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Regarding the myriad disputed documents encountered within the science of forensic document examination, questioned handwriting is the most prevalent. This includes the simulation or alteration of and or additions to handwriting and signatures. The current study examined the changes that may occur in writing when given a limited amount of space. Several participants completed a survey wherein writing samples were taken under varying space allowances. These space restrictions were made under differing conditions such as boxed signatures, additions to prewritten material, and alterations to letters and numbers. The results of the study found characteristics of reflex of avoidance in the participants' handwriting. These characteristics included changes in height, width, and letter spacing in accordance to the amount of space provided. The examples of reflex of avoidance defined throughout this study may serve to assist forensic document examiners in the detection of alterations within questioned documents.

Objective: Establish and validate an experimental pain model that will create pain for at least 20-minutes and then use the model to determine if: 1) cryotherapy decreases experimentally induced pain, 2) experimentally induced pain contributes to arthrogenic muscle inhibition, and 3) cold application influences pain or arthrogenic muscle inhibition. To answer these questions we conducted two experiments, the results of which are presented in two manuscripts. Methods: Seventy (n = 30 for experiment I and n = 40 for experiment II), physically active healthy male subjects participated. Interventions: Independent variables used for experiment I were condition (5% hypertonic saline infusion/cryotherapy, no-saline infusion/cryotherapy, 5% hypertonic saline infusion/sham) and time (precondition, every minute during a condition, and 10 minutes following each condition). For experiment II, independent variables were treatment (saline infusion, saline infusion/cryotherapy, saline infusion/sham, and no-saline infusion) and time (pretreatment, posttreatment, and 30-minutes posttreatment). Dependent variables measured were pain perception, knee surface and ambient temperatures, and Hmax, and Mmax measures (experiment II only). Results: Saline caused more pain than no-saline at minutes 3, 4, and 5 during infusion. Pain caused by saline and sham application remained constant from 4 minutes during application through 1 minute following application. Cold application decreased pain for 16 minutes. Pain resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition following and 30 minutes following saline infusion. Cryotherapy removed inhibition following but not 30 minutes following application. Pain for the saline groups increased following infusion as measured with the pain rating index and visual analogue scale. According to pain rating index, cryotherapy did not decrease pain; however, cryotherapy decreased pain as measured with the visual analogue scales. No change in temperature occurred during the non-cooling conditions. Ambient temperatures fluctuated less than 1°C. Conclusion: Saline infusion caused anterior knee pain for over 20 minutes and resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition. Cryotherapy disinhibited the quadriceps motoneuron pool and reduced pain as measured with visual analogue scales. Cryotherapy did not decrease pain as measured with the McGill pain questionnaire.

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Low Reynolds number airfoil analysis has become increasingly significant as urban air mobility vehicles and unmanned aerial vehicles surge in popularity. The Green Raven project at KTH Aero aims to use reflex airfoils where little data is available beyond classical analysis. Viscous formulations of the panel method and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) have been used to simulate lift, drag and moments for the MH61 and MH104 airfoils at different angles of attack (AOAs). XFOIL and CFD turbulence models such as Spalart-Allmaras (SA), k-w Shear Stress Transport (SST) with and without damping coefficients were used. The strengths and limitations of each model were used to justify results. Due to clear computational advantages, XFOIL produced adequate results and is tailored toward use in initial design stages where repeated measurements are crucial. The SA turbulence stood out as the model produced accurate results in a reasonable time. The abundance of published CFD material comparing different turbulence models increased the credibility of the results. The two airfoils had similar lift and drag characteristics at AOAs of 0-6 deg while the MH104 was superior near stall. However, due to the lack of experimental data of the airfoils no particular model could be commended or verified.

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