Deep decarbonisation of road transportation is challenging. One of the most potentially beneficial approaches is electrification which is the subject of this PhD thesis. A widespread penetration of electric vehicles (EVs) across a large proportion of road transport demand is needed to realise the benefits of an electrified transport sector. However, this is dependent on overcoming significant barriers. This study performs a systematic analysis of how proven power charging technologies could be used to unlock the barriers to widespread electrification of road transportation. Various road transport sectors and type of journeys are explored including aspects of autonomous operations and novel wireless power transfer technologies. For each operation, a framework is proposed that allows the exploitation of current and potential future electrification technologies to enable shifting towards EVs. Based on that, simulation tools and methods are developed to calculate the power requirements of EVs and determine a suitable charging infrastructure. The additional power demand, electric load and the implications for the electricity supply network are explored. The total expenditure needed and the CO2 emission savings are also calculated for each investigated operation. Transitional strategies include the electrification of bus routes, refuse collection functions, home deliveries and aspects of autonomous operations for public transportation within the boundaries of the cities. In the long-term, focus is given on passenger cars and freight vehicles for both urban and inter-urban journeys. A nationwide adoption of all electrification strategies proposed in this thesis would increase the peak power demand of Great Britain by approximately 38 GW (72% of the current peak) and the electricity consumption by 180 TWh per year (45% of current consumption). The total capital cost required is calculated at £225 billion which is similar to the cost of other large infrastructure projects of the country. The impact would be a significant aggregate saving of approximately 2,000 MtCO2 between the numbers calculated for today's norms (2018) and those calculated for 2050.

The aim of this study was to investigate reasons for non–payment by residents for services rendered by the Vhembe District Municipality. The municipalities are responsible for delivering such services as water supply, electricity, road maintenance, refuse collection and sanitation. Multistage sampling techniques were employed. The subjects in the study were grouped into clusters and a sample was taken from each cluster. In this case the municipalities that took part in the study were selected first, followed by wards, villages and households. Households in the selected villages were selected randomly to participate in the study. The results showed that although the municipalities were making an effort to raise and send bills to the residents, the residents were not forthcoming with payments. The reasons advanced for the unwillingness to pay services by residents include ignorance, poverty and simple unwillingness to pay. / Public Administration and Management / M.P.A. (Master of Public Administration and Management)

Acompanha: A abordagem temática “reciclagem” integrando o currículo de ciências do ensino fundamental: investigando a percepção dos professores / Este trabalho investigou a percepção dos professores de ciências com relação à temática ambiental reciclagem no ensino de ciências do Colégio Estadual Olavo Bilac situado no município de Cantagalo/Pr. Defende-se que a reciclagem deve ser abordada em sala de aula de forma local, a fim de proporcionar aos estudantes mudanças de atitude com relação ao meio ambiente ao qual estão inseridos. Essa investigação traz como ponto de partida reflexões teóricas acerca dos documentos oficiais PCN e DCE e a educação ambiental através do tempo. Realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa na modalidade de estudo de caso aplicando um questionário aos professores que ministram aulas de ciências nesta escola. Os questionários foram analisados por modalidades envolvendo escola, currículo, professores e sociedade. Os professores consultados evidenciaram que a influência no comportamento dos estudantes é possível, desde que seja efetivado um trabalho pedagógico continuado, não se esgotando na sala de aula, mas envolvendo o desenvolvimento de ações educativas que possam mobilizar os estudantes e envolver a própria comunidade. Os professores percebem a necessidade de uma prática de ensino diferenciada, mas ainda encontram dificuldades, como a de conseguir abordar todo o conteúdo curricular definido. As respostas do questionário nos levaram a construir uma unidade didática chamada “Cartilha da Reciclagem” que aborda a reciclagem de maneira local com particularidades do município, destinada aos professores a fim de enriquecer as aulas de ciências. / This study investigated the perception of Science teachers regarding environmental recycling theme in the science education from the OlavoBilacState School, located in the city of Cantagalo/PR. Argues that the recycling should be addressed in the classroom locally, in other to provide to students changings in the attitude towards the environment, which they belong. This research brings as a starting point for theoretical reflections, the official documents PCN and DCE and environmental education beyond the time. We conducted a qualitative study in the form of case study applying a questionnaire to the teachers that teach science at this school. These questionnaires were analyzed in themes such as school, curriculum, teachers and society, which provides a perception that an influence in the students‟ behavior is possible, using a continued pedagogical work, not extinguishing the classroom, but involving the development of actions in education that can mobilize the students to be part of the community. Teachers perceive the need of a differentiate education practice, but still have difficulties in address all the curricular content. The answers to the questionnaire led us to build a teaching unit called “Primer on Recycling”, that covers the local city recycling for teachers to enrich the science classes.

Os princípios básicos na educação ambiental como as ações de sensibilização, compreensão e responsabilidade, tornam-se cada vez mais necessários para possibilitar reflexões sobre práticas cotidianas em prol da melhoria geral da qualidade de vida. Neste aspecto, a temática de resíduos sólidos inserida na educação ambiental pode representar uma valiosa contribuição para despertar a comunidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sensibilizar alunos de ensino fundamental de escolas municipais de Campo Magro – PR, sobre a importância da segregação e destinação correta de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Após a realização de entrevista com diretores e de diagnóstico dos ambientes das nove escolas municipais, foram definidas duas escolas para dar continuidade ao trabalho. Foi elaborado e aplicado um questionário para os alunos do 4º e 5º anos das escolas para avaliar as concepções e atitudes em relação à temática dos resíduos sólidos, ainda no mesmo dia foi solicitado a eles que realizassem uma representação (desenho) sobre o tema “lixo”. Através de análises destes instrumentos pôde-se fazer algumas considerações sobre o entendimento que os alunos têm da temática proposta, e traçar estratégias de educação ambiental de forma lúdica, como rodas de conversas e plantio de árvores, envolvendo as turmas de 4º e 5º anos. Também foram realizadas atividades de educação ambiental com os alunos dos 1°, 2° e 3° anos de ambas as escolas, além de diálogos com funcionários de limpeza, professores e os pais dos alunos. Após esta etapa, foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas atividades envolvendo as duas escolas, como confecções de cartazes (desenhos e frases) e de brinquedos, utilizando material reciclável. Todo o material produzido foi exposto nas escolas em um evento denominado “Reciclando Ideias”. No desenvolvimento das estratégias notou-se curiosidade e empenho bem como, trabalho e cooperação entre equipes. Em diálogo com os alunos, os mesmos opinavam de forma positiva sobre a continuidade das estratégias em outros momentos, mostrando interesse pelo assunto proposto e pela forma com que estávamos realizando o trabalho. Durante a realização dessas atividades pôde ser notado o envolvimento da comunidade escolar referente a questões ambientais em ambas as escolas, sendo relevante destacar a participação dos professores que sempre junto com seus alunos participaram e colaboraram para as atividades. Através desse projeto, pode ser confirmado que a temática ambiental para as séries iniciais da educação básica, deve ser trabalhada através de atividades diferenciadas e envolvendo alunos, professores, corpo técnico e a comunidade onde residem os alunos, pois somente com a ação dos multiplicadores ambientais é que será possível haver mudanças no cenário em que o meio ambiente encontra-se hoje. / The basic principles in environmental education as awareness, understanding and responsibility become actions are increasingly necessary to provide reflections on everyday practices on overall quality of life. In this regard, solid waste topic insertion in environmental education may represent a valuable contribution to awaken the community. The present study aimed to sensitize primary school students of municipal schools in Campo Magro - PR, of segregation and proper disposal of solid waste importance. After conducting interviews with directors and diagnostic environments of the nine public schools, two schools were established to continue the work. A questionnaire was elaborated and applied to students in 4th and 5th years of schools to assess views and attitudes towards solid waste topic, and they was prompted to stage a representation (drawing) on the topic "junk" on the same day. Through analysis of these instruments it was possible to make some considerations on the understanding that students have of the proposed topic, and design strategies for environmental education in a playful way, like wheels conversations and planting trees, involving groups of 4 and 5 years. Environmental education activities with students of 1st, 2nd and 3rd years of both schools were also performed, as well as dialogues with cleaning staff, teachers and parents of students. After this step, were developed and applied activities involving the two schools, as clothing, posters (drawings and phrases) and toys, using recyclable material. All material produced was exposed in schools in an event called "Recycling Ideas". The development of strategies was noted curiosity and commitment as well as work and cooperation between teams. In dialogue with the students, they opined positively about the continuity of the strategies at other times, showing interest in the proposed issue and by the way we were doing the work. While performing these activities could be noted the involvement of the school community regarding environmental issues at both schools, being relevant to highlight the participation of teachers who always together with their students participated and contributed to the activities. Through this project, it can be confirmed that the environmental issue in the early grades of elementary education, must be worked through differentiated activities and involving students, teachers, staff and community where students reside, because only with the action of environmental multipliers is that current environment scenario can be changed.

Acompanha: A abordagem temática “reciclagem” integrando o currículo de ciências do ensino fundamental: investigando a percepção dos professores / Este trabalho investigou a percepção dos professores de ciências com relação à temática ambiental reciclagem no ensino de ciências do Colégio Estadual Olavo Bilac situado no município de Cantagalo/Pr. Defende-se que a reciclagem deve ser abordada em sala de aula de forma local, a fim de proporcionar aos estudantes mudanças de atitude com relação ao meio ambiente ao qual estão inseridos. Essa investigação traz como ponto de partida reflexões teóricas acerca dos documentos oficiais PCN e DCE e a educação ambiental através do tempo. Realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa na modalidade de estudo de caso aplicando um questionário aos professores que ministram aulas de ciências nesta escola. Os questionários foram analisados por modalidades envolvendo escola, currículo, professores e sociedade. Os professores consultados evidenciaram que a influência no comportamento dos estudantes é possível, desde que seja efetivado um trabalho pedagógico continuado, não se esgotando na sala de aula, mas envolvendo o desenvolvimento de ações educativas que possam mobilizar os estudantes e envolver a própria comunidade. Os professores percebem a necessidade de uma prática de ensino diferenciada, mas ainda encontram dificuldades, como a de conseguir abordar todo o conteúdo curricular definido. As respostas do questionário nos levaram a construir uma unidade didática chamada “Cartilha da Reciclagem” que aborda a reciclagem de maneira local com particularidades do município, destinada aos professores a fim de enriquecer as aulas de ciências. / This study investigated the perception of Science teachers regarding environmental recycling theme in the science education from the OlavoBilacState School, located in the city of Cantagalo/PR. Argues that the recycling should be addressed in the classroom locally, in other to provide to students changings in the attitude towards the environment, which they belong. This research brings as a starting point for theoretical reflections, the official documents PCN and DCE and environmental education beyond the time. We conducted a qualitative study in the form of case study applying a questionnaire to the teachers that teach science at this school. These questionnaires were analyzed in themes such as school, curriculum, teachers and society, which provides a perception that an influence in the students‟ behavior is possible, using a continued pedagogical work, not extinguishing the classroom, but involving the development of actions in education that can mobilize the students to be part of the community. Teachers perceive the need of a differentiate education practice, but still have difficulties in address all the curricular content. The answers to the questionnaire led us to build a teaching unit called “Primer on Recycling”, that covers the local city recycling for teachers to enrich the science classes.

Os princípios básicos na educação ambiental como as ações de sensibilização, compreensão e responsabilidade, tornam-se cada vez mais necessários para possibilitar reflexões sobre práticas cotidianas em prol da melhoria geral da qualidade de vida. Neste aspecto, a temática de resíduos sólidos inserida na educação ambiental pode representar uma valiosa contribuição para despertar a comunidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo sensibilizar alunos de ensino fundamental de escolas municipais de Campo Magro – PR, sobre a importância da segregação e destinação correta de resíduos sólidos urbanos. Após a realização de entrevista com diretores e de diagnóstico dos ambientes das nove escolas municipais, foram definidas duas escolas para dar continuidade ao trabalho. Foi elaborado e aplicado um questionário para os alunos do 4º e 5º anos das escolas para avaliar as concepções e atitudes em relação à temática dos resíduos sólidos, ainda no mesmo dia foi solicitado a eles que realizassem uma representação (desenho) sobre o tema “lixo”. Através de análises destes instrumentos pôde-se fazer algumas considerações sobre o entendimento que os alunos têm da temática proposta, e traçar estratégias de educação ambiental de forma lúdica, como rodas de conversas e plantio de árvores, envolvendo as turmas de 4º e 5º anos. Também foram realizadas atividades de educação ambiental com os alunos dos 1°, 2° e 3° anos de ambas as escolas, além de diálogos com funcionários de limpeza, professores e os pais dos alunos. Após esta etapa, foram desenvolvidas e aplicadas atividades envolvendo as duas escolas, como confecções de cartazes (desenhos e frases) e de brinquedos, utilizando material reciclável. Todo o material produzido foi exposto nas escolas em um evento denominado “Reciclando Ideias”. No desenvolvimento das estratégias notou-se curiosidade e empenho bem como, trabalho e cooperação entre equipes. Em diálogo com os alunos, os mesmos opinavam de forma positiva sobre a continuidade das estratégias em outros momentos, mostrando interesse pelo assunto proposto e pela forma com que estávamos realizando o trabalho. Durante a realização dessas atividades pôde ser notado o envolvimento da comunidade escolar referente a questões ambientais em ambas as escolas, sendo relevante destacar a participação dos professores que sempre junto com seus alunos participaram e colaboraram para as atividades. Através desse projeto, pode ser confirmado que a temática ambiental para as séries iniciais da educação básica, deve ser trabalhada através de atividades diferenciadas e envolvendo alunos, professores, corpo técnico e a comunidade onde residem os alunos, pois somente com a ação dos multiplicadores ambientais é que será possível haver mudanças no cenário em que o meio ambiente encontra-se hoje. / The basic principles in environmental education as awareness, understanding and responsibility become actions are increasingly necessary to provide reflections on everyday practices on overall quality of life. In this regard, solid waste topic insertion in environmental education may represent a valuable contribution to awaken the community. The present study aimed to sensitize primary school students of municipal schools in Campo Magro - PR, of segregation and proper disposal of solid waste importance. After conducting interviews with directors and diagnostic environments of the nine public schools, two schools were established to continue the work. A questionnaire was elaborated and applied to students in 4th and 5th years of schools to assess views and attitudes towards solid waste topic, and they was prompted to stage a representation (drawing) on the topic "junk" on the same day. Through analysis of these instruments it was possible to make some considerations on the understanding that students have of the proposed topic, and design strategies for environmental education in a playful way, like wheels conversations and planting trees, involving groups of 4 and 5 years. Environmental education activities with students of 1st, 2nd and 3rd years of both schools were also performed, as well as dialogues with cleaning staff, teachers and parents of students. After this step, were developed and applied activities involving the two schools, as clothing, posters (drawings and phrases) and toys, using recyclable material. All material produced was exposed in schools in an event called "Recycling Ideas". The development of strategies was noted curiosity and commitment as well as work and cooperation between teams. In dialogue with the students, they opined positively about the continuity of the strategies at other times, showing interest in the proposed issue and by the way we were doing the work. While performing these activities could be noted the involvement of the school community regarding environmental issues at both schools, being relevant to highlight the participation of teachers who always together with their students participated and contributed to the activities. Through this project, it can be confirmed that the environmental issue in the early grades of elementary education, must be worked through differentiated activities and involving students, teachers, staff and community where students reside, because only with the action of environmental multipliers is that current environment scenario can be changed.

Bibliographical refernces appear at the end of each chapter / This study reviews solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. The study area covered some of the residential areas in Polokwane City; namely; Ivy Park, Fauna Park, Welgelegen, Westernburg and the City Centre. This article describes two main methods that were used to collect data; that is Qualitative and Quantitative method. Field survey was also made to validate data obtained from the participants that were interviewed during qualitative data process. After framing the problem, the objectives of Solid Waste Management Practices in Polokwane City were briefly outlined as follows: • Assess solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. • Make comparison on how households and the municipality take responsibility in storing, collecting, transporting, treating and disposing solid waste. • Investigate what problems the City encounters in managing solid waste. • Make relevant recommendations aimed at improving solid waste management practices within the City. The service management was administered by the municipality and private sector. From the five study residential areas, the Municipality manages waste in the City Centre while the private sector manages waste in the other residential areas. However, the City continues to play an administrative role over the contracted service provider. Statistical results were presented in figures and tables. The results showed the storage habits, frequency of collection, mode of transport and methods of disposal for solid waste in Polokwane City. The only method of disposal in the city was found to be landfilling. Activities that took place at the landfill site, such as reclaiming were outlined together with the economic values that these activities add to the City. The study also revealed that as population increases, the amount of solid waste generated also increased. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

Bibliographical refernces appear at the end of each chapter / This study reviews solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. The study area covered some of the residential areas in Polokwane City; namely; Ivy Park, Fauna Park, Welgelegen, Westernburg and the City Centre. This article describes two main methods that were used to collect data; that is Qualitative and Quantitative method. Field survey was also made to validate data obtained from the participants that were interviewed during qualitative data process. After framing the problem, the objectives of Solid Waste Management Practices in Polokwane City were briefly outlined as follows: • Assess solid waste management practices in Polokwane City. • Make comparison on how households and the municipality take responsibility in storing, collecting, transporting, treating and disposing solid waste. • Investigate what problems the City encounters in managing solid waste. • Make relevant recommendations aimed at improving solid waste management practices within the City. The service management was administered by the municipality and private sector. From the five study residential areas, the Municipality manages waste in the City Centre while the private sector manages waste in the other residential areas. However, the City continues to play an administrative role over the contracted service provider. Statistical results were presented in figures and tables. The results showed the storage habits, frequency of collection, mode of transport and methods of disposal for solid waste in Polokwane City. The only method of disposal in the city was found to be landfilling. Activities that took place at the landfill site, such as reclaiming were outlined together with the economic values that these activities add to the City. The study also revealed that as population increases, the amount of solid waste generated also increased. / Environmental Sciences / M. Sc. (Environmental Management)

O objetivo do trabalho foi sensibilizar moradores e alunos de uma comunidade piloto quanto à correta separação, destinação e valorização dos resíduos sólidos, visando à melhoria nas condições de trabalho e de renda dos catadores de materiais recicláveis da central de triagem. A metodologia principal foi a pesquisa ação, que envolveu três etapas: fase exploratória, de ação e de avaliação. Para embasamento das ações de sensibilização, a fase exploratória contou, primeiramente, com o estudo da dinâmica de trabalho em uma central de triagem. Tal estudo se justifica pelo fato de que uma central de triagem é o elo principal entre a fonte geradora de resíduos sólidos e as indústrias recicladoras. Além disso, foi realizado diagnóstico da percepção de moradores e alunos sobre a separação e a valorização dos resíduos sólidos, em uma um bairro piloto, alvo das ações de sensibilização. Na fase de avaliação, novo estudo do entendimento da comunidade piloto foi feito para compreender se a sensibilização trouxe mudanças de percepção e se houve algum tipo de interferência nos gargalos diagnosticados na central de triagem. Os principais resultados apontaram as etapas de triagem e do rejeito como gargalos, as quais sofrem interferência da segregação nas fontes geradoras e da deficiência dos sistemas de logística reversa para escoamento dos resíduos. As ações de sensibilização com alunos e moradores resultaram em aprimoramento da percepção quanto à importância do envio de materiais limpos e secos à coleta seletiva; ao conhecimento de uma associação de catadores e à importância de destinar resíduos especiais, como lâmpadas fluorescentes, às revendas, diminuindo a recepção de resíduos perigosos na central de triagem. Os resultados servirão para embasar as discussões com a cadeia produtiva visando ao escoamento sustentável dos resíduos, e as ações já foram replicadas no município em toda a rede municipal e estadual de ensino, e em residências atendidas pelo programa das agentes comunitárias de saúde. / The objective of this work was to sensitize residents and students in a pilot community for proper separation, disposal and recovery of solid waste in order to improve working conditions and income of recyclable materials collectors from a sorting center. The main methodology was action research, which involved three stages: exploratory, action and evaluation. The working dynamics study in a sorting center based sensitization actions, in exploratory stage. The main link between the source of solid waste and recycling industries is a sorting center that is why this study is important. Moreover, perception diagnosis of separation and recycling of solid waste was made with residents and students in a pilot neighborhood. New study was done in the evaluation phase to find perception changes and to know if sensitization actions interfered in the sorting center bottlenecks diagnosed. The main results showed that steps of sorting and tailings are bottlenecks, suffering interference from domiciliary segregation and deficiency of reverse logistics systems for waste disposal. Sensitization actions with students and residents improved the perception of sending clean and dry recyclable materials to selective collection. Also improved the knowledge of an association of recyclable material collectors and the importance of devoting hazardous wastes such as fluorescent lamps, to resellers, decreasing the receipt of this kind of waste at the sorting center. The results will be used to support discussions with the producers chain toward sustainable waste disposal. Actions have already been replicated in the city throughout municipal and state schools, and homes served by the program of community health workers.

O objetivo do trabalho foi sensibilizar moradores e alunos de uma comunidade piloto quanto à correta separação, destinação e valorização dos resíduos sólidos, visando à melhoria nas condições de trabalho e de renda dos catadores de materiais recicláveis da central de triagem. A metodologia principal foi a pesquisa ação, que envolveu três etapas: fase exploratória, de ação e de avaliação. Para embasamento das ações de sensibilização, a fase exploratória contou, primeiramente, com o estudo da dinâmica de trabalho em uma central de triagem. Tal estudo se justifica pelo fato de que uma central de triagem é o elo principal entre a fonte geradora de resíduos sólidos e as indústrias recicladoras. Além disso, foi realizado diagnóstico da percepção de moradores e alunos sobre a separação e a valorização dos resíduos sólidos, em uma um bairro piloto, alvo das ações de sensibilização. Na fase de avaliação, novo estudo do entendimento da comunidade piloto foi feito para compreender se a sensibilização trouxe mudanças de percepção e se houve algum tipo de interferência nos gargalos diagnosticados na central de triagem. Os principais resultados apontaram as etapas de triagem e do rejeito como gargalos, as quais sofrem interferência da segregação nas fontes geradoras e da deficiência dos sistemas de logística reversa para escoamento dos resíduos. As ações de sensibilização com alunos e moradores resultaram em aprimoramento da percepção quanto à importância do envio de materiais limpos e secos à coleta seletiva; ao conhecimento de uma associação de catadores e à importância de destinar resíduos especiais, como lâmpadas fluorescentes, às revendas, diminuindo a recepção de resíduos perigosos na central de triagem. Os resultados servirão para embasar as discussões com a cadeia produtiva visando ao escoamento sustentável dos resíduos, e as ações já foram replicadas no município em toda a rede municipal e estadual de ensino, e em residências atendidas pelo programa das agentes comunitárias de saúde. / The objective of this work was to sensitize residents and students in a pilot community for proper separation, disposal and recovery of solid waste in order to improve working conditions and income of recyclable materials collectors from a sorting center. The main methodology was action research, which involved three stages: exploratory, action and evaluation. The working dynamics study in a sorting center based sensitization actions, in exploratory stage. The main link between the source of solid waste and recycling industries is a sorting center that is why this study is important. Moreover, perception diagnosis of separation and recycling of solid waste was made with residents and students in a pilot neighborhood. New study was done in the evaluation phase to find perception changes and to know if sensitization actions interfered in the sorting center bottlenecks diagnosed. The main results showed that steps of sorting and tailings are bottlenecks, suffering interference from domiciliary segregation and deficiency of reverse logistics systems for waste disposal. Sensitization actions with students and residents improved the perception of sending clean and dry recyclable materials to selective collection. Also improved the knowledge of an association of recyclable material collectors and the importance of devoting hazardous wastes such as fluorescent lamps, to resellers, decreasing the receipt of this kind of waste at the sorting center. The results will be used to support discussions with the producers chain toward sustainable waste disposal. Actions have already been replicated in the city throughout municipal and state schools, and homes served by the program of community health workers.