The first part of the thesis provides an analysis of previous studies on corporations as political actors in International Relations and International Political Economy. The aim of the theoretical research is to build a conceptual clarification with regard to the concept of global governance, power and authority focused on the transformation of transnational regulation in global governance and to enhance our understanding of business political power. The current research on the structure and processes of global governance highlights five empirical trends: First, the growth of the scale and the scope of non-state actors; second, the emergence of new governance systems that connect different constituencies, such as public and private actors; third, the growing legalisation surrounding environmental and social transnational politics; fourth, the segmentation of rule-making into different functional clusters and among multiple authorities; and, fifth, the emergence of new mechanisms at the global level, often in the form of novel institutional arrangements and actor coalitions.This part also focuses on the revision of the concepts that allow us to analyse the political role of businesses in the global political economy. The research attempts to understand the emergence of CSR beyond international public law in order to advance on knowledge regarding participation by private authorities in global governance. To understand the structure of CSR, the study focuses on the different range of critical approaches used to understand the influence of neoliberalism in the development of the new world order and the emergence of CSR. The second part focuses on global governance theoretical approaches and the emergence of new regulating transnational arrangements that have achieved effective solutions, transcending national boundaries and institutionalising the behaviour of private actors around a set of consciously devised and relatively specific global rules. From an institutional point of view, the emerging private regulating arrangements highlight the increasing density of rule-based interactions that have gradually given rise to an organisational field of transnational rule-making in global governance. The analyses adopt a matrix to classify the new typology of transnational regulation arrangements in which private authorities participate. The research focuses the study on the emergence of these new arrangements promoted by private authorities in dialogue and cooperation with global civil society organizations and other constellations of actors. The research also analyses the emergence of CSR within the framework of the global political economy. The study of CSR shows how it is based on the development of business self-regulation and the emergence of a new global public domain where NGOs and other networks within global civil society engage with the corporate sector to expand the web of corporate accountability, sustainability, labour and human rights initiatives. From this point of view, the critical international political economy approach lets us understand neoliberalism's influence and the role of business elites in CSR.Finally, the third part centers on the empirical analysis of CSR's institutionalization, taking into account the mechanisms that business elites promote to develop and implement CSR, especially private self-regulation and multistakeholder regulation. The empirical research analyses the role of neoliberal structuralist business elites in institutionalizing CSR though the creation of specific CSR and sustainability business associations. The empirical research creates a map of different business associations to promote CSR. The last part of the thesis provides a case study to analyse the emergence of CSR multistakeholder initiatives. The analysis of Global Reporting Initiative's institutionalisation focuses on the study of the role business leaders have on the GRI Board of Directors. It attempts to develop an empirical understanding of the role they play in decision-making and implementation processes for new forms of multistakeholder regulation. / The first part of the thesis provides an analysis of previous studies on corporations as political actors in International Relations and International Political Economy. The aim of the theoretical research is to build a conceptual clarification with regard to the concept of global governance, power and authority focused on the transformation of transnational regulation in global governance and to enhance our understanding of business political power. The current research on the structure and processes of global governance highlights five empirical trends: First, the growth of the scale and the scope of non-state actors; second, the emergence of new governance systems that connect different constituencies, such as public and private actors; third, the growing legalisation surrounding environmental and social transnational politics; fourth, the segmentation of rule-making into different functional clusters and among multiple authorities; and, fifth, the emergence of new mechanisms at the global level, often in the form of novel institutional arrangements and actor coalitions.This part also focuses on the revision of the concepts that allow us to analyse the political role of businesses in the global political economy. The research attempts to understand the emergence of CSR beyond international public law in order to advance on knowledge regarding participation by private authorities in global governance. To understand the structure of CSR, the study focuses on the different range of critical approaches used to understand the influence of neoliberalism in the development of the new world order and the emergence of CSR. The second part focuses on global governance theoretical approaches and the emergence of new regulating transnational arrangements that have achieved effective solutions, transcending national boundaries and institutionalising the behaviour of private actors around a set of consciously devised and relatively specific global rules. From an institutional point of view, the emerging private regulating arrangements highlight the increasing density of rule-based interactions that have gradually given rise to an organisational field of transnational rule-making in global governance. The analyses adopt a matrix to classify the new typology of transnational regulation arrangements in which private authorities participate. The research focuses the study on the emergence of these new arrangements promoted by private authorities in dialogue and cooperation with global civil society organizations and other constellations of actors. The research also analyses the emergence of CSR within the framework of the global political economy. The study of CSR shows how it is based on the development of business self-regulation and the emergence of a new global public domain where NGOs and other networks within global civil society engage with the corporate sector to expand the web of corporate accountability, sustainability, labour and human rights initiatives. From this point of view, the critical international political economy approach lets us understand neoliberalism's influence and the role of business elites in CSR. Finally, the third part centers on the empirical analysis of CSR's institutionalization, taking into account the mechanisms that business elites promote to develop and implement CSR, especially private self-regulation and multistakeholder regulation. The empirical research analyses the role of neoliberal structuralist business elites in institutionalizing CSR though the creation of specific CSR and sustainability business associations. The empirical research creates a map of different business associations to promote CSR. The last part of the thesis provides a case study to analyse the emergence of CSR multistakeholder initiatives. The analysis of Global Reporting Initiative's institutionalisation focuses on the study of the role business leaders have on the GRI Board of Directors. It attempts to develop an empirical understanding of the role they play in decision-making and implementation processes for new forms of multistakeholder regulation.

La tesis consta de tres capítulos independientes en los que aplico técnicas de Organización Industrial y de Teoría de Juegos (tanto cooperativos como no cooperativos) a distintas interacciones económicas En todos los problemas que se estudian, el elemento esencial para el análisis es la presencia de externalidades.En el primer capítulo estudio un problema de regulación medioambiental en presencia de selección adversa, cuando la empresa puede sufrir un cierto grado de ignorancia acerca de su "tipo". En este marco analizo las implicaciones de la presencia de terceros agentes informados, en el proceso de regulación. Estudio y comparo el papel que pueden jugar los ecologistas y los expertos. Los resultados obtenidos apoyan la legislación existente sobre la "Valoración del Impacto sobre el Medio Ambiente de Proyectos Públicos y Privados" en la Unión Europea. También tienen implicaciones para valorar el potencial uso de la información procedente de agentes interesados, en un proceso de regulación.En el segundo capítulo, propongo un mecanismo de negociación sencillo, que puede ser usado en situaciones en las que un grupo de agentes intenta cooperar en la producción y asignación de un bien con efectos externos. El proceso se basa en una subasta que asigna el derecho a tener la iniciativa en el proceso negociador, más un requerimiento de unanimidad en la decisión final. El proceso es dinámico, de modo que a una ronda de negociación infructuosa le puede seguir otra, si los agentes optan por ello. Muestro que el resultado de cualquier equilibrio de Nash perfecto en subjuegos y estacionario, genera una asignación eficiente del bien con efectos externos, así como un reparto igualitario del excedente generado por la cooperación.Finalmente, el tercer capítulo está dedicado al estudio de un proceso de formación endógena de coaliciones, en presencia de externalidades. Proponemos un protocolo de formación de coaliciones basado en acuerdos bilaterales. Aplicamos el análisis a un marco de competencia à la Cournot entre empresas. Mostramos que, contrariamente a lo obtenido en la literatura ya existente, el resultado es la completa integración de las empresas (monopolio), si el número inicial de empresas excede un cierto umbral, y éstas valoran suficientemente los beneficios futuros. / The thesis consists of three independent chapters where I apply tools of Industrial Organization and of Game Theory (both cooperative and non-cooperative) to different economic interactions. In all the problems I study, the essential element for the analysis is the presence of externalities.In the first chapter, I study a problem of adverse selection in the context of environmental regulation, where the firm may suffer from a certain degree of ignorance about its own type. In this framework, I analyze the impact of the presence of informed third-parties on the regulatory process. I study and compare the role of environmentalists and of unbiased experts. The analysis performed allows supporting the spirit of the actual E.U. legislation concerning the assessment of the impact of public and private projects on the environment. It also provides insights about the potential role of interested parties as information providers in a regulatory process.In the second chapter, I construct a simple mechanism that can be used in situations when a group of well informed agents try to cooperate in the production and allocation of a good with external effects. The process starts by auctioning the right to have the initiative in the negotiation. Then the winner proposes an allocation that is implemented if the rest of the players unanimously accept it. In case of a rejection, the process is started again. I present two different versions of the mechanism to encompass two alternative environments. In one, non-cooperation is the status-quo and in the other, is an outside option. I show that the outcome of any stationary subgame perfect Nash equilibrium leads to an efficient allocation of the good with externalities, together with an equal split of the surplus that cooperation generates.Finally, the third chapter is devoted to study a process of endogenous coalition formation, in the presence of externalities. We propose a sequential protocol for coalition formation based on bilateral agreements among the players. We apply the game to an environment of Cournot competition among firms. We show that, contrary to other papers in the literature, it can lead to total integration (monopoly) if the initial number of firms in the market exceeds a certain threshold, and the agents value sufficiently future profits.

Las modalidades de negocios internacionales y los motivos que tienen las empresas para incursionar en ellos a través del análisis de casos de empresas peruanas y extranjeras.

1- Características de los tipos de sistemas económicos. 2-Indicadores macroeconómicos evaluados por los inversionistas. 3-Indicadores sociales de un país a ser evaluados por los inversionistas

1- Medio ambiente y su sostenibilidad. 2- El Fairtrade o Comercio justo. 3- Responsabilidad social empresarial.

1- Definición, componentes y factores de la cultura. 2-Dimensiones de la cultura en los negocios internacionales. 3-Factores de comportamiento que influyen en las prácticas de negocios en los países.

1-Motivaciones para realizar inversiones en el exterior. 2-Estrategias para realizar inversión extranjera directa. 3-Tipos y modalidades de inversión extranjera directa.

Intervención del Gobierno en el Comercio a través de los Instrumentos de Política Comercial, Argumentos Económicos y No Económicos a favor de la intervención gubernamental, y Los instrumentos de control del comercio: las Barreras Arancelarias y No Arancelarias.

A través del presente trabajo, buscamos analizar la figura del operador neutro y las razones por las cuales debe ser reconocida en un marco legal que promueva este nuevo negocio, situación que identificamos como tema pendiente de resolver. Para ello, a través de todo el trabajo planteamos las siguientes preguntas: ¿Debería regularse la figura del operador neutro? Si es así, qué debería regularse ¿El marco legal que se utiliza actualmente genera incentivos adecuados (legales) para esta nueva figura en análisis? A partir del análisis del marco teórico, el marco legal vigente y de la información recopilada, formularemos respuestas a las preguntas planteadas.

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