This thesis describes laboratory measurements of the complex refractive index of volcanic ash particles. These measurements are needed to model the radiative impact of volcanic ash, vital for accurate satellite remote sensing. Three experimental methods have been developed, and the results for the complex refractive index and optical properties of a wide range of volcanic ash samples are presented. Measurements were made of the spectral transmission of radiation through suspended volcanic ash particles inside an aerosol cell, using a Fourier transform spectrometer at infrared wavelengths and two diffraction grating spectrometers covering ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared wavelengths. In addition to the optical measurements, a suite of sampling and sizing instruments were connected downstream of the aerosol cell to measure the particle size distribution. The method was calibrated using two quartz samples. Mass extinction coefficients for nine volcanic ash samples, at 0.3-14 μm, are presented and show considerable variation. These variations are linked to the composition of the samples, measured using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The complex refractive index, at 0.3-14 μm, of the two quartz samples and two samples of volcanic ash from the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption were retrieved from the extinction measurements. The forward model used Mie theory and a classical damped harmonic oscillator (CDHO) model to represent the complex refractive index of the samples in terms of a finite set of band parameters, as well as the real refractive index of the sample in the small wavelength limit. Previous studies have shown that there is a redundancy in the retrievals between the band strength parameters and the real refractive index in the small wavelength limit, which can lead to spurious values for the retrieved complex refractive index. This problem was overcome by using an independent measurement of the real refractive index at a visible wavelength, to constrain the model parameter of the real refractive index in the short wavelength limit. Independent measurements of the complex refractive index at visible wavelengths are also important because the extinction produced at these wavelengths is highly sensitive to the particle size distribution, and any uncertainty in the measured size distribution will contribute to significant systematic error in the refractive index retrieved from extinction. The retrieved spectral complex refractive index of Eyjafjallajökull ash was applied using the ORAC retrieval scheme to measurements of the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruptionmade by theMODIS instrument aboard NASA's Terra satellite. Significant difference were found in the retrieved plume parameters of optical path, effective radius, and plume altitude, compared to assuming a literature measurement for the refractive index of pumice. For three discrete visible wavelengths (450, 546.7, and 650 nm) an optical microscope was used to make measurements of the complex refractive index of the volcanic ash samples. The long-established Becke line method was used to measure the real refractive index of the samples. For the imaginary refractive index, a new and novelmethod was developed involving measurements of the attenuation of light in individual particles. A strong linear correlation was found between the SiO₂ content of the samples and both their real and imaginary refractive indices at the visible wavelengths investigated. Furthermore, from the XRF compositional analysis of the samples values were calculated for the ratio of non-bridging oxygen atoms per tetrahedral cation (NBO/T), and it was found that NBO/T was an even stronger predictor of real refractive index at visible wavelengths. The optical microscope measurements could only be applied to particles with a radius larger than 10 μm. A new refractometer method was investigated for retrieving the real refractive index of submicron particles from colloidal reflectance measurements close to the critical angle in an internal reflection configuration. A coherent scattering model (CSM) was used to model the coherent reflection from a half-space of monodisperse or polydisperse particles, and a simple extension of the model is presented to properly account for the modified size distribution at the interface in an internal reflection set-up. A rigorous sensitivity analysis was performed to determine how experimental uncertainties propagate into uncertainty associated with the retrieved real refractive index, and the uncertainty due to non-spherical effects was estimated using T-matrix methods. Experimental reflectance data at a wavelength of 635 nm were obtained for spherical monodisperse polystyrene calibration particles, a polydisperse sand sample, and a polydisperse volcanic ash sample. The retrieved values for the real refractive index agreed, within propagated uncertainties, with values measured using other techniques. The method is shown to be a viable technique for measuring the real refractive index of small quantities of submicron particles, and can also retrieve the concentration and size of particles.

There are considerable expenditures by government and private forest industry to enhance the growth of forests and reduce time required for crop rotation. The effectiveness of some of these treatments is dependent on site productivity. In addition, as responsible stewards of the forest resource and habitat, it is important that the state of forests are actively monitored, especially in the face of a changing climate and increased rates of disturbance. This dissertation reports on the development of a method for estimating and mapping forest productivity. The Shawnigan Lake thinning and fertilization forest installation, established in 1971 by CFS, was selected as the study site largely for its rich mensuration history. Square treatment plots were 0.04ha in area and included two thinning levels (1/3 & 2/3 of the basal area), two fertilization treatments (224kg & 448kg N/ha) with repeated fertilizations and macronutrient experiments (S, P) and control plots. A sample of plots was selected for high precision ground based lidar reference surveys. In September of 2012 a multi-sensor airborne survey of SLP was conducted that collected high-density lidar (up to ~70pnts/m2) and VNIR imaging spectroscopy. A thorough empirical radiometric calibration was conducted in addition to a spatial calibration at the Victoria International Airport. A combination of area based height percentile, point density ratios and statistical moments with individual lidar tree metrics including height distribution and proximity metrics were generated. Topographic metrics were also generated from the lidar ground classified point cloud. A library of spectral indices was computed from the imaging spectrometer data, with an emphasis on those indices known to be associated with vegetation health. These metrics were summarized to the plot level for a coarse scale regression analysis. A control survey and ground based lidar was used to facilitate an individual tree based fine scale of analysis, where reference data could unambiguously be matched to airborne collected data through the projected positions. Regression analysis was conducted applying the best subset regression with exhaustive feature selection search criteria and included a critical evaluation of the resulting selected features. Models were investigated considering the data source and in combination, that is, lidar metrics were considered independent of spectroscopy as well as the converse, and lidar metrics in combination with spectral metrics. The contribution of this study is the revelation that existing area based point cloud metrics are highly correlated, potentially noisy and sensitive to variations in point density, resulting in unstable feature selection and coefficients in model building. The approach offered as an alternative is the gridded lidar treetops method, which is evidently lacking within the literature and which this study overwhelmingly advocates. Additionally, the breadth and diversity of metrics assessed, the size and quality of the reference data applied, and the fine spatial scale of analysis are unique within the research area. This study also contributes to the knowledge base, in that, productivity can be estimated by remote sensing technologies. The use of gridded generalizations of the individual tree approach reduced estimation errors for both structural and productivity attributes. At the plot-level, crown structure and crown health features best estimated productivity. This study emphasizes the dangers of empirical modeling; at the even-aged SLP installation, growth is strongly tied to structure and the extrapolation to other sites is expected to provide biased values. It is my perspective that physical lidar structural models of the dominant and co-dominant crown classes be used to augment spatially explicit tree and stand growth models. In addition, direct measures should be obtained by multi-temporal lidar surveys or as an alternative photogrammetric point clouds after an initial lidar survey to quantify growth and aid in calibrating growth models. / Graduate

abstract: In recent years, solar photovoltaic (PV) industry has seen lots of improvements in technology and of growth in market with crystalline silicon PV modules being the most widely used technology. Plant inspections are gaining much importance to identify and quantitatively determine the impacts of various visual defects on performance. There are about 86 different types of defects found in the PV modules installed in various climates and most of them can be visually observed. However, a quantitative determination of impact or risk of each of identified defect on performance is challenging. Thus, it is utmost important to quantify the risk for each of the visual defects without any human subjectivity. The best way to quantify the risk of each defect is to perform current-voltage measurements of the defective modules installed in the plant but it requires disruption of plant operation, expensive measuring equipment and intensive human resources. One of the most riskiest and dominant visual defects is encapsulant browning which affects the PV module performance in the form of current degradation. The present study deals with developing an automated image processing tool which can address the issues of human subjectivity on browning level impacting performance. The image processing tool developed in this work can be directly used to quantify the impact of browning on performance without intrusively disconnecting the modules from the plant. In this work, the quantified browning level impact on performance has also been experimentally validated through a correlation study using short-circuit current and reflectance/transmittance measurements of browned PV modules retrieved from aged plants/systems installed in diverse climatic conditions. The primary goal of the image processing tool developed in this work is to determine the performance impact of encapsulant browning without interrupting the plant operation for I-V measurements. The use of image processing tool provides a single numerical value, called browning index (BI), which can accurately quantify browning levels on modules and also correlate with the performance and reflectance/transmittance parameters of the modules. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Mechanical Engineering 2016

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No. of bitstreams: 1 luiz_vhm_dr_araiq_par.pdf: 1804257 bytes, checksum: 83b423fb984c5b0c70d305405ab840c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Este trabalho descreve o desenvolvimento de métodos analíticos para a determinação quantitativa de furosemida e bumetanida em amostras de urina utilizando espectroscopia por reflectância difusa (para a furosemida) e por imagem por scanner com quantificação através do histograma de cores utilizando o padrão RGB (para ambas). Envolve também o desenvolvimento de um método quantitativo para a detecção de chumbo em resíduos de armas de fogo (GSR) nas mãos de atiradores utilizando membranas de celulose bacteriana como substrato de coleta, visando o descobrimento do tempo de disparo. Também foi realizada a quantificação de chumbo em amostras de tintura para cabelos utilizando método previamente desenvolvido, visando detecção da adulteração destes produtos e controle de qualidade. Estuda também a potencialidade do uso das membranas de celulose bacteriana para a coleta de impressões digitais. Os métodos desenvolvidos consistem na reação da furosemida (FUR) com o regente cromogênico paradimetilaminocinamaldeído (p-DAC) 0,70% e ácido clorídrico (HCl) 1,72 mol L-1 em papel de filtro qualitativo com barreiras hidrofóbicas, com detecção espectrofotométrica e por histograma de cores; na reação do íon chumbo(II) (Pb2+) com rodizonato de sódio (ROD) 0,16% em meio micelar de dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS) 5 mmol L-1 em membranas de celulose bacterianas, com detecção espectrofotométrica e por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV); na reação de bumetanida (BMT) com o reagente p-DAC 0,6% e HCl 0,26 mol L-1 em papel de filtro qualitativo com barreiras hidrofóbicas, com detecção por histograma de cores e na coleta de impressões digitais utilizando membrana de celulose bacteriana impregnadas com ninidrina, nitrato de prata ou óxido de zinco, dos quais o nitrato de prata e a ninidrina atuaram como agentes de coleta razoáveis. Todas as concentrações foram otimizadas por planejamentos quimiométricos. As reações foram realizadas na forma de spot test, envolvendo a formação de um produto colorido em 545 nm para o chumbo, em 585 nm para a furosemida e 520 nm para a bumetanida. As curvas analíticas foram contruídas a partir de soluções padrões dos respectivos analitos. Os métodos desenvolvidos para a bumetanida e para a furosemida foram aplicados em amostras de urina sintética e natural fortificadas e os resultados obtidos foram comparados estatisticamente com métodos comparativos. A validação dos métodos foi realizada por adição de padrão e recuperação e por comparação de métodos, no caso da FUR e da BMT, obtendo-se recuperações entre 98,0 e 115,3% para os métodos de quantificação da furosemida e entre 93,0 e 102,0% para o método de quantificação da bumetanida. O método de coleta de GSR é baseado na utilização de membranas finas de celulose bacteriana desenvolvidas pelo Grupo de Materiais Fotônicos do IQ-UNESP.Para os GSR foram realizadas 40 coletas totais em tempos de coleta após o disparo (diferentes e conhecidos), sendo sua comparação realizada através das curvas analíticas, mostrando ser possível a detecção do tempo de disparo com uma margem de erro de aproximadamente 5 minutos. Os resultados foram comparados estatisticamente e os valores obtidos a partir de testes estatísticos mostraram que os métodos podem ser usados para análises de rotina em laboratórios forenses. / This work describes the development of analytical methods for the quantitative determination of furosemide and bumetanide in urine samples using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (for furosemide) and scanning imaging with quantification by color histogram using RGB color pattern (for both). It involves also the development of a quantitative method for the detection of lead in gunshot residues (GSR) in the hands of the shooters using bacterial cellulose membranes as substrate collection, aiming the discovery of shooting time. It is also done the quantification of lead in progressive hair lotions samples using a previously developed method, aiming the detection of products adulterations and quality control. It also studies the potentiality of the usage of bacterial cellulose membranes for the collection of fingerprints. The developed methods are consisted in the reaction of furosemide (FUR) with the cromogenic reagent p-dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde (p-DAC) 0.70% and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 1.72 mol L-1 in qualitative filter papers with hydrophobic barrier, with spectrophotometric detection and by color histogram; in the reaction of lead(II) ion (Pb2+) with sodium rhodizonate (ROD) 0.16% in micellar medium of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) 5 mmol L-1 in bacterial cellulose membranes with spectrophotometric detection and by scanning electron microscopy; in the reaction of bumetanide (BMT) with the reagent p-dimethylamino cinnamaldehyde (p-DAC) 0.6% and hydrochloric acid (HCl) 0.27 mol L-1 in qualitative filter papers with hydrophobic barrier with color histogram detection an in the collect of fingerprints using bacterial cellulose membranes impregnated with ninhydrine, silver nitrate or zinc oxide, of which the silver nitrate and ninhydrin acted as reasonable collection agents. All concentrations were optimized through chemometrics designs. The reactions were carried out as spot test, involving the formation of a colored product at 545 nm for lead, in 585 nm for furosemide and in 520 nm for bumetanide. Analytical curves were built from standard solutions of the respective analytes. The methods developed for furosemide and bumetanide were applied in fortified synthetic and natural urine samples and the results obtained were compared statistically with comparative methods. The validation of the methods were performed by standard addition and recovery and by comparison of methods, for FUR and BMT, yielding recoveries between 98.0 and 115.3% for furosemide quantification methods and between 93.0 and 102.0% for the quantification method for bumetanide. GSR collection method is based on the use of thin membranes of bacterial cellulose developed by Photonic Materials Group IQ-UNESP. For GSR, 40 total collections were carried out in known and different times of collection after shooting times and their comparison through analytical curves were done, showing the possibility of the detection of the shooting time with an error of 5 minutes, approximately. The results were statistically compared and the values obtained from statistical tests showed that the methods can be used for routine analysis in forensic laboratories.

The built of reservoirs provides progress by the exploitation and multiple use of water resources, but it also brings changes and impacts in the quality of water. One of the main interests in the use of products of remote sensing in water environments is to verify the spatial and temporal variation of water composition, enabling the investigation on the origin and displacement of specific substances in suspension or substances dissolved in water. In this context, the general objective of this thesis consists of verifying the potential use of remote sensing for monitoring water in Passo Real reservoir. In order to achieve this, three specific objectives were stipulated; 1) To characterize and verify the relation among physical limnologic, chemical and biological variables of Passo Real reservoir; 2) To analyze the influence of the constituents optically active in the spectral response of water in the reservoir and to verify the potential use in the techniques of first derivative and continuum removal for the extraction of information in spectrum of reflectance and identification of wavelength with the finest correlation with limnologic variables; and 3) To evaluate the potential use of images LISS-III/Resourcesat-1 in the estimate of constituents optically active in the water of Passo Real. The variables of water color, transparency, temperature, turbidity and dissolved oxygen were obtained in field and the total of suspended solids, dissolved solids, Hidrogenionic potential, electrical conductivity and chlorophyll-a were determined in laboratory after collection of samples in field. In fieldwork, the measures of water reflectance factor were collected between wavelengths of 400 and 900nm as use of spectroradiometer. The images of satellite used for the analysis of water reflectance were produced by the satellite resourcesat-1, Sensor LISS-III. The spatialisation of the limnologic data obtained in situ was performed by interpolation and the spatializations of estimated data by satellite were obtained by slicing the image generated in the insertion of equations obtained in the models. The strong correlation between data of total of solids in suspension with the turbidity and transparency of water increases the importance of analysis integrated in the variables optical of water environment. From the analysis of the reflectance spectra, it was possible to infer the performance of the components optically active in the spectral characteristics of water. The use of techniques for interpretation of spectrum was important to the extraction of information and analysis of data. Each technique highlighted well the given spectral characteristics. From the set of available data, it was possible to produce models capable of estimating the total of suspended solids, the turbidity and the transparency of water with only one spectral band, band 3, from the sensor LISS-III/Resourcesat-1. By the application of the technique spectral band reason, it was possible to generate a model for the estimate of concentration of chlorophyll-a. / A construção de represas proporciona o progresso com o aproveitamento e usos múltiplos dos recursos hídricos, porém, traz alterações e impactos na qualidade da água. Um dos principais interesses no uso de produtos de sensoriamento remoto em ambientes aquáticos é verificar a variação espacial e temporal da composição da água, possibilitando investigar a origem e o deslocamento de substâncias específicas em suspensão ou dissolvidas na água. Nesse contexto, o objetivo geral desta tese consiste em verificar o potencial de utilização do sensoriamento remoto para monitoramento da água do reservatório Passo Real. Para isso, três objetivos específicos foram estipulados:1) caracterizar e verificar a relação entre variáveis limnológicas físicas, químicas e biológicas do reservatório Passo Real; 2) analisar a influência dos constituintes opticamente ativos na resposta espectral da água do reservatório e verificar o potencial de utilização das técnicas primeira derivada e remoção do contínuo para a extração de informações em espectros de reflectância e identificação de comprimentos de onda com melhor correlação com as variáveis limnológicas; e 3) avaliar o uso potencial de imagens LISS-III/Resourcesat-1 na estimativa de constituintes opticamente ativos da água do reservatório Passo Real. As variáveis cor da água, transparência, temperatura, turbidez e oxigênio dissolvido foram obtidas em campo e o total de sólidos em suspensão, total de sólidos dissolvidos, potencial Hidrogeniônico, condutividade elétrica e clorofila-a foram determinados em laboratório após coleta de amostras em campo. Nos trabalhos de campo foram coletadas as medidas do fator de reflectância da água entre os comprimentos de onda de 400 a 900 nm como uso de espectroradiômetro. As imagens de satélite utilizadas para a análise da refletância da água foram produzidas pelo satélite Resourcesat-1, sensor LISS-III. As espacializações dos dados limnológicos obtidos in situ foram realizadas por interpolação e as espacializações dos dados estimados por satélite foram obtidas por fatiamento da imagem gerada pela inserção das equações obtidas nos modelos. A forte correlação entre os dados de total de sólidos em suspensão com a turbidez e a transparência da água reforça a importância da análise integrada das variáveis óticas do ambiente aquático. A partir da análise dos espectros de reflectância foi possível inferir a atuação dos componentes opticamente ativos nas características espectrais das água. A utilização de técnicas de interpretação de espectros foi importante para extração de informações e análise dos dados. Cada técnica ressaltou melhor determinadas características espectrais. A partir do conjunto de dados disponível foi possível produzir modelos capazes de estimar o total de sólidos em suspensão, a turbidez e a transparência da água com apenas uma única banda espectral, a banda 3 do sensor LISS-III/Resourcesat-1. Com a aplicação da técnica de razão de bandas espectrais foi possível gerar um modelo para estimativa da concentração de clorofila-a.

The necessity to identify objects in the ground constituted by several types of materials became a challenge to the remote sensing researchers. This situation promoted new researches about sensors development and stimulated the improvement and the creation of new techniques and tools that assist in characterization of the targets. Following this necessity this research was developed with the objective of characterize urban targets in multispectral images, by means multivariated statistical analysis and supported by ground spectroradiometry. It was used the sensor MSS EPS A 31T, the spectroradiometer FieldSpec Pro FR and the softwares R 2.7 and ERDAS 8.7. It was realized a sensing in a continuous strip over the Federal University of Santa Maria RS in three distinct schedules, at 12:00 pm HBV and 04:00 pm HBV in 17/12/2008 and at 09:00 am HBV in 27/12/2007. The MSS sensor was operated from the R-99B, a FAB aircraft, on 31 channels mode, in the spectral interval of 0,42μm and 12,5μm and space resolution of 2,5m. parallel to the flight it was realized the reading of the radiation reflected by the targets on ground using the spectroradiometer, which operate in the continuous interval from 0,35 μm to 2,5 μm. A methodology allied with the photo interpretation is the analytic statistic, therefore with the technological evolution it became to associate the panchromatic aerial photographic with multispectrals images. The data obtained in the research were recorded and treated in their respective interfaces and converted to mains. The MSS 3 digital values were rejected from the research because of treatment incompatibility. Initially it was made the analysis of the main components, identifying the three main components (MSS sensor channels 7, 3 and 30), answering them for 99,947% and 99,948% of the originals variables variability to MSS 1 and MSS 2 respectively. From that was generated a high contrast image among the constituent materials of the proposed targets. The wavelength intervals of the three main components were retaken to mains structuring to the execution of the regression analysis. The main components were linked with the ground spectroradiometry realized readings, in their respective spectral intervals. The regression coefficients found had answered respectively for 76,99% of the MSS1 depended variables variability and 85,40% of the MSS 2. These percentages had expressed a better adjust in the second regression and in a smaller variability of the residual errors. The residual error s median to MSS 1 was - 0,2869 and to MSS 2 was 0,0851. The model validity verification was executed with the application of the variance analysis (ANOVA) that showed in F test the values: MSS 1= 66,91 e MSS 2 = 116,99. As the values of Ftab (F 5%;3;60) is equal 2,76, it is noticed that the values of Fcalc is bigger than Ftab , (Fcalc > Ftab), to both analysis. Through the obtained results it is concluded that the employed methodology is valid to characterize the proposed targets and the model contribute to distinguish among them in the MSS image analysis. / A necessidade de identificar objetos no solo constituídos por diversificados tipos de materiais tornou-se um desafio aos pesquisadores na atividade de sensoriamento remoto. Esta situação alavancou novas pesquisas na área de desenvolvimento de sensores e estimulou o aprimoramento e criação de novas técnicas e ferramentas que auxiliem na caracterização dos alvos. Acompanhando esta necessidade foi desenvolvida esta pesquisa, com o objetivo de caracterizar alvos urbanos em imagens multiespectrais, por meio de estatística multivariada, apoiado em espectroradiometria de solo. Foi utilizado o Sensor MSS EPS-A 31T, o espectroradiômetro FieldSpec Pro FR e os softwares R 2.7© e ERDAS 8.7®. Foi realizado o sensoriamento em uma faixa contínua sobre a Universidade Federal de Santa Maria-RS em três horários distintos, as 12:00HBV (MSS1) e 16:00HBV (MSS2) do dia 17/12/2007 e as 09:00HBV (MSS3) do dia 27/12/2007. O sensor MSS foi operado na aeronave R-99B, no modo 31 canais no intervalo espectral entre 0,42μm a 12,5μm, com uma resolução espacial de 2,5m. Paralelo ao vôo foi efetuado a leitura da radiação refletida pelos alvos no solo com o espectroradiômetro que opera na faixa de 0,35μm a 2,5μm. Uma metodologia que se alia a fotointerpretação é a da estatística analítica, pois com a evolução tecnológica passou-se a associar fotografias aéreas pancromáticas e imagens multiespectrais. Os dados gerados na pesquisa foram transferidos e convertidos em matrizes de dados. Os valores digitais de MSS3 foram descartados do trabalho por incompatibilidade no tratamento. Inicialmente foi executada a análise de componentes principais identificando-se as três principais componentes (canais 7, 3 e 30 do sensor MSS), respondendo estas por 99,947% e 99,948% da variabilidade das variáveis originais para MSS1 e MSS2, respectivamente. A partir desta gerou-se uma imagem de alto contraste entre os materiais constituintes dos alvos propostos. Os intervalos de comprimento de onda da análise de componentes principais foram retomados para a estruturação de matrizes que permitissem uma análise de regressão. As principais componentes foram, então, relacionadas com as leituras efetuadas na espectroradiometria de solo, em seus referidos intervalos espectrais. Os coeficientes de regressão encontrados responderam respectivamente por 76,99% da variação da variável dependente em MSS1 e por 85,40% em MSS2. Estes percentuais traduziram-se em um melhor ajuste na segunda regressão e uma menor variabilidade dos erros residuais. A média dos erros residuais para MSS1 foi -0,2869, enquanto que em MSS2 foi -0,0851. A verificação da validade do modelo foi efetuada com a aplicação da análise de variância (ANOVA) que retratou no teste F os valores: MSS1= 66,91 e MSS2= 116,99. Como o valor do Ftab (F 5%;3;60) é igual a 2,76, percebe-se que o valor de Fcalc é maior que o valor do Ftab , (Fcalc > Ftab) para as duas análises. Pelos resultados alcançados conclui-se que a metodologia empregada é valida para a caracterização dos alvos propostos e o modelo contribui para a distinção entre estes na análise de imagens MSS.

Tese(mestrado) - Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-graduação em Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2013. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-11-18T12:52:36Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AMABILE.pdf: 5765676 bytes, checksum: a4926b187c0614bc4d913a29b23870ab (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Angelica Miranda (angelicacdm@gmail.com) on 2013-11-18T19:07:50Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 AMABILE.pdf: 5765676 bytes, checksum: a4926b187c0614bc4d913a29b23870ab (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-11-18T19:07:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AMABILE.pdf: 5765676 bytes, checksum: a4926b187c0614bc4d913a29b23870ab (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Imagens de satélite da cor do oceano detectam intensas florações do fitoplâncton durante primavera e verão ao longo da quebra de plataforma Argentina, mas são escassas as medidas ópticas in situ na região. O objetivo geral desta tese foi investigar a variabilidade das propriedades ópticas das florações do fitoplâncton na quebra de plataforma Argentina e arredores. Entre 2006 e 2009, seis cruzeiros foram conduzidos com diversas medidas biológicas e físicas, incluindo medicões bio-ópticas, dentre as quais algumas inéditas na região. As seguintes medidas foram consideradas: coeficientes spectrais de absorção da luz pelo material particulado, que inclui o fitoplâncton e detritos; coeficiente de atenuação da luz pelo material particulado a 660nm; irradiância descendente e radiância ascendente da luz com alta resolução espectral, a partir das quais se obtém os coeficientes da atenuação difusa e a reflectância do sensoriamento remoto in situ; reflectância do sensoriamento remoto medida por satélite; concentração de clorofila-a total e fracionada por classes de tamanho do fitoplâncton estimada pelo método fluorimétrico; concentrações de clorofila-a e pigmentos acessórios do fitoplâncton, obtidas por HPLC; abundância taxonômica relativa do fitoplâncton estimada por CHEMTAX; e fator de tamanho celular do fitoplâncton estimado pelos espectros de absorção da luz pelo fitoplâncton. Grande variabilidade foi observada nos coeficientes de absorção, atenuação (e espalhamento) e atenuação difusa da luz para uma dada concentração de clorofila-a e vice-versa. Grande parte dessa variabilidade pôde ser explicada por variações no tamanho celular do fitoplâncton e, portanto, ao efeito “pacote”. A variabilidade nos espectros de reflectância do sensoriamento remoto (propriedade óptica aparente) medidos in situ revelou o fitoplâncton como componente dominante nas propriedades ópticas das florações na região. Porém, a variabilidade nos coeficientes específicos (i.e., normalizados por clorofila-a) de absorção e espalhamento (propriedades ópticas inerentes), devido a variações no tamanho celular do fitoplâncton, influenciou o desempenho de modelos bio-ópticos para estimar concentração de clorofila-a por satélite. As principais situações de composição taxonômica do fitoplâncton que ocorrem durante as florações na região (dominância por diatomáceas, haptofíceas, e com contribuições destes grupos e de outros, sem dominância) foram refletidas de forma coerente nos comportamentos espectrais de absorção da luz pelo fitoplâncton, indicando o potencial em discriminar as assembleias das florações na região através de dados ópticos. Particularmente, a identificação de dominância de diatomáceas e haptofíceas, a partir de um comprimento de onda, e também pelo fator de tamanho celular do fitoplâncton, que pode ser estimado por satélite, indica o potencial em identificar a dominância de tais grupos taxonômicos por sensoriamento remoto na região. / Satellite images usually detect intense phytoplankton blooms during spring and summer along the Argentina shelf break. Because in situ optical measurements are scarce in the region, six cruises were conducted from 2006 to 2009 to measure several physical, biological, and optical properties. Some of the bio-optical properties were gathered for the first time in the region. The aim of this thesis was to characterize the optical properties of phytoplankton blooms along the Argentina shelf break e adjacent areas. For this purpose, the following measurements and data were considered: light absorption coefficients of particulate material that includes phytoplankton and detritus; light attenuation coefficient of particulate material at 660 nm; hyperspectral downwelling irradiance and upwelling radiance, from which one obtains the vertical attenuation coefficients for downwards irradiance and upwards radiance and in situ reflectance of remote sensing; total and size-fractionated chlorophyll-concentration, estimated by fluorimetric method; concentrations of chlorophyll-a and accessory pigments of phytoplankton obtained by HPLC; relative taxonomic abundance of phytoplankton estimated by CHEMTAX; a cell size parameter for phytoplankton estimated from the phytoplankton absorption spectra. Large variability was observed for absorption coefficients of phytoplankton, scattering of particles and the vertical attenuation coefficients for downwards irradiance for a given chlorophyll-a concentration. Such variability could be largely explained by variations in cell size of phytoplankton and therefore the "package" effect, as indicated by the cell size parameter. The characterization of the variability in the remote sensing reflectance (apparent optical property) measured in situ revealed phytoplankton as the dominant component on the optical properties of algal blooms in the region. Nevertheless, the variability in absorption and scattering coefficients (inherent optical properties) due to variations in cell size of phytoplankton was shown to impact the performance of bio-optical models that relies on band reflectance ratios of remote sensing to retrieve chlorophyll-a from satellite. The main taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton blooms (dominance of diatoms, haptophytes, and mixed contributions of these and others groups, but with no dominance) was consistently reflected on the spectral shape of light absorption of phytoplankton. Our results indicate a potential to discriminate phytoplankton assemblages in the region through optical data. Particularly, the identification of diatoms or haptophytes using one wavelength or through a phytoplankton cell size parameter, which can be estimated from satellite, has a potential of identifying the dominance of such taxonomic groups from remote sensing in the region.

Orientadores: Alvaro Penteado Crosta, Hartmut Beurlen / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T18:20:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_SebastiaoMiltonPinheiroda_D.pdf: 16585343 bytes, checksum: 70c3444445e77b34a0b4aa6c35c60fd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Neste estudo foram utilizados dados de espectroscopia de reflectância (ER), imagens dos sensores Terra/ASTER e EO-1/Hyperion e dados de gamaespectrometria aérea e terrestre para caracterização espectromineralógica e gamaespectrométrica de pegmatitos e granitos pegmatíticos da porção sul da PPB. Por meio da ER foi possível caracterizar fases e misturas de fases minerais que compõem essas rochas, incluindo caulinita, muscovita, illita/sericita e turmalina em pegmatitos do tipo homogêneo. A aplicação da análise por principais componentes aos dados Terra/ASTER através da técnica Crósta resultou em um mapa exibindo a mineralogia principal dos pegmatitos homogêneos e heterogêneos da área de estudo, bem como dos quartzitos da Formação Equador, biotita xistos da Formação Seridó, além de coberturas superficiais limonitizadas associadas. No pegmatito do Alto do Giz, selecionado para um estudo detalhado, foram identificadas por meio da ER fases, e misturas de fases, de caulinita, illita/sericita, lepidolita, mica sódica, muscovita, cookeíta e turmalina, cujas associações contribuiram para definir uma zona litinífera (cookeita+lepidolita) nas bordas dos núcleos de quartzo N2 e N3 e o zoneamento interno do pegmatito. Com base nesses resultados é proposta sua classificação como do tipo complexo, sub-classe espodumênio. Além disso, foram reconhecidos pelo menos três estágios de sua evolução: um primeiro relacionado à cristalização de espodumênio, um outro de natureza hidrotermal, que deu origem à cookeita e, finalmente, e um terceiro estágio de caulinização ligado a processo hidrotermal e/ou supergênico. A análise e classificação espectral da imagem do sensor EO-1/Hyperion possibilitou mapear a distribuição das zonas do pegmatito Alto do Giz utilizando os minerais muscovita, caulinita e mica sódica como indicadores das distintas zonas. Com dados do aerolevantamento gamaespectrométrico do Projeto Seridó, reprocessados e reinterpretados utilizando métodos modernos, com apoio da gamaespectrometria terrestre, foi possível discriminar os quartzitos das regiões norte e sul da área de estudos, em função de suas distintas assinaturas do tório (eTh) e da razão eTh/K, bem como caracterizar os granitos pegmatíticos por meio das razões dos canais eU/eTh e eU/K. As imagens do tório (eTh) e da razão eTh/K permitiram identificar metaconglomerados e metarenitos ricos em minerais pesados, intercalados nos quartzitos da Formação Equador, e propor um novo tipo de mineralização torífera na Faixa Seridó. Determinações com MEV-EDS revelaram teores máximos de 79,4% de ThO2 e 87,7% de ETR (Ce, La, Nd) em monazitas; 99,2% de TiO2 em rutilo e 1,81% de HfO2 em zircão. Esses resultados demonstraram o destacado potencial para caracterização e mapeamento de granitos pegmatíticos da PPB com base em dados coletados há várias décadas e de baixa resolução espacial. O detalhamento realizado no granito Galo Branco por meio da coleta de dados de gamaespectrometria terrestre, dosagens radiométricas e determinações químicas por ICP-MS indicaram teores de 0,47 ppm a 7,8 ppm de urânio, de 0,1 ppm a 21 ppm de tório e de 2% a 5,24% de potássio. Essas concentrações irregularmente distribuídas sugerem mudanças de conteúdo e concentração de minerais acessórios durante os estágios de diferenciação e cristalização magmática desse granito. A ocorrência de diques de pegmatitos encaixados em quartzitos ao sul do granito Galo Branco foi revelada por meio das elevadas razões eU/eTh. / Abstract: Reflectance spectroscopy (ER), Terra/ASTER and EO-1/Hyperion images, and ground and aerial gamma ray data were employed for mineral characterization of pegmatites and pegmatitic granites in the southern portion of the BPP. ER results allowed to characterize mineral phases and mixtures of minerals including kaolinite, illite/sericite, muscovite and turmaline (schorl) in homogeneous pegmatites. Principal component analysis were applied to Terra/ASTER data using the Crósta techique, resulting in a map exhibiting the main mineralogy of homogeneous and heterogeneous pegmatites, as well as quartzites of the Equador Fm. biotite schists of the Serido Fm. and iron-rich superficial deposits. The Alto do Giz pegmatite was selected for a detailed study and mineral phases comprising kaolinite, muscovite, illite/sericite, Na- and Li-bearing micas, cookeite and tourmaline were recognized, allowing to define a lLi-rich zone (cookeite+lepidolite) around nuclei N2 and N3 and to establish the internal zoning of the pegmatite. Based on these results we proposed its classification as a complex-type pegmatite, of the spodumene sub-class. Furthermore, at least three evolution stages have been establish for Alto do Giz: an early stage represented by the primary crystallization of spodumene, followed by hydrothermal alteration that originated cookeite, and later stage comprising intense kaolinization originated from hydrothermal and/or supergenic processes. The analysis and spectral classification of the EO-1 Hyperion data allowed to map the spatial distribution of the distinct zones, based on the occurrence of key minerals such as muscovite, kaolinite, and Na-bearing mica. Using the airborne gamma ray data of the Seridó Aerogeophysical Project, reprocessed and reinterpreted using modern techniques, and using ground gamma data as a support, it was possible to distinguish quartzites from the north and south portions of the BPP based on their distinctive Th contents and on the eTh/K ratio, as well as to characterize pegmatitic granites using the ratios eU/eTh and eU/eK. Th and eTh/K images allowed the identification of metarenites and metaconglomerates bearing significative amounts of heavy minerals, thus revealing a new type of mineralization in the Serido Belt. Semi-quantitative scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses revealed up to 79.4% of ThO2 and 87.7% of REE in monazites; up to 99.2% of TiO2 in rutile and up to 1.81% of HfO2 in zircon. These results indicated the potential of the methodology employed in this work for the characterization of pegmatitic granites and pegmatites in the Borborema Pegmatitic Province (BPP) using low spatial resolution airborne geophysical data collected decades ago. The detailed study of the Galo Branco granite with ground gamma ray data and radiometric and ICP-MS laboratory analysis showed that this granite has U grades of 0.47 ppm to 7.8 ppm, Th between 0.1 ppm and 21.0 ppm and K between 2.00% e 5.24%. These concentrations are irregularly distributed suggesting mineralogical changes in contents and concentration of accessory minerals during magmatic crystallization and differentiation stages of this granite. The occurrence of pegmatites dikes intruding the quartzites to the south of the Galo Branco granite was revealed by the eUe/Th ratio since they are relatively enriched in uranium. / Doutorado / Geologia e Recursos Naturais / Doutor em Geociências

A nutrição nitrogenada, apesar de intensamente estudada, continua sendo um desafio aos produtores, especialmente em função da variabilidade encontrada no desenvolvimento da cultura nas áreas de produção comercial, muitas vezes em curtas distâncias. Recentemente esta variabilidade vem sendo associada ao uso de sensores opticos que detectam a refletância do dossel da cultura como forma de estimar a nutrição nitrogenada das plantas, podendo estes serem associados à aplicação em taxa variável em tempo real do fertilizante nitrogenado. Em cana-de-açúcar esses estudos ainda são escassos, e sendo uma cultura voltada para a produção de biomassa para geração de energia, tais sensores podem contribuir para otimizar o saldo positivo em produção de energia e baixar as emissão de carbono no sistema. Este trabalho apresenta o processo e mostra os resultados obtidos utilizando um sensor de nitrogênio e biomassa (N-SensorTM ALS, Yara International ASA) com o objetivo de indicar exigência na aplicação de nitrogênio em plantações comerciais de cana-de-açúcar. Oito talhões em produção comercial da cultura, localizados na região de Ribeirão Preto, SP, variando de 16 a 21 ha cada, foram monitorados. As condições de solo variaram de arenosos a argilosos, se dando a colheita de quatro deles em maio (período seco e frio) e os demais quatro em outubro de 2009 (estação úmida e quente), incluindo três soqueiras (primeira, segunda e terceira) em cada estação e quatro variedades, duas por estação. Cada talhão foi escaneado com o sensor três vezes durante seu desenvolvimento (0,2, 0,4 e 0,6 m de altura de colmo/palmito). Os dados georreferenciados de cada medição foram interpolados gerando mapas contendo cinco classes e em cada classe foram alocados dois pontos amostrais, dez por área, onde foram avaliados número e altura de perfilhos, teor de clorofila com medidor portátil e colhidas amostras para biomassa e extração de nitrogênio, as quais foram comparadas com os valores apresentados pelo sensor nos mesmos locais. Os resultados demonstram não haver relação significativa entre o medidor de clorofila e os parâmetros avaliados, porem alta correlação entre os valores do sensor e da biomassa de cana e sua absorção de nitrogênio, dando suporte à utilização desses dados em forma de um algoritmo para gerenciar a aplicação em taxa variável e tempo real de nitrogênio baseada nas leituras do sensor em áreas cultivadas com cana-de-açúcar. / Nitrogen nutrition of sugarcane, although extensively studied, remains a challenge for producers, especially due variability found in commercial production areas, often in short distances. Recently, this variability has been associated with the use of optical sensors that can detect crop canopy reflectance as a way to estimate the nitrogen nutrition of plants, these measurements can be associated with variable rate application on-the-go of nitrogen fertilizer based on sensor readings. On sugarcane those studies are yet scarce and as a biofuel crop the energy input matters, looking for a high positive energy balance production and low carbon emission on the whole production system. This study presents the procedure and shows the results obtained using a nitrogen and biomass sensor (N-SensorTM ALS, Yara International ASA) aiming to indicate nitrogen application demands on commercial sugar cane fields. Eight commercial fields from one Sugar Mill in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, vary from 16 to 21 hectares each, were monitored. Conditions ranging from sandy to heavy soils and the previous harvesting occurred in May (dry and cold season) and October 2009 (wet and warm season), including first, second, and third ratoon stages over four varieties, two per season. Each field was scanned with the sensor three times in the season (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m of stem height). The georeferenced data from each measurement was interpolated generating maps containing five classes, in each class two sample points were allocated, ten per area were the stem height and number, chlorophyll content (Ntester) were evaluated followed by tissue sampling for biomass and nitrogen uptake which were compared with the sensor readings for the same locations. The results show no significant relationship between the chlorophyll meter and the parameters evaluated, but high correlation between the sensor values and sugarcane biomass and their nitrogen uptake, supporting the use of these data as an algorithm to manage onthe- go variable rate application of nitrogen based on sensor readings over sugar cane cultivated areas.

O uso de \"pigmento frio\" é uma alternativa para minimizar os efeitos de \"ilhas de calor\" em grandes cidades como São Paulo. Este tipo de pigmento proporciona o desenvolvimento de fórmulas de tinta para aplicação em coberturas com cores escuras, próximo ao preto, apresentando refletância solar (SR) maior. Neste estudo, foi formulado um grupo de tintas na cor cinza claro e outro na cor cinza escuro. O primeiro grupo de tintas foi preparado com adição de pigmento preto convencional, o negro de fumo que possui natureza orgânica e o segundo grupo de tintas foi preparado com adição de \"pigmento frio\", que possui natureza inorgânica. A fração pigmentária de ambos os grupos de tintas foi preparada com auxílio do software \"CoolSim\". A revisão bibliográfica mostra que as tintas preparadas com pigmentos de natureza orgânica apresentam baixa refletância solar enquanto que as tintas preparadas com o uso do \"pigmento frio\" apresentam maior refletância solar. Os resultados de refletância solar de ambos os grupos de tintas confirmam os dados apresentados na revisão da bibliográfica. As fórmulas preparadas com o uso de \"pigmento frio\", mesmo tendo cor escura, resulta em produto mais adequado para a aplicação em superfície de cobertura como telha, devido sua capacidade de absorver menos calor, o que contribui na redução da temperatura do edifício, reduzindo a necessidade de uso de ar condicionado e auxiliando na redução do consumo de energia. / The use of \"cool pigment\" is one of the alternatives to minimize the effects of \"heat islands\" in big cities like São Paulo. This type of pigment provides the development of formulas for painting roofs with dark colors, near black, but showing higher solar reflectance (SR) than conventional pigments. In this study, a group of paint was formulated in light gray color and the other in dark gray color. The first group of paints was prepared with addition of conventional black pigment which is the carbon black that has organic nature. The second group of paints was prepared with addition of \"cool pigment\", which has inorganic nature. The pigment fraction of both groups of paints was obtained using the software \"CoolSim\". The literature review shows that finishes obtained with paints prepared with organic nature pigment has lower solar reflectance and finishes obtained with paints prepared with addition of \"cool pigment\", with inorganic nature, have a higher solar reflectance. The results of the study show that the solar reflectance of both groups of paint confirms the data obtained in the literature review. The paint formulas prepared with addition of \"cool pigment\", even presenting dark color, resulted in film more adequate for the application in surfaces of roofs and tiles due their capacity to absorb less heat. The use of \"cool pigment\" in formulas allow to obtain paints that can contribute to the reduction of the temperature of the building, by reduction the need to use air conditioning, resulting in lower energy consumption.