fixed to their integer values. For the float PPP-RTK, a modified version of the RTKLib 2.4.3 (beta) package is used to take into account for the network corrections. First-order ionospheric effects were eliminated by the iono-free combination and zenith tropospheric delay estimated. The corrections were applied by introducing a priori constrained tropospheric parameters. Periods with different tropospheric conditions were chosen to carry out the study. Adaptive modeling based on OFCs (Optimal Fitting Coefficients) has been developed to describe the behavior of the troposphere, using estimates of tropospheric delays for Orpheon stations. This solution allows one-way communication between the server and the user. The quality of tropospheric corrections is evaluated by comparison to external tropospheric products. The gains achieved in convergence time to 10 centimeters accuracy were statistically quantified. Network topology was assessed by reducing the number of reference stations (up to 75%) using a sparse Orpheon network configuration to perform tropospheric modeling. This did not degrade the tropospheric corrections and similar performances were obtained on the user side. In the second step, PPP-RTK is realized using the PPP-Wizard 1.3 software and CNES real-time products for orbits, clocks and phase biases of satellites. RT-IPPP (Real-Time Integer PPP) is performed with estimation of tropospheric and ionospheric delays. Ionospheric and tropospheric corrections are introduced as a priori parameters constrained to the PPP-RTK of the user. To generate ionospheric corrections, it was implemented a solution aligned with RTCM (Real-Time Maritime Services) conventions, regarding the transmission of ionospheric parameters SSR, which is a standard Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) algorithm. The choice of the periods for this experiment was made mainly with respect to the ionospheric activity. The comparison of the atmospheric corrections with the external products and the evaluation of different network topologies (dense and sparse) were also carried out in this stage. Statistically, the standard RT-IPPP takes ~ 25 min to achieve a 10 cm horizontal accuracy, which is significantly improved by our method: 46% (convergence in 14 min) with dense network corrections and 24% (convergence in 19 min) with the sparse network. Nevertheless, vertical positioning sees its convergence time slightly increased, especially when corrections are used from a sparse network solution. However, improvements in horizontal positioning due to external SSR corrections from a (dense or sparse) network are promising and may be useful for applications that depend primarily on horizontal positioning. / O PPP (Precise Point Positioning) é um método de posicionamento pelo GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), baseado no conceito SSR (State Space Representation) o qual pode fornecer soluções de acurácia centimétrica. O PPP em tempo real (RT-PPP) é possível graças à disponibilidade de produtos precisos, para órbitas e relógios, fornecidos pelo IGS (International GNSS Service), bem como por seus centros de análise, como o CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales). Um dos desafios restantes no RT-PPP é a mitigação dos efeitos atmosféricos (troposfera e ionosfera) nos sinais GNSS. Graças às melhorias recentes nos modelos atmosféricos, o RT-PPP pode ser aprimorado, permitindo tempo de inicialização com acurácia centimétrica, comparável ao atual método NRTK (Network Real-Time Kinematic). Esse desempenho depende da topologia das redes de estações permanentes e das condições atmosféricas. O objetivo principal deste projeto é estudar o RT-PPP e a infraestrutura optimizada em termos de custos e benefícios para realizar o método usando correções atmosféricas. Portanto, são utilizadas diferentes configurações de uma rede GNSS densa e regular existente na França, a rede Orphéon. Esta rede tem cerca de 160 estações, sendo propriedade da Geodata-Diffusion (Hexagon Geosystems). O trabalho foi dividido em duas etapas principais. Inicialmente, foi avaliado o "float PPP-RTK", que corresponde ao RT-PPP com melhorias resultantes de correções de rede, embora mantendo as ambiguidades como float. Em um segundo momento, as correções de rede são aplicadas para aprimorar o "PPP-RTK", onde ambiguidades são fixadas para seus valores inteiros. Para o float PPP-RTK, uma versão modificada do software RTKLib 2.4.3 (beta) é empregada de modo a levar em consideração as correções de rede. Os efeitos ionosféricos de primeira ordem são eliminados pela combinação iono-free e atraso zenital troposférico é estimado. As correções são aplicadas introduzindo parâmetros troposféricos a priori injuncionados. Períodos com diferentes condições troposféricas foram escolhidos para realizar o estudo. Uma modelagem adaptativa baseada em OFCs (Optimal Fitting Coefficients) foi implementada para descrever o comportamento da troposfera, utilizando estimativas de atraso troposférico para estações da rede Orphéon. Tal solução permite a comunicação unidirecional entre o servidor e o usuário. A qualidade das correções troposféricas foi avaliada através de comparação com produtos externos troposféricos. Os ganhos alcançados no tempo de convergência para acurácia de 10 centímetros foram quantificados estatisticamente. A topologia de rede foi avaliada reduzindo o número de estações de referência (em até 75%) usando uma configuração da rede Orphéon esparsa para realizar a modelagem troposférica. Isso não degradou as correções troposféricas e foram obtidas performances similares para os usuários simulados. Na segunda etapa, o PPP-RTK é realizado usando o software PPP-Wizard 1.3, bem como os produtos para tempo real do CNES de órbitas, relógios e biases de fase dos satélites. O RT-IPPP (Real-Time Integer PPP) é realizado com estimativa de atrasos troposféricos e ionosféricos. As correções ionosféricas e troposféricas são introduzidas como parâmetros a priori injuncionados no PPP-RTK do usuário. Para gerar correções ionosféricas, foi implementada uma solução alinhada com as convenções RTCM (Real-Time Maritime Services), em relação à transmissão de correções ionosféricas SSR, o qual é um algoritmo baseado na ponderação pelo inverso da distância (IDW – Inverse Distance Weighting). A escolha dos períodos para este experimento foi realizada principalmente em relação à atividade ionosférica. A comparação das correções atmosféricas com produtos externos, assim como a avaliação de diferentes topologias de rede (densa e esparsa) também foram realizadas nesta etapa. Estatisticamente, o RT-IPPP padrão leva ~ 25 min para alcançar uma acurácia horizontal de 10 cm, a qual é significativamente melhorada pelo método implementado: 46% (convergência em 14 min) com correções de rede densa e 24% (convergência em 19 min) com a rede esparsa. No entanto, o posicionamento vertical vê o seu tempo de convergência ligeiramente aumentado, especialmente quando as correções são usadas a partir de uma solução de rede esparsa. No entanto, as melhorias no posicionamento horizontal com o uso das correções de SSR externas de uma rede (densa ou esparsa) são promissoras e podem ser úteis para aplicações que dependem principalmente do posicionamento horizontal. / Le PPP (Precise Point Positioning) est une méthode de positionnement par GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), basée sur le concept SSR (State Space Representation), qui peut générer solutions de précision centimétrique. Le PPP en temps réel (RT-PPP) est possible grâce à la disponibilité des produits précis, pour les orbites et horloges, fournis par l’IGS (International GNSS Service), ainsi que par ses centres d'analyse, tels que le CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales). Un des défis restants sur le RT-PPP est la mitigation des effets atmosphériques (troposphère et ionosphère) sur les signaux GNSS. Grâce aux améliorations récentes des modèles atmosphériques, le RT-PPP peut être amélioré, ce qui permet une précision et un temps d'initialisation au niveau du centimètre, comparables à la méthode NRTK (Network Real-Time Kinematic) actuelle. De telles performances dépendent de la topologie du réseau de stations GNSS permanentes et des conditions atmosphériques. L'objectif principal de ce projet est d'étudier le RT-PPP et l'infrastructure optimisée en termes de coûts et d'avantages pour réaliser la méthode en utilisant des corrections atmosphériques. Pour cela, différentes configurations d'un réseau GNSS dense et régulier existant en France, le réseau Orphéon, sont utilisées. Ce réseau compte environ 160 sites, propriété de Geodata-Diffusion (Hexagon Geosystems). Le travail est divisé en deux étapes principales. Dans un premier temps, le mode «PPP-RTK flottant» a été évalué, il correspond au RT-PPP avec des améliorations issues des corrections de réseau, mais avec les ambiguïtés flottantes. Ensuite, des corrections de réseau sont appliquées pour améliorer le mode « PPP-RTK » où les ambiguïtés sont fixées à leurs valeurs entières. Pour le PPP-RTK flottant, une version modifiée du package RTKLib 2.4.3 (beta) est utilisée pour prendre en compte les corrections réseau. Les effets ionosphériques de premier ordre ont été éliminés par la combinaison iono-free et le retard troposphérique zénithal est estimé. Les corrections ont été appliquées en introduisant des paramètres troposphériques a priori contraints. Des périodes avec différentes conditions troposphériques ont été choisies pour réaliser l'étude. Une modélisation adaptative basée sur les OFCs (Optimal Fitting Coefficients) a été mise en place pour décrire le comportement de la troposphère, en utilisant des estimations des retards troposphériques pour les stations Orphéon. Cette solution permet une communication mono-directionnelle entre le serveur et l'utilisateur. La qualité des corrections troposphériques est évaluée par comparaison avec des produits troposphériques externes. Les gains réalisés sur le temps de convergence pour obtenir un positionnement de 10 centimètres de précision ont été quantifiés statistiquement. La topologie du réseau a été évaluée, en réduisant le nombre de stations de référence (jusqu'à 75%), via une configuration de réseau Orphéon lâche pour effectuer la modélisation troposphérique. Cela n'a pas dégradé les corrections troposphériques et des performances similaires ont été obtenues du côté de l'utilisateur. Dans la deuxième étape, le PPP-RTK est réalisé grâce au logiciel PPP-Wizard 1.3 et avec les produits temps réel CNES pour les orbites, les horloges et les biais de phase des satellites. Le RT-IPPP (Real-Time Integer PPP) est réalisé avec estimation des délais troposphériques et ionosphériques. Les corrections ionosphériques et troposphériques sont introduites en tant que paramètres a priori contraints au PPP-RTK de l'utilisateur. Pour générer des corrections ionosphériques, il a été mis en place une solution alignée avec les conventions RTCM (Real-Time Maritime Services) pour la transmission des paramètres ionosphériques SSR, un algorithme standard d'interpolation à distance inversée (IDW – Inverse Distance Weighting). Le choix des périodes pour cette expérience a été fait principalement en regard de l'activité ionosphérique. La comparaison des corrections atmosphériques avec les produits externes et l'évaluation de différentes topologies de réseau (dense et lâche) ont également été effectuées dans cette étape. Statistiquement le RT-IPPP standard prend ~25 min pour atteindre une précision horizontale de 10 cm, ce que nous améliorons significativement par notre méthode : 46% (convergence en 14 min) avec le réseau dense et 24% (convergence en 19 min) avec le réseau restreint. Néanmoins le positionnement vertical voit son temps de convergence légèrement augmenté, en particulier lorsque l'on utilise des corrections à partir d'une solution de réseau lâche. Cependant, les améliorations apportées au positionnement horizontal dues aux corrections atmosphériques SSR externes provenant d’un réseau (dense ou lâche) sont prometteuses et peuvent être utiles pour les applications qui dépendent principalement du positionnement horizontal. / CNPq: 229828/2013-2

Le PPP (Precise Point Positioning) est une méthode GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems), basée sur le concept SSR (State Space Representation). Grâce aux améliorations récentes des modèles atmosphériques, le PPP en temps réel (RT-PPP) peut être également amélioré. L'objectif principal de ce travail est d'étudier le RT-PPP et l'infrastructure optimisée en termes de coûts et d'avantages pour réaliser la méthode en utilisant des corrections atmosphériques. Pour cela, différentes configurations d'un réseau GNSS dense et régulier existant en France, le réseau Orphéon, sont utilisées. Ce réseau compte environ 160 sites, propriété de Geodata-Diffusion (Hexagon Geosystems). Dans un premier temps, le mode «PPP-RTK flottant» a été évalué, il correspond au RT-PPP avec des améliorations issues des corrections de réseau, mais avec les ambiguïtés flottantes. Ensuite, des corrections de réseau sont appliquées pour améliorer le mode « PPP-RTK » où les ambiguïtés sont fixées à leurs valeurs entières. Pour le PPP-RTK flottant, une version modifiée du package RTKLib 2.4.3 (beta) est utilisée pour prendre en compte les corrections réseau. Les effets ionosphériques de premier ordre ont été éliminés par la combinaison iono-free et le retard troposphérique zénithal est estimé. Les corrections ont été appliquées en introduisant des paramètres troposphériques a priori contraints. Une modélisation adaptative basée sur les OFCs (Optimal Fitting Coefficients) a été mise en place pour décrire le comportement de la troposphère, en utilisant des estimations des retards troposphériques pour les stations Orphéon. Cette solution permet une communication monodirectionnelle entre le serveur et l'utilisateur. Les gains réalisés sur le temps de convergence pour obtenir un positionnement de 10 centimètres de précision ont été quantifiés statistiquement. La topologie du réseau a été évaluée, en réduisant le nombre de stations de référence (jusqu'à 75%), via une configuration de réseau lâche. Dans la deuxième étape, le PPP-RTK est réalisé grâce au logiciel PPP-Wizard 1.3 et avec les produits temps réel CNES (Centre Nacional de Estudes Spatiales) pour les orbites, les horloges et les biais de phase des satellites. Le RT-IPPP (RT-Integer PPP) est réalisé avec estimation des délais troposphériques et ionosphériques. Les corrections ionosphériques et troposphériques sont introduites en tant que paramètres a priori contraints au PPP-RTK. Pour générer des corrections ionosphériques, il a été mis en place un algorithme d'interpolation à distance inversée (IDW–Inverse Distance Weighting). Les améliorations apportées au positionnement horizontal dues aux corrections atmosphériques SSR externes provenant d’un réseau (dense ou lâche) sont prometteuses et peuvent être utiles pour les applications qui dépendent principalement du positionnement horizontal. / PPP (Precise Point Positioning) is a GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) method, based on SSR (State Space Representation) concept. Thanks to recent improvements in atmospheric models, Real-time PPP (RT-PPP) can also be improved. The main objective of this work is to study the RT-PPP and the optimized infrastructure in terms of costs and benefits to realize the method using atmospheric corrections. Therefore, different configurations of a dense and regular GNSS network existing in France, the Orpheon network, are used. This network has about 160 sites and is owned by Geodata-Diffusion (Hexagon Geosystems). Initially, ‘float PPP-RTK’ was evaluated, it corresponds to RT-PPP with improvements resulting from network corrections, although with ambiguities kept float. Further on, network corrections are applied to improve “PPP-RTK” where ambiguities are fixed to their integer values. For the float PPP-RTK, a modified version of the RTKLib 2.4.3 (beta) package is used to apply network corrections. First-order ionospheric effects were eliminated by the iono-free combination and zenith tropospheric delay estimated. The corrections were applied by introducing a priori constrained tropospheric parameters. Adaptive modeling based on OFCs (Optimal Fitting Coefficients) has been developed to describe the behavior of the troposphere, using estimates of tropospheric delays for Orpheon stations. This solution allows one-way communication between the server and the user. The gains achieved in convergence time to 10 centimeters accuracy were statistically quantified. Network topology was assessed by reducing the number of reference stations (up to 75%) using a sparse network configuration. In the second step, PPP-RTK is realized using the PPP-Wizard 1.3 software and CNES (Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales) real-time products for orbits, clocks and phase biases of satellites. The RT-IPPP (RT-Integer PPP) is performed with estimation of tropospheric and ionospheric delays. Ionospheric and tropospheric corrections are introduced as a priori parameters constrained in PPP-RTK. To generate ionospheric corrections, it was implemented an Inverse Distance Weighting (IDW) algorithm. Improvements achieved in horizontal positioning due to external SSR corrections from a (dense or sparse) network are promising and may be useful for applications that depend primarily on horizontal positioning. / O PPP (Precise Point Positioning) é um método GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite Systems) baseado no conceito SSR (State Space Representation). Graças às melhorias recentes nos modelos atmosféricos, o PPP em tempo real (RT-PPP) também pode ser aprimorado. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é estudar o RT-PPP e a infraestrutura otimizada em termos de custos e benefícios para realizar o método usando correções atmosféricas. Portanto, são utilizadas diferentes configurações de uma rede GNSS densa e regular existente na França, a rede Orphéon. Esta rede tem cerca de 160 estações, sendo propriedade da Geodata-Diffusion (Hexagon Geosystems). Inicialmente, foi avaliado o "float PPP-RTK", que corresponde ao RT-PPP com melhorias resultantes de correções de rede, embora mantendo as ambiguidades como float. Em um segundo momento, as correções de rede são aplicadas para aprimorar o "PPP-RTK", onde ambiguidades são fixadas para seus valores inteiros. Para o float PPP-RTK, uma versão modificada do software RTKLib 2.4.3 (beta) é empregada de modo a levar em consideração as correções de rede. Os efeitos ionosféricos de primeira ordem foram eliminados pela combinação iono-free e o atraso troposférico é estimado. As correções são aplicadas introduzindo parâmetros troposféricos a priori injuncionados. Uma modelagem adaptativa baseada em OFCs (Optimal Fitting Coefficients) foi implementada para descrever o comportamento da troposfera, utilizando estimativas de atraso troposférico para estações da rede Orpheon. Tal solução permite a comunicação unidirecional entre o servidor e o usuário. Os ganhos alcançados no tempo de convergência para acurácia de 10 centímetros foram quantificados estatisticamente. A topologia de rede foi avaliada reduzindo o número de estações de referência (até 75%) usando uma configuração de rede esparsa. Na segunda etapa, o PPP-RTK é realizado usando o software PPP-Wizard 1.3, bem como os produtos para tempo real do CNES (Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales) de órbitas, relógios e biases de fase de satélites. O RT-IPPP (RT-Integer PPP) é realizado com estimativa de atrasos troposféricos e ionosféricos. As correções ionosféricas e troposféricas são introduzidas como parâmetros a priori injuncionados no PPP-RTK. Para gerar correções ionosféricas, foi implementado um algoritmo baseado na ponderação pelo inverso da distância (IDW–Inverse Distance Weighting). As melhorias alcançadas no posicionamento horizontal com o uso das correções SSR externas de uma rede (densa ou esparsa) são promissoras e podem ser úteis para aplicações que dependem principalmente do posicionamento horizontal.

Orientador: Diogenes Cortijo Costa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T01:35:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Agostinho_JulianoCesarPinto_M.pdf: 9468284 bytes, checksum: 1fb890c825cef0933e70359a6c567f70 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa apresentar procedimentos para o planejamento e implantação de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas - SIG Municipal com ênfase na precisão, exatidão, confiabilidade, segurança e interoperabilidade dos dados e informações geográficas. Foram estudadas as metodologias e técnicas para elaboração de uma Base Cartográfica Cadastral Digital com estrutura topológica ajustada às necessidades do software de SIG, bem como sua vinculação com as entidades do mundo real através da elaboração de uma Rede de Referência Cadastral Municipal. A parte prática deste trabalho foi limitada à área urbana e de expansão urbana de um município de pequeno porte, integrando a coleta, tratamento, armazenamento, recuperação e análise dos dados e informações geográficas através dos métodos e técnicas de mapeamento com topografia convencional, uso do sistema de navegação e posicionamento global por satélite (Global Navigation Satellite System - GNSS) e uso do SIG. No estudo de caso os dados e informações geográficas foram armazenados em um Sistema Gerenciador de Banco de Dados SGBD Objeto-Relacional com extensão espacial, possibilitando a integração destes dados e toda a exploração do potencial deste sistema. Finalmente foram apresentadas discussões e recomendações sobre temas abordados em geotecnologias / Abstract: This paper has the purpose of presenting procedures for planning and implementing a Municipal Geographic Information System (GIS) with an emphasis on the precision, exactness, reliability, safety, and interoperability of the data and geographical information. The methodologies and techniques for elaborating a Digital Cartographic Base with a topological structure adjusted to the needs of the GIS software as well as its link with the entities of the real world by elaborating a Municipal Geodetic Reference Network. The practical part of this work was limited to the urban area and the urban expansion of a small municipality, integrating it into the colIection, handling, storage, recuperation, and analysis of geographical data and information by the mapping methods and techniques with conventional survey, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and GIS. In the case study, the geographical data and information were stored in an Object-Relational Database Management System (DBMS) with spatial extension, making it possible to integrate this data to alI the exploration of this system's potential. Finally, discussions and recommendations were presented about the issues addressed in geotechnologies / Mestrado / Transportes / Mestre em Engenharia Civil