This paper explores the relative benefits of command and control, reflexive law and social licensing in ensuring oil industry compliance with environmentally sustainable practices and obligations. Recognizing why oil sands and their development are significant, the background and development are reviewed first, and then the focus is shifted to look at its economics including the benefits, uncertainties and environmental costs of development. This paper examines how lawmakers in Canada have failed to meet their respective obligation. Drawing on environmental provisions, case law and legal scholars’ articles, books and reports, this paper examines the very problematic issue of oil sands regulation. It proposes to provide an in depth analysis of each regulatory forms and their application to the oil sands. It concludes that in order to solve the oil sands regulation challenges, a collaborative stringent enforcement of regulation from both federal and provincial governments, oil industry and public Pressure is required.

This paper explores the relative benefits of command and control, reflexive law and social licensing in ensuring oil industry compliance with environmentally sustainable practices and obligations. Recognizing why oil sands and their development are significant, the background and development are reviewed first, and then the focus is shifted to look at its economics including the benefits, uncertainties and environmental costs of development. This paper examines how lawmakers in Canada have failed to meet their respective obligation. Drawing on environmental provisions, case law and legal scholars’ articles, books and reports, this paper examines the very problematic issue of oil sands regulation. It proposes to provide an in depth analysis of each regulatory forms and their application to the oil sands. It concludes that in order to solve the oil sands regulation challenges, a collaborative stringent enforcement of regulation from both federal and provincial governments, oil industry and public Pressure is required.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Chicago, Committee on Human Nutrition and Nutritional Biology, March 2001. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet.

The desire to reduce dependence on fossil fuels is resulting in numerous policy incentives for increased renewable energy sources within the power grid. Because wind generation is arguably the most affordable per MWh of the renewable energy sources it is growing nearly as quickly as conventional generation techniques. Due to this significant increase in wind penetration levels, numerous largescale wind integration studies have been produced to determine the reliability impacts of large-scale wind power. Using data from two large US wind interconnection studies, this thesis provides evidence that mesoscale meteorological models under-predict the variability in wind data particularly on short time scales, indicating that data from mesoscale meteorological models need to be used with caution for some types of analyses. These types of analyses include most notably regulating reserves, which are used to rebalance supply and demand on a second-by-second bias. This thesis will also describe and evaluate a new method for jointly quantifying the amount of spinning and regulating reserves required to meet reliability requirements within a balancing area with significant amounts of wind power using high resolution wind data. The method is based on jointly minimizing dispatch costs and reserve allocations, across two time scales (seconds to minutes, and minutes to hours) to satisfy North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) Area Control Error (ACE) requirements.

O compartilhamento de infra-estrutura entre empresas dos setores de energia elétrica, telecomunicações e petróleo é fonte de negociações, muitas vezes conflituosas, uma vez que a infra-estrutura construída para determinado serviço deve, por lei, ser compartilhada por outro, sempre que possível. Neste contexto, a presente tese analisou os contratos homologados, gerados pela necessidade de compartilhamento de infra-estrutura, entre esses setores, principalmente sob a ótica do direito de propriedade, bem como eventuais conflitos que envolvem as respectivas agências reguladoras (ANEEL, ANATEL e ANP). Para tanto, foi utilizada a pesquisa qualitativa, inicialmente exploratória, visando conhecer o assunto em geral. Na seqüência, foram desenvolvidas pesquisas descritiva e analítica, com base nos contratos de compartilhamento de infra-estrutura, em entrevistas e questionários com os envolvidos na questão, utilizando a análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se a efetiva aplicabilidade prática da Resolução Conjunta no 01/1999 (que dispõe sobre o compartilhamento de infra-estrutura), e que o preço é a principal divergência entre as empresas, existindo, todavia, uma abertura nas agências para essa discussão, como na Audiência Pública no 07/2007, realizada pela ANEEL e ANATEL. A liberdade de negociação das questões comerciais e de preço deve permanecer como o meio das partes buscarem por interesses comuns, sugere-se, contudo, considerar alterações na legislação vigente, que permita a inserção de uma metodologia que sirva de parâmetro legal nos conflitos para estabelecer preços, dando agilidade aos processos submetidos à arbitragem pelas agências reguladoras. Com isso, ampliar-se-ia o uso da via administrativa, em detrimento da via judicial, aumentando a utilização da Resolução no 02/2001 (que dispõe sobre a solução de conflitos das empresas pelas agências) e o efetivo uso do poder mediador das agências reguladoras, revertendo em benefícios às próprias empresas. / The infrastructure shared among companies from the electric energy, telecommunications, and oil sectors is a source of avid negotiation but not devoid of frequent conflicts. This is due to fact that the infrastructure constructed for one of the services must by law, be used for the other ones whenever possible. Within this context, the present dissertation analyzed homologated contracts, drawn up through the necessity of infrastructure sharing among these sectors, mainly in view of property rights, as well as eventual conflicts involving the respective regulating agencies (ANEEL, ANATEL and ANP). Therefore qualitative research methods were used, which were initially exploratory, in order to get to know the subject matter in a general manner. Following this, descriptive and analytical researches were developed based on infrastructure sharing contracts, interviews, and questionnaires among the involved parties, using content analysis. The practical application of Resolution no 01/1999 (which deals with infrastructure sharing) was taken into account, as well as the fact that the price was the main divergence among the companies. However, there has been some flexibility when the topic has been discussed by the respective agencies, as in the Open Meeting no 07/2007, held by ANEEL and ANATEL. The free negotiation of commercial issues as well as the prices involved must remain the way in which all parties seek their common interests. Furthermore, alterations can be suggested to the current law to permit the insertion of a methodology which would make a legal parameter possible in light of the conflicts involving establishing prices and quickening the processes submitted for arbitration by the regulating agencies. Thus, the use of the administrative method would be extended, in detriment to the judicial method, increasing the use of Resolution no 02/2001 (which deals with the solution of companies conflicts by the agencies) and the effective use of their mediating power, providing benefits to the companies themselves.

We design actuated cilia that can maneuver microscopic particles normal to a microfluidic channel wall and transport microscopic particles parallel to the channel wall. For identifying the design specifications, we employ a hybrid LBM/LSM computational model, to simulate hydrodynamic interactions between oscillating elastic cilia and microscopic particles in a microfluidic channel. The oscillating synthetic cilia are elastic filaments tethered to the channel wall and actuated by sinusoidal force acting at their free ends. The cilia are arranged in a square pattern. The microscopic particle is a neutrally buoyant solid sphere, which is sufficiently small compared to the cilium length and inter-cilium distances, so that the particle can move freely inside the ciliated layer. We study the effect of actuation frequency on the particle motion inside the ciliated layer. We show that depending on the frequency, particles can be either driven away from the ciliated channel wall or drawn towards the wall. We also examine how to use inclined cilia to transport particles along the ciliated layer. We show that the particle transport along the ciliated layer can be regulated by the frequency of cilium oscillation. The results uncover a new route for regulating particle position and transport in microfluidic devices.

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / BACKGROUND: Following the historical suppression of traditional medicines in South Africa, the government published their National Health Plan in 1994 which made provision for traditional healing as an integral and recognised part of the health care system, inter alia, to establish a regulatory body for traditional medicines. Traditional medicines were included in the National Drug Policy for South Africa in 1996. A policy on traditional medicine was only drawn up in 2008 and is currently still in draft form. Some progress was made towards regulating traditional health practitioners; but very little towards regulating traditional medicines after its adoption into the National Health Plan over a decade ago. The aim of the study was to investigate how traditional medicines in South Africa can be effectively regulated with specific focus on the current status of traditional medicine regulation in South Africa; to highlight the challenges which have impeded progress towards regulating traditional medicines; and a review of regulatory strategies for traditional medicines in Ghana, India and the People’s Republic of China in an attempt to identify viable solutions to pave an effective way for regulating traditional medicines in South Africa.METHODS: The research design was exploratory and qualitative in nature following a deductive thematic analysis of data collected using a traditional literature review process. RESULTS: The delay in regulating traditional medicines in South Africa is due to a number of challenges where the most prominent is due to a lack in national priority to categorise African traditional medicine and to include it into the country’s national health system. Traditional medicines according to the World Health Organisation can be classified for inclusion into national health systems either as integrative or inclusive. Each of these inclusion strategies were presented by the chosen jurisdictions studied. An integrative health care system such as that used by China was found to be resource intensive in nature. An inclusive health care system as used in Ghana and India did not require traditional medicines as an integral part of the health care system and there were no expectations for the same requirements for regulating traditional medicines and allopathic medicines. What became apparent from the study was that irrespective of the inclusion strategy followed, there are still a number of challenges that obstruct the existence of an effective regulatory framework for traditional medicines with an overwhelming common factor of the instrumental role government play.

159f. / Submitted by Suelen Reis (suziy.ellen@gmail.com) on 2013-04-11T16:47:59Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabiano Santosseg.pdf: 816292 bytes, checksum: 8072d15fbb352c2ab2a1d533bd5da91d (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Rodrigo Meirelles(rodrigomei@ufba.br) on 2013-05-16T17:44:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabiano Santosseg.pdf: 816292 bytes, checksum: 8072d15fbb352c2ab2a1d533bd5da91d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-05-16T17:44:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Fabiano Santosseg.pdf: 816292 bytes, checksum: 8072d15fbb352c2ab2a1d533bd5da91d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Neste trabalho é analisada a Agência Nacional de Telecomunicação (Anatel) enquanto o novo órgão regulador das telecomunicações no Brasil. Com vistas a isso foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica que culmina com o estudo da reestruturação estatal, a discussão de conceitos tais como regulação, desregulamentação, re-regulação e regulamentação, além de um olhar político, jurídico e histórico do setor no Brasil. É feito também um exame do Conselho Diretor e Consultivo da Agência. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas com principais agentes e instituições que circundam e atravessam o setor, tais como os representantes da Anatel, de empresas prestadora de serviços de telecomunicações e de diretores de entidades de classe, ligadas aos trabalhadores. Os problemas e questões enfrentados neste trabalho, diz respeito sobre qual a função e, em razão disso, qual é a eficácia da Anatel enquanto agencia reguladora dos serviços de telecomunicações no Brasil. Relacionado a isto, questionamos sobre os principais agentes definidores das políticas implementadas no setor de telecomunicações no Brasil. Que relação existe de fato entre a Anatel e o Poder Executivo Nacional. Além de qual a condição da Ouvidoria na esfera administrativa da Anatel? Em que se constitui o poder do Conselho Consultivo no interior decisório da Anatel? Qual o papel do mercado na maneira como se dá a regulação das telecomunicações no Brasil, hoje? Como os diversos agentes do setor de telecomunicações verificam a eficácia da Anatel? Nas considerações finais, os essas questões foram retomadas, amparadas nas discussões realizadas no corpo da dissertação, concluindo, assim que, as políticas de telecomunicações são ditadas pelo mercado, o Conselho Diretor é o principal órgão de poder dentro da Anatel e o Conselho Consultivo dispõe de pouco poder de influência nas decisões tomadas pela Anatel. / Salvador