O esôfago em quebra nozes (EQN) é uma afecção de diagnóstico manométrico, descrita em 1977, caracterizada por hipercontratilidade do corpo esofágico. Na década de 1990, surgiram publicações relacionando o EQN ao refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE), que desde então vem sendo motivo de controvérsias. A polêmica existente quanto à esta relação e a escassez de trabalhos avaliando o refluxo nas formas menos intensas de hipercontratilidade motivaram a realização do presente estudo. OBJETIVOS: Estudar pacientes com suspeita clínica de refluxo e com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico, classificada de acordo com sua intensidade em: discreta e acentuada, em relação aos dados demográficos, às manifestações clínicas, achados endoscópicos, manométricos e pHmétricos. Paralelamente, objetiva-se avaliar os mesmos parâmetros em um grupo referencial, composto por indivíduos sem queixas típicas de refluxo e sem alterações endoscópicas e manométricas do esôfago. MÉTODOS: Selecionou-se, retrospectivamente, para compor o grupo de estudo, pacientes com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico ao estudo manométrico, classificada de acordo com sua intensidade em dois sub-grupos: I. com hipercontratilidade discreta (154 180 mmHg ) e II. com hipercontratilidade acentuada EQN (> 180 mmHg). Avaliou-se também, um grupo referencial (III), composto por indivíduos sem queixas típicas de RGE e sem alterações endoscópicas e manométricas do esôfago. Analisou-se dados demográficos, clínicos, endoscópicos, manométricos e pHmétricos. RESULTADOS: Cento e oito indivíduos foram incluídos no estudo: 29 pacientes no Grupo I, 58 no Grupo II e 21 no Grupo III. O sexo feminino predominou nos três grupos, sem diferença estatística significante entre eles. Em relação às queixas clínicas predominantes, não houve diferença significante entre os grupos em relação à ocorrência de queixas típicas (GI: 58,6% x GII: 50,0%) e em relação à presença de queixas atípicas (GI: 13,8%, GII: 29,3% e GIII: 14,3%). O Grupo referencial apresentou ocorrência significantemente maior de queixas extra-esofágicas (GI: 27,6%, GII: 20,7% e GIII: 47,6%) e de outras queixas (GI: 0,0%, GII: 0,0% e GIII: 38,0%). Quanto aos achados endoscópicos, observou-se que a ocorrência de esofagite foi significantemente maior nos pacientes do Grupo I (76,2% x 46,3%). A ocorrência de refluxo patológico, à pHmetria, foi GI: 44,8%, GII: 36,2% e GIII: 19,0%. Apesar dessa maior ocorrência de refluxo patológico nos grupos de estudo (GI e GII), tal diferença não atingiu níveis de significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: Não há diferença significante entre pacientes com hipercontratilidade discreta e acentuada do corpo esofágico, em relação aos dados demográficos, clínicos, manométricos e pHmétricos. Há diferença significante apenas em relação à ocorrência de esofagite endoscópica, que predomina nos pacientes com hipercontratilidade discreta. Não há diferença significante entre os pacientes com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico quando comparados com os sem hipercontratilidade, em relação aos dados demográficos, ocorrência de queixas atípicas e presença de refluxo gastroesofágico patológico. Dentre os parâmetros avaliados, há diferença significante apenas em relação à ocorrência de queixas extra-esofágicas e de outras queixas sugestivas de refluxo, que predominam nos pacientes sem hipercontratilidade. Pacientes com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico tendem a apresentar refluxo gastroesofágico em níveis superiores aos que não apresentam hipercontratilidade. Porém, com o tamanho da amostra estudada, não foi possível confirmar tal hipótese / The \"Nutcracker esophagus \" (NE) is a disease of manometric diagnosis, described in 1977, characterized by hypercontractility esophageal body. In the 1990s, there were publications relating the NE to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which has since been the subject of controversy. Such controversy and a lack of studies evaluating reflux in less intense form of hypercontractility motivated the present study. OBJECTIVES: To study patients with clinically suspected reflux and esophageal body hypercontractility, classified according to their intensity: mild and severe, in relation to demographic data, clinical manifestations, endoscopic, manometric and pH monitoring findings. In parallel, the objective is to evaluate the same parameters in a reference group composed of individuals without typical complaints of reflux and without endoscopic and esophageal manometry abnormalities. METHODS: It was selected, retrospectively, to compose the study group, patients with esophageal body hypercontractility at the manometric study, classified according to their intensity into two sub-groups: I. hypercontractility discrete (154-180 mmHg) and II. hypercontractility sharply - NE (> 180 mmHg). It was also evaluated, a reference group (III), composed of individuals without typical complaints of GERD and without endoscopic and esophageal manometry abnormalities. We analyzed demographic, clinical, endoscopic, manometric and pH monitoring findings. RESULTS: One hundred and eight subjects were enrolled: 29 patients in Group I, 58 in Group II and 21 in Group III. Females predominated in all groups, no statistically significant difference between them. In relation to the predominant clinical complaints, no significant difference between groups regarding the occurrence of typical complaints (GI: 58.6% x GII: 50.0%) and for the presence of atypical complaints (GI: 13.8 %, GII: 29.3% and GIII: 14.3%). The reference group showed significantly higher incidence of extra-esophageal complaints (GI: 27.6%, GII: 20.7% and GIII: 47.6%) and \"other complaints\" (GI: 0.0%, GII: 0.0% and GIII: 38.0%). Regarding the endoscopic findings, we observed that the occurrence of esophagitis was significantly greater in Group I (76.2% x 46.3%). The occurrence of pathological reflux, with pH monitoring, was GI: 44.8%, GII: 36.2% and GIII: 19.0%. Despite this higher incidence of pathological reflux in the study groups (GI and GII), this difference did not reach statistical significance levels. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference between patients with mild and severe hypercontractility esophageal body in relation to demographic, clinical, manometric and pH monitoring findings. There is a significant difference only in relation to the occurrence of endoscopic esophagitis, which predominates in patients with mild hypercontractility. There is no significant difference between patients with esophageal hypercontractility body when compared with those without hypercontractility in relation to demographic data, occurrence of atypical complaints and presence of gastroesophageal reflux. Among the parameters evaluated, there was significant difference only in relation to the occurrence of extra-oesophageal complaints and other complaints suggestive of reflux predominantly in patients without hypercontractility. Patients with esophageal hypercontractility body tend to have gastroesophageal reflux in excess of those that do not have hypercontractility. However, with the sample size was not possible to confirm this hypothesis

Orientador: Jose Pedrazzoli Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T17:07:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CasonatoJunior_Homero_M.pdf: 3469755 bytes, checksum: 5fecd41245393d9b43bda2618e5d8183 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de manifestações bucais como periodontite, gengivite, erosão, abrasão, atrição e cárie dental, e relaciona-las com a doença de refluxo gastroesofágica. Para isso foram avaliados indivíduos que efetivamente apresentavam esofagite de refluxo (grupo I) e indivíduos que apresentavam dispepsia sem esofagite de refluxo (grupo II). Utilizando-se de um estudo duplo cego a coleta de dados ocorreu em um primeiro instante, através de exame endoscópico, avaliando-se a condição esofágica de 56 indivíduos (26 homens, 30 mulheres), com idade média de 40 anos (20-69 anos) e num segundo momento pela avaliação da saúde bucal através de exames clínico e radiográfico, porém sem o conhecimento prévio, pelo examinador, da condição esofágica. Também foram registrados através de questionário, hábitos medicamentosos, alimentares, de higiene bucal e hábitos bucais nocivos. Dentre os indivíduos do grupo I, todos apresentaram algum nível de atrição dental, 93,33% apresentaram abrasão dental, 56,67% apresentam erosão dental, 66,67% apresentaram cárie dental, 60% apresentaram periodontite e apenas um indivíduo não apresentou gengivite. Já os indivíduos do grupo II, todos apresentaram atrição dental, 80,77% apresentam abrasão dental, 46,15% apresentam erosão dental, 88,46% apresentaram cárie dental, 73,08% apresentaram periodontite e a totalidade dos indivíduos apresentou gengivite. Foram examinados 1437 dentes; Destes, 736 do grupo I, dos quais 17% apresentaram periodontite, 39% gengivite, 35,5% abrasão, 44% atrição, 23,5% erosão e 9% de dentes com cárie. No grupo 11 foram examinados 701 dentes, dos quais 18% apresentaram periodontite, 44,5% gengivite, 20% abrasão, 36% atrição, 15,5% erosão e 12,5% com cárie. Concluiu-se que a presença de esofagite de refluxo não interferiu na prevalência de gengivite, periodontite, atrição e erosão, embora a prevalência de abrasão foi maior entre os indivíduos com esofagite de refluxo / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of oral manifestations, such as periodontites, gingivitis, abrasion, attrition, erosion and dental decay relating them to the gastroesofageal reflux disease. For this purpose individuals that indeed presented reflux esophagitis (group I) and individuals that presented dyspepsia without reflux esophagitis (group II) were evaluated. Through a blind double study, the collection of data was carried out in a first instant through endoscopies, evaluating the esophageal condition of 56 individuals (26 male, 30 female), average age 40 (range 20-69 years) and in a second moment through the evaluation of the oral health through clinical and radiographic exams, however, without the examiner's previous knowledge of the individuals' esophageal condition. They were also registered through a questionnaire that took into consideration medication and alimentary habits, oral hygiene as well as oral habits that could be considered noxious. All individuals in group I presented some level of dental attrition, 93,33% with dental abrasion, 56,67% with dental erosion, 66,67% with decay, 60% with periodontites and there was only one individual who did not present gingivitis. In group II all of them presented attrition and gingivitis, 80,77% with dental abrasion, 46,15% with dental erosion, 88,46% with decay, 73,08% with periodontites. All of the individuals studied were responsible for 1437 examined teeth; 736 out of the 1437 teeth in group I presented the following problems: 17% with periodontites, 39% gingivitis, 35,5% abrasion, 44% attrition, 23,5% with erosion and 9% of the teeth with decay. In group II, 701 teeth were examined and they presented 18% with periodontites, 45% gingivitis, 20% abrasion, 36% attrition, 15,5% with erosion and 12,5% with decay. It was conc1uded 1hat the presence of reflux esophagitis did not interfere in the prevalence of gingivitis, periodontites, erosion, decay and attrition, despite the fact that the prevalence of abrasion was higher in individuals with reflux esophagitis / Mestrado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Mestre em Ciências Médicas

Abstract The aims of the work were to evaluate the comparability and repeatability of urodynamic studies and to examine whether such examinations are useful for predicting the recurrence of urinary tract infections or the presence of vesicoureteral reflux, to analyse the efficacy of treatments for vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), to validate a pre-established clinical decision rule for targeting voiding cystourethrograms efficiently in children and to investigate the occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux. Reports on urodynamic examinations performed on children were evaluated by analysing inter-observer and intra-observer agreement in their interpretations, and 116 children were followed up to examine whether such examinations can be used to predict the recurrence of urinary tract infections and the presence of vesicoureteral reflux. A meta-analysis of publications on treatments for vesicoureteral reflux was made to analyse their efficacy in children. A group of 406 children were examined to validate a pre-established clinical decision rule for managing vesicoureteral reflux in children after the first urinary tract infection and to investigate the occurrence of VUR in children. We found poor agreement among the observers in their urodynamic assessments. Neither the occurrence of VUR nor recurrent urinary tract infection could be predicted from the findings in urodynamic studies. The meta-analysis indicated no significant difference between conservative or operative treatment in terms of the recurrence of urinary tract infections, kidney growth or scarring. Our validation of the clinical decision rule showed that it had good specificity but very modest sensitivity in identifying children with dilating vesicoureteral reflux. The overall prevalence of vesicoureteral reflux was 35%, and its occurrence was similar in children without urinary tract infection. We claim that the occurrence of vesicoureteral reflux in children is higher than the figure of 1% suggested earlier. We could not predict the presence or absence of vesicoureteral reflux from the results of the urodynamic examinations, nor could we predict recurrent urinary tract infections from these findings. We suggest that it is not possible to predict VUR reliably, and that conservative treatment is sufficient for the majority of children with VUR. / Tiivistelmä Väitöskirjani tutkimussarjassa selvitimme lapsen virtsateissä tapahtuvan virtsan takaisinvirtauksen (vesikoureteraalinen refluksi, VUR) yleisyyttä ja yhteyttä lasten virtsatieinfektioihin, arvioimme aiemmin julkaistun tutkimusohjeen käyttökelpoisuutta lasten virtsateiden kuvantamispäätöstä tehtäessä ja teimme meta-analyysin virtsan takaisinvirtauksen hoitotapojen merkityksestä munuaisten kehitykselle ja toiminnalle. Selvitimme myös virtsarakon toiminnallisten tutkimusten arviointien toistettavuutta ja vertailtavuutta lastenkirurgien kesken sekä onko näillä tutkimuksilla mahdollista havaita onko lapsella VUR tai taipumusta uusiutuviin virtsatieinfektioihin. Tutkimassamme 406 lapsen aineistossa virtsan takaisinvirtausta löytyi 39 % :lla virtsatieinfektion sairastaneista lapsista ja 36 %:lla muita tulehduksia sairastaneista. Ero ei ollut tilastollisesti merkittävä ja esiintyvyys on huomattavasti suurempi kuin aiemmin on oletettu. Samassa aineistossa testasimme tutkimusohjetta jonka avulla voitaisi löytää lapset joilla on todennäköisesti VUR. Tuloksemme mukaan tutkimusohje ei ole käyttökelpoinen. Kirjallisuuteen perustuvassa meta-analyysissä julkaistuista VUR tutkimuksista lapsilla, havaitsimme, ettei leikkauksella korjattujen tai lääkityksellä hoidettujen lasten munuaisten kasvussa, arpeutumisessa tai virtsatieinfektioiden uusiutumisessa ollut eroa. Virtsarakon toiminnallisten tutkimusten arviointien toistettavuutta lääkärien kesken tutkimme 15 lapsen aineistossa ja havaitsimme huomattavaa vaihtelua arvioinneissa lääkärien välillä ja samaa tutkimusta uudelleen arvioitaessa. Suuren vaihtelun vuoksi näiden tutkimusten hyödyllisyyttä tulisi arvioida kriittisesti. Lisäksi 136 lapsen tutkimuksessa havaitsimme ettei poikkeava virtsarakon toiminnallisen tutkimuksen löydös ennustanut uusiutuvia virtsatieinfektioita tai virtsan takaisinvirtausta näillä lapsilla. Lapsilla VUR on mitä ilmeisimmin varsin tavallinen ilmiö myös terveillä lapsilla ja sen esiintyvyys ylittää aiemmin raportoidun 1 %:n esiintyvyyden. Virtsarakon toiminnalliset tutkimukset eivät ennusta VUR:n esiintyvyyttä tai virtsatietulehdusten toistuvuutta ja näiden tulosten hyöty on vähäinen. Virtsan takaisinvirtauksen leikkaushoitoon on harvoin aihetta eikä arvioimamme tutkimusohje auta löytämään VUR:a sairastavia lapsia.

Orientador: Nelson Adami Andreollo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:10:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Brandalise_Andre_D.pdf: 14069828 bytes, checksum: d178e5d4a6b617f687e38a9c3855f1b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: Introdução: o tratamento cirúrgico da doença do refluxo gastroesofágico através da fundoplicatura realizada por videolaparoscopia apresenta bons resultados a longo prazo e é amplamente aceita como alternativa à manutenção do tratamento medicamentoso. Entretanto, a abordagem cirúrgica aos pacientes portadores de grandes hérnias de hiato ainda é motivo de discordância entre os especialistas. O uso de prótese para reforçar a hiatoplastia é proposta por alguns e descartada por outros, especialmente por temor de complicações relacionadas à prótese. Objetivo: realizar uma análise dos resultados a longo prazo do uso de próteses para reforço da hiatoplastia em pacientes com grandes hérnias de hiato tratadas por videolaparoscopia. Método: realizamos análise retrospectivo com 78 pacientes operados entre janeiro de 2000 e fevereiro de 2011 que eram portadores de grandes hérnias e que foram tratados através de cirurgia videolaparoscópica com emprego de próteses para reforço da hiatoplastia. Foram incluídos no estudo pacientes com tamanho do hiato superior a 5 cm de diâmetro, em hérnias primárias ou recidivadas. As próteses estudadas foram: polipropileno ¿ em modelo de implantação original, desenvolvido em nosso serviço ¿ e biológica absorvível. O acompanhamento foi realizado através de entrevista clínica e exames complementares ¿ endoscopia digestiva alta e/ou radiografias contrastadas de esôfago, estômago e duodeno. Resultados: observou-se maior presença de pacientes do sexo feminino (69%). A idade variou de 33 a 83 anos. A média de idade nos pacientes com hérnias primárias foi 64,7 anos, enquanto que nas hérnias recidivadas, foi de 52,3 anos. Essa diferença foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,0001). O tempo de seguimento médio foi de 45,8 meses para hérnias primárias e 61,4 meses para as recidivadas. (p=0,09). Na entrevista, 64 pacientes (82,0%) permaneciam assintomáticos, 7 (9,0%) queixavam-se de refluxo, 3 (3,9%) apresentavam disfagia e 4 (5,2%) relataram problemas com gases. Foram realizados exames complementares em 68 pacientes (87,2%). Destes 54 (79,4%) apresentavam exames normais, enquanto 14 (20,6%) apresentavam recidiva (da hérnia ou de esofagite). No grupo de hérnia primária ocorreram recidivas em seis pacientes (13%) e no grupo de hérnias recidivadas, oito (36,4%) apresentaram nova recorrência e essa diferença foi estatisticamente significante (p=0,05). Segundo o tipo de prótese, nos pacientes em que foi empregada a prótese de polipropileno, 13,5% apresentavam recidiva anatômica enquanto que na prótese biológica este valor foi de 31,2%, mas essa diferença observada não atingiu nível de significância estatística (p=0,13). Não foram observadas complicações relacionadas à prótese. Conclusão: O uso de prótese de polipropileno, segundo o modelo apresentado, é seguro a longo prazo e tem baixos índices de recidiva a longo prazo. A prótese biológica apresentou maiores índices de recidiva. Nas hérnias de hiato recidivas, os índices de recidiva são maiores que nas hérnias primárias / Abstract: Introduction: the surgical treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease by laparoscopic fundoplication has good long-term results and is widely accepted as an alternative to the maintenance of medical treatment. However, surgical approach to patients with large hiatal hernias still causes disagreement among the experts. The use of prosthesis to enhance hiatus is proposed by some and dismissed by others, especially for fear of complications related to the prosthesis. Objective: To perform an analysis of long-term results of the use of prostheses for strengthening hiatoplasty in patients with large hernias treated by laparoscopy. Method: We performed a retrospective analysis of 78 patients operated between January 2000 and February 2011 with large hernias treated by laparoscopic surgery with the use of prostheses for strengthening hiatoplasty. The study included patients with hiatos larger than 5 cm in diameter, in primary or recurrent hernias. The prostheses were: polypropylene - in original model of implementation, developed in our service - and absorbable biological. The monitoring was performed by clinical interview and objective tests - endoscopy and / or barium contrast x-rays of esophagus, stomach and duodenum. Results: there was a higher presence of female patients (69%). The age ranged 33-83 years. The mean age of the patients was 64.7 years in primary hernias, whereas in the recurrent hernias, was 52.3 years. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.0001). The mean follow-up was 45.8 months for primary hernias and 61.4 months for recurrent. (p = 0.09). In the interview, 64 patients (82.0%) remained asymptomatic, 7 (9.0%) complained of reflux, 3 (3.9%) had dysphagia and 4 (5.2%) reported problems with gas. Objective tests were performed in 68 patients (87.2%). Of these 54 (79.4%) had normal results, while 14 (20.6%) had recurrence (hernia or esophagitis). In the primary hernia group relapses occurred in six patients (13%) and in the recurrent hernia group, eight (36.4%) had recurred and this difference was statistically significant (p = 0.05). According to the type of prosthesis, in patients in whom we used the polypropylene prosthesis, 13.5% had anatomic recurrence while on the biological prosthesis this value was 31.2%, but this difference did not reach statistical significance level (p = 0.13). There were no complications related to the prosthesis. Conclusion: The use of polypropylene mesh, according to the presented model, is safe in the long term and have low recurrence rates. The biological prostheses showed higher recurrence rates. In patientes with recurrent hernias, the recurrence rates are higher than in primary hernias / Doutorado / Fisiopatologia Cirúrgica / Doutor em Ciências

O esôfago em quebra nozes (EQN) é uma afecção de diagnóstico manométrico, descrita em 1977, caracterizada por hipercontratilidade do corpo esofágico. Na década de 1990, surgiram publicações relacionando o EQN ao refluxo gastroesofágico (RGE), que desde então vem sendo motivo de controvérsias. A polêmica existente quanto à esta relação e a escassez de trabalhos avaliando o refluxo nas formas menos intensas de hipercontratilidade motivaram a realização do presente estudo. OBJETIVOS: Estudar pacientes com suspeita clínica de refluxo e com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico, classificada de acordo com sua intensidade em: discreta e acentuada, em relação aos dados demográficos, às manifestações clínicas, achados endoscópicos, manométricos e pHmétricos. Paralelamente, objetiva-se avaliar os mesmos parâmetros em um grupo referencial, composto por indivíduos sem queixas típicas de refluxo e sem alterações endoscópicas e manométricas do esôfago. MÉTODOS: Selecionou-se, retrospectivamente, para compor o grupo de estudo, pacientes com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico ao estudo manométrico, classificada de acordo com sua intensidade em dois sub-grupos: I. com hipercontratilidade discreta (154 180 mmHg ) e II. com hipercontratilidade acentuada EQN (> 180 mmHg). Avaliou-se também, um grupo referencial (III), composto por indivíduos sem queixas típicas de RGE e sem alterações endoscópicas e manométricas do esôfago. Analisou-se dados demográficos, clínicos, endoscópicos, manométricos e pHmétricos. RESULTADOS: Cento e oito indivíduos foram incluídos no estudo: 29 pacientes no Grupo I, 58 no Grupo II e 21 no Grupo III. O sexo feminino predominou nos três grupos, sem diferença estatística significante entre eles. Em relação às queixas clínicas predominantes, não houve diferença significante entre os grupos em relação à ocorrência de queixas típicas (GI: 58,6% x GII: 50,0%) e em relação à presença de queixas atípicas (GI: 13,8%, GII: 29,3% e GIII: 14,3%). O Grupo referencial apresentou ocorrência significantemente maior de queixas extra-esofágicas (GI: 27,6%, GII: 20,7% e GIII: 47,6%) e de outras queixas (GI: 0,0%, GII: 0,0% e GIII: 38,0%). Quanto aos achados endoscópicos, observou-se que a ocorrência de esofagite foi significantemente maior nos pacientes do Grupo I (76,2% x 46,3%). A ocorrência de refluxo patológico, à pHmetria, foi GI: 44,8%, GII: 36,2% e GIII: 19,0%. Apesar dessa maior ocorrência de refluxo patológico nos grupos de estudo (GI e GII), tal diferença não atingiu níveis de significância estatística. CONCLUSÕES: Não há diferença significante entre pacientes com hipercontratilidade discreta e acentuada do corpo esofágico, em relação aos dados demográficos, clínicos, manométricos e pHmétricos. Há diferença significante apenas em relação à ocorrência de esofagite endoscópica, que predomina nos pacientes com hipercontratilidade discreta. Não há diferença significante entre os pacientes com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico quando comparados com os sem hipercontratilidade, em relação aos dados demográficos, ocorrência de queixas atípicas e presença de refluxo gastroesofágico patológico. Dentre os parâmetros avaliados, há diferença significante apenas em relação à ocorrência de queixas extra-esofágicas e de outras queixas sugestivas de refluxo, que predominam nos pacientes sem hipercontratilidade. Pacientes com hipercontratilidade de corpo esofágico tendem a apresentar refluxo gastroesofágico em níveis superiores aos que não apresentam hipercontratilidade. Porém, com o tamanho da amostra estudada, não foi possível confirmar tal hipótese / The \"Nutcracker esophagus \" (NE) is a disease of manometric diagnosis, described in 1977, characterized by hypercontractility esophageal body. In the 1990s, there were publications relating the NE to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), which has since been the subject of controversy. Such controversy and a lack of studies evaluating reflux in less intense form of hypercontractility motivated the present study. OBJECTIVES: To study patients with clinically suspected reflux and esophageal body hypercontractility, classified according to their intensity: mild and severe, in relation to demographic data, clinical manifestations, endoscopic, manometric and pH monitoring findings. In parallel, the objective is to evaluate the same parameters in a reference group composed of individuals without typical complaints of reflux and without endoscopic and esophageal manometry abnormalities. METHODS: It was selected, retrospectively, to compose the study group, patients with esophageal body hypercontractility at the manometric study, classified according to their intensity into two sub-groups: I. hypercontractility discrete (154-180 mmHg) and II. hypercontractility sharply - NE (> 180 mmHg). It was also evaluated, a reference group (III), composed of individuals without typical complaints of GERD and without endoscopic and esophageal manometry abnormalities. We analyzed demographic, clinical, endoscopic, manometric and pH monitoring findings. RESULTS: One hundred and eight subjects were enrolled: 29 patients in Group I, 58 in Group II and 21 in Group III. Females predominated in all groups, no statistically significant difference between them. In relation to the predominant clinical complaints, no significant difference between groups regarding the occurrence of typical complaints (GI: 58.6% x GII: 50.0%) and for the presence of atypical complaints (GI: 13.8 %, GII: 29.3% and GIII: 14.3%). The reference group showed significantly higher incidence of extra-esophageal complaints (GI: 27.6%, GII: 20.7% and GIII: 47.6%) and \"other complaints\" (GI: 0.0%, GII: 0.0% and GIII: 38.0%). Regarding the endoscopic findings, we observed that the occurrence of esophagitis was significantly greater in Group I (76.2% x 46.3%). The occurrence of pathological reflux, with pH monitoring, was GI: 44.8%, GII: 36.2% and GIII: 19.0%. Despite this higher incidence of pathological reflux in the study groups (GI and GII), this difference did not reach statistical significance levels. CONCLUSIONS: No significant difference between patients with mild and severe hypercontractility esophageal body in relation to demographic, clinical, manometric and pH monitoring findings. There is a significant difference only in relation to the occurrence of endoscopic esophagitis, which predominates in patients with mild hypercontractility. There is no significant difference between patients with esophageal hypercontractility body when compared with those without hypercontractility in relation to demographic data, occurrence of atypical complaints and presence of gastroesophageal reflux. Among the parameters evaluated, there was significant difference only in relation to the occurrence of extra-oesophageal complaints and other complaints suggestive of reflux predominantly in patients without hypercontractility. Patients with esophageal hypercontractility body tend to have gastroesophageal reflux in excess of those that do not have hypercontractility. However, with the sample size was not possible to confirm this hypothesis

Percutaneous endoscopic placement of feeding gastrostomies (PEG) was pioneered by Gauderer et. al, in 1980. Since then, it has become the preferred method of providing enteral nutritional support in children and adults because of advantages in morbidity and cost. Pneumonia is a known sequel of this procedure, occurring at different rates, depending on the length of follow-up. Some series have shown an incidence of 10% at 30 days and others 56% at 11 months. It does not appear that PEG feeding offers an advantage over the more traditional naso-enteric tube feeding methods in this respect. To study the prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in PEG-fed patients, we quantitated GER by 24-hour intraesophageal pH monitoring in a group of patients who developed post-PEG pneumonia and compared it with a control group. Our study demonstrates an increased prevalence of GER in the pneumonia group compared with the control group. However, the exact contribution of this observed increased GER to the development of pneumonia needs to be determined.

Over half of patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) report nocturnal symptoms. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are the main medications used to treat GERD. Multichannel intraluminal impedance with pH (MII-pH) monitoring is the most sensitive method for detection and characterization of GERD. The aim of this study was to assess and compare reflux frequency in patients with refractory GERD symptoms on and off PPI therapy during the nocturnal recumbent period, as assessed by MII-pH testing. We analyzed 24-hour MII-pH studies performed in 200 patients monitored either on twice-daily (n=100) or off (n=100) PPI therapy. Demographic analysis of the on-therapy group revealed a mean age of 52 years (24-78 years) with 37% males, and the off-therapy group revealed a mean age of 49 years (18-84 years) with 40% males. All studies were interpreted to assess and characterize the number of acid and nonacid reflux episodes in the nocturnal recumbent period identified by each patient on an overnight recorder (Zephyr, Sandhill Scientific, Inc., Highlands Ranch, CO, USA). The nocturnal recumbent period was the period documented by patients during which they lie in the recumbent period at night to sleep with average periods lasting 456 and 453 minutes for patients on and off PPI therapy. There were more mean recumbent reflux episodes in the on-therapy group in comparison with the off-therapy group (3.76 mean reflux episodes [mre] per patient in the recumbent vs. 2.82 mre); the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.187). When the reflux events are classified into acid and non-acid reflux episodes, the relative occurrence of acid reflux events is less in the on-therapy group (P=0.047), while the off-therapy group have fewer nonacid reflux episodes (P=0.003). PPIs decrease the acidity of esophageal refluxate but do not decrease the relative frequency of reflux episodes in the recumbent position in patients with refractory GERD despite twice-a-day treatment with PPI therapy. The explanation for the finding of numerically increased, although not statistically significant, amount of reflux episodes in the PPI treatment group in this study, and previous studies is unclear and warrants further evaluation.

No description available.

No description available.

Contexte & Objectifs : La manométrie perfusée conventionnelle et la manométrie haute résolution (HRM) ont permis le développement d’une variété de paramètres pour mieux comprendre la motilité de l'œsophage et quantifier les caractéristiques de la jonction œsophago-gastrique (JOG). Cependant, l'anatomie de la JOG est complexe et les enregistrements de manométrie détectent à la fois la pression des structures intrinsèques et des structures extrinsèques à l'œsophage. Ces différents composants ont des rôles distincts au niveau de la JOG. Les pressions dominantes ainsi détectées au niveau de la JOG sont attribuables au sphincter œsophagien inférieur (SOI) et aux piliers du diaphragme (CD), mais aucune des technologies manométriques actuelles n’est capable de distinguer ces différents composants de la JOG. Lorsqu’on analyse les caractéristiques de la JOG au repos, celle ci se comporte avant tout comme une barrière antireflux. Les paramètres manométriques les plus couramment utilisés dans ce but sont la longueur de la JOG et le point d’inversion respiratoire (RIP), défini comme le lieu où le pic de la courbe de pression inspiratoire change de positif (dans l’abdomen) à négatif (dans le thorax), lors de la classique manœuvre de « pull-through ». Cependant, l'importance de ces mesures reste marginale comme en témoigne une récente prise de position de l’American Gastroenterology Association Institute (AGAI) (1) qui concluait que « le rôle actuel de la manométrie dans le reflux gastro-œsophagien (RGO) est d'exclure les troubles moteurs comme cause des symptômes présentés par la patient ». Lors de la déglutition, la mesure objective de la relaxation de la JOG est la pression de relaxation intégrée (IRP), qui permet de faire la distinction entre une relaxation normale et une relaxation anormale de la JOG. Toutefois, puisque la HRM utilise des pressions moyennes à chaque niveau de capteurs, certaines études de manométrie laissent suggérer qu’il existe une zone de haute pression persistante au niveau de la JOG même si un transit est mis en évidence en vidéofluoroscopie. Récemment, la manométrie haute résolution « 3D » (3D-HRM) a été développée (Given Imaging, Duluth, GA) avec le potentiel de simplifier l'évaluation de la morphologie et de la physiologie de la JOG. Le segment « 3D » de ce cathéter de HRM permet l'enregistrement de la pression à la fois de façon axiale et radiale tout en maintenant une position fixe de la sonde, et évitant ainsi la manœuvre de « pull-through ». Par conséquent, la 3D-HRM devrait permettre la mesure de paramètres importants de la JOG tels que sa longueur et le RIP. Les données extraites de l'enregistrement fait par 3D-HRM permettraient également de différencier les signaux de pression attribuables au SOI des éléments qui l’entourent. De plus, l’enregistrement des pressions de façon radiaire permettrait d’enregistrer la pression minimale de chaque niveau de capteurs et devrait corriger cette zone de haute pression parfois persistante lors la déglutition. Ainsi, les objectifs de ce travail étaient: 1) de décrire la morphologie de la JOG au repos en tant que barrière antireflux, en comparant les mesures effectuées avec la 3D-HRM en temps réel, par rapport à celle simulées lors d’une manœuvre de « pull-through » et de déterminer quelles sont les signatures des pressions attribuables au SOI et au diaphragme; 2) d’évaluer la relaxation de la JOG pendant la déglutition en testant l'hypothèse selon laquelle la 3D-HRM permet le développement d’un nouveau paradigme (appelé « 3D eSleeve ») pour le calcul de l’IRP, fondé sur l’utilisation de la pression radiale minimale à chaque niveau de capteur de pression le long de la JOG. Ce nouveau paradigme sera comparé à une étude de transit en vidéofluoroscopie pour évaluer le gradient de pression à travers la JOG. Méthodes : Nous avons utilisé un cathéter 3D-HRM, qui incorpore un segment dit « 3D » de 9 cm au sein d’un cathéter HRM par ailleurs standard. Le segment 3D est composé de 12 niveaux (espacés de 7.5mm) de 8 capteurs de pression disposés radialement, soit un total de 96 capteurs. Neuf volontaires ont été étudiés au repos, où des enregistrements ont été effectués en temps réel et pendant une manœuvre de « pull-through » du segment 3D (mobilisation successive du cathéter de 5 mm, pour que le segment 3D se déplace le long de la JOG). Les mesures de la longueur du SOI et la détermination du RIP ont été réalisées. La longueur de la JOG a été mesurée lors du « pull-through » en utilisant 4 capteurs du segment 3D dispersés radialement et les marges de la JOG ont été définies par une augmentation de la pression de 2 mmHg par rapport à la pression gastrique ou de l’œsophage. Pour le calcul en temps réel, les limites distale et proximale de la JOG ont été définies par une augmentation de pression circonférentielle de 2 mmHg par rapport à la pression de l'estomac. Le RIP a été déterminée, A) dans le mode de tracé conventionnel avec la méthode du « pull-through » [le RIP est la valeur moyenne de 4 mesures] et B) en position fixe, dans le mode de représentation topographique de la pression de l’œsophage, en utilisant l’outil logiciel pour déterminer le point d'inversion de la pression (PIP). Pour l'étude de la relaxation de la JOG lors de la déglutition, 25 volontaires ont été étudiés et ont subi 3 études de manométrie (10 déglutitions de 5ml d’eau) en position couchée avec un cathéter HRM standard et un cathéter 3D-HRM. Avec la 3D-HRM, l’analyse a été effectuée une fois avec le segment 3D et une fois avec une partie non 3D du cathéter (capteurs standard de HRM). Ainsi, pour chaque individu, l'IRP a été calculée de quatre façons: 1) avec la méthode conventionnelle en utilisant le cathéter HRM standard, 2) avec la méthode conventionnelle en utilisant le segment standard du cathéter 3D-HRM, 3) avec la méthode conventionnelle en utilisant le segment « 3D » du cathéter 3D-HRM, et 4) avec le nouveau paradigme (3D eSleeve) qui recueille la pression minimale de chaque niveau de capteurs (segment 3D). Quatorze autres sujets ont subi une vidéofluoroscopie simultanée à l’étude de manométrie avec le cathéter 3D-HRM. Les données de pression ont été exportés vers MATLAB ™ et quatre pressions ont été mesurées simultanément : 1) la pression du corps de l’œsophage, 2cm au-dessus de la JOG, 2) la pression intragastrique, 3) la pression radiale moyenne de la JOG (pression du eSleeve) et 4) la pression de la JOG en utilisant la pression minimale de chaque niveau de capteurs (pression du 3D eSleeve). Ces données ont permis de déterminer le temps permissif d'écoulement du bolus (FPT), caractérisé par la période au cours de laquelle un gradient de pression existe à travers la JOG (pression œsophagienne > pression de relaxation de la JOG > pression gastrique). La présence ou l'absence du bolus en vidéofluoroscopie et le FPT ont été codés avec des valeurs dichotomiques pour chaque période de 0,1 s. Nous avons alors calculé la sensibilité et la spécificité correspondant à la valeur du FPT pour la pression du eSleeve et pour la pression du 3D eSleeve, avec la vidéofluoroscopie pour référence. Résultats : Les enregistrements avec la 3D-HRM laissent suggérer que la longueur du sphincter évaluée avec la méthode du « pull-through » était grandement exagéré en incorporant dans la mesure du SOI les signaux de pression extrinsèques à l’œsophage, asymétriques et attribuables aux piliers du diaphragme et aux structures vasculaires. L’enregistrement en temps réel a permis de constater que les principaux constituants de la pression de la JOG au repos étaient attribuables au diaphragme. L’IRP calculé avec le nouveau paradigme 3D eSleeve était significativement inférieur à tous les autres calculs d'IRP avec une limite supérieure de la normale de 12 mmHg contre 17 mmHg pour l’IRP calculé avec la HRM standard. La sensibilité (0,78) et la spécificité (0,88) du 3D eSleeve étaient meilleurs que le eSleeve standard (0,55 et 0,85 respectivement) pour prédire le FPT par rapport à la vidéofluoroscopie. Discussion et conclusion : Nos observations suggèrent que la 3D-HRM permet l'enregistrement en temps réel des attributs de la JOG, facilitant l'analyse des constituants responsables de sa fonction au repos en tant que barrière antireflux. La résolution spatiale axiale et radiale du segment « 3D » pourrait permettre de poursuivre cette étude pour quantifier les signaux de pression de la JOG attribuable au SOI et aux structures extrinsèques (diaphragme et artéfacts vasculaires). Ces attributs du cathéter 3D-HRM suggèrent qu'il s'agit d'un nouvel outil prometteur pour l'étude de la physiopathologie du RGO. Au cours de la déglutition, nous avons évalué la faisabilité d’améliorer la mesure de l’IRP en utilisant ce nouveau cathéter de manométrie 3D avec un nouveau paradigme (3D eSleeve) basé sur l’utilisation de la pression radiale minimale à chaque niveau de capteurs de pression. Nos résultats suggèrent que cette approche est plus précise que celle de la manométrie haute résolution standard. La 3D-HRM devrait certainement améliorer la précision des mesures de relaxation de la JOG et cela devrait avoir un impact sur la recherche pour modéliser la JOG au cours de la déglutition et dans le RGO. / Background & Aims: Conventional water-perfused manometry and high resolution manometry permitted the development of a variety of manometric methodologies and metrics to understand the motility of the esophagus and to quantify esophagogastric junction (EGJ) characteristics. However, the anatomy in the area of the EGJ is complex and intraluminal manometry recordings detect pressure signals referable both to intrinsic esophageal structures and to adjacent extrinsic structures impinging on the esophagus. Both have distinct sphincteric mechanisms within the EGJ. The dominant pressure signals detected near the EGJ are attributable to the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) and the crural diaphragm (CD). However, neither of these technologies were able to distinguish between the different components of the EGJ. When analyzing EGJ characteristics as a reflection of its competence against reflux, the more widely used manometric parameters are the EGJ length and the respiratory inversion point (RIP), defined as the location at which inspiratory pressure deflections change from positive (abdomen) to negative (chest). However, the significance of these metrics has not gained wide acceptance in the gastroenterology community as evident in a recent American Gastroenterology Association Institute (AGAI) Position Statement (1) concluding that ‘The current role of manometry in gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is to exclude motor disorders as a cause of the continued symptoms’. During deglutition, the objective quantitative measurement of EGJ relaxation, the integrative relaxation pressure (IRP), permits one to distinguish between normal and abnormal EGJ relaxation. However, comparison between spatial pressure variation plots and relaxation pressures derived from circumferentially averaged pressures suggest a persistent high pressure at the hiatal center during a period that flow is known to be occurring whereas this was not seen using nadir radial pressure data. Recently, a 3D-high resolution manometry (3D-HRM) assembly (Given Imaging, Duluth, GA) has been developed with the potential to simplify the assessment of EGJ pressure morphology and physiology. The 3D segment of the array permits high resolution recording both axially and radially while maintaining a stationary sensor position. Consequently, 3D-HRM should allow for the measurement of important EGJ parameters such as length and RIP. Data extracted from the 3D-HRM recording may also allow differentiating pressure signals within the EGJ attributable to the intrinsic sphincter and to the surrounding elements. Moreover, 3D-HRM preserves the individual pressure values of each radially dispersed sensor within the array, permitting one to overcome the apparent persistent high pressure during the deglutitive relaxation. Thus, the aims of this work were 1) to describe the EGJ pressure morphology at rest, comparing measures made with real time 3D-HRM to simulations of a conventional pull-through protocol and to define the pressure signatures attributable to the diaphragmatic and LES pressure components within the 3D-HRM recording; 2) to assess deglutitive EGJ relaxation by testing the hypothesis that the 3D-HRM array using an analysis paradigm based on finding the minimal radial pressure at each axial level (3D-eSleeve) should provide a representation of the luminal pressure gradient across the EGJ that is more relevant to predicting periods of trans-sphincteric flow using barium transit on fluoroscopy as the comparator. We also sought to adapt the IRP metric to the 3D-HRM array using the 3D-eSleeve principle (3D-IRP) and compare normative values obtained with this new paradigm to standard IRP calculations. Methods: Patients were studied with a 3D-HRM assembly. The 3D-HRM assembly incorporated a 9 cm 3D-HRM segment into an otherwise standard HRM assembly; the 3D segment was comprised of 12 rings of 8 radially dispersed independent pressure sensors, spaced 7.5mm apart. At rest, 9 volunteers were studied and recordings were done during a station pull-through of the 3D-HRM segment withdrawing it across the EGJ at 5 mm increments with each position held for 30s (sufficient to capture several respiratory cycles). Conventional measures of ‘LES length’ were made using 4 radially dispersed sensors within the 3D-HRM array, defining the margins of the sphincter by a 2 mmHg pressure increase relative to gastric or esophageal pressure. In the 3D-HRM, the proximal and distal limits of the EGJ were defined as the axial locations first detecting a 360° circumferential pressure increase of 2 mmHg relative to the stomach. RIP was determined, A) in the tracing mode: using the pull-through of 4 single sensors spaced 7.5 mm apart [RIP is the average value of 4 radially dispersed sensors] and B) in a stationary position using the software pressure inversion point (PIP) tool. In the esophageal pressure topography (EPT) mode, the tracing changed progressively from a thoracic pattern to an abdominal pattern, and the RIP was localized within the inversion zone with the PIP tool tracing. For the study of the EGJ deglutitive relaxation, 25 volunteers underwent 3 consecutive 10-swallows protocols of 5 ml of water in the supine position with both the standard (once) and 3D-HRM (twice) devices in random sequence. During the 3D-HRM studies, the EGJ was measured once with the 3D-sleeve segment and once with a proximal (non-3D sleeve portion) of the device incorporating standard HRM sensors. For each subject, the IRP was calculated in four ways: 1) conventional method with the standard HRM device, 2) conventional method with a standard HRM segment of the 3D-HRM device, 3) conventional method using the 3D-HRM sleeve segment, and 4) a novel 3D-HRM eSleeve paradigm (3D-IRP) localizing the radial pressure minimum at each locus along the eSleeve. Fourteen additional subjects then underwent synchronized simultaneous videofluoroscopy and 3D-HRM (including two 5-ml barium swallows). Pressure data were exported to MATLAB™ and four pressures were measured simultaneously: 1) esophageal body pressure 2cm above EGJ, 2) intragastric pressure, 3) radially average eSleeve pressure and 4) 3D-eSleeve pressure. Data were plotted to determine the flow permissive time (FPT) characterized as periods during which a pressure gradient through the EGJ is present (esophageal pressure > EGJ relaxation pressure (radial average or 3D-eSleeve paradigm) > gastric pressure). FPT was calculated during a 10s time window after upper sphincter relaxation. The presence or absence of bolus transit or FPT was coded with dichotomous values for each 0.1 s. We calculated the corresponding sensitivity and specificity for both radial average and 3D-eSleeve analyses of FPT with bolus transit evident on fluoroscopy being the reference. Results: 3D-HRM recordings suggested that sphincter length assessed by a pull-through method greatly exaggerated the estimate of LES length by failing to discriminate among circumferential contractile pressure and asymmetric extrinsic pressure signals attributable to diaphragmatic and vascular structures. Real-time 3D EGJ recordings found that the dominant constituents of EGJ pressure at rest were attributable to the diaphragm. The 3D-IRP was significantly less than all other calculations of IRP with the upper limit of normal being 12 mmHg vs. 17 mmHg for the standard IRP. The sensitivity (0.78) and the specificity (0.88) of the 3D-eSleeve were also better than the standard eSleeve (0.55 and 0.85, respectively) for predicting flow permissive time verified fluoroscopically. Discussion & Conclusion: Our observations suggest that the 3D-HRM permits real-time recording of EGJ pressure morphology facilitating analysis of the EGJ constituents responsible for its function as a reflux barrier at rest. The axial and radial spatial resolution of the 9 cm 3D-HRM segment may permit further studies to differentiate pressure signals within the EGJ attributable to the LES and to extrinsic structures (diaphragm and vascular artifacts). These attributes of the 3D-HRM device suggest it to be a promising new tool in the study of GERD pathophysiology. During deglutition, we evaluated the feasibility of improving the measurement of IRP utilizing a novel 3D-HRM assembly and a novel 3D-eSleeve concept based on finding the axial maximum of the radial minimum pressures at each sensor ring along the sleeve segment. Our findings suggest that this approach is more accurate than standard HRM and other methods that utilize a radially averaged pressure within the EGJ. Although we can only speculate on how much this will improve clinical management, 3D-HRM will certainly improve the accuracy of EGJ relaxation measurements and this will certainly impact research endeavors focused on modeling EGJ function during swallowing and reflux.