O compartilhamento de infra-estrutura entre empresas dos setores de energia elétrica, telecomunicações e petróleo é fonte de negociações, muitas vezes conflituosas, uma vez que a infra-estrutura construída para determinado serviço deve, por lei, ser compartilhada por outro, sempre que possível. Neste contexto, a presente tese analisou os contratos homologados, gerados pela necessidade de compartilhamento de infra-estrutura, entre esses setores, principalmente sob a ótica do direito de propriedade, bem como eventuais conflitos que envolvem as respectivas agências reguladoras (ANEEL, ANATEL e ANP). Para tanto, foi utilizada a pesquisa qualitativa, inicialmente exploratória, visando conhecer o assunto em geral. Na seqüência, foram desenvolvidas pesquisas descritiva e analítica, com base nos contratos de compartilhamento de infra-estrutura, em entrevistas e questionários com os envolvidos na questão, utilizando a análise de conteúdo. Constatou-se a efetiva aplicabilidade prática da Resolução Conjunta no 01/1999 (que dispõe sobre o compartilhamento de infra-estrutura), e que o preço é a principal divergência entre as empresas, existindo, todavia, uma abertura nas agências para essa discussão, como na Audiência Pública no 07/2007, realizada pela ANEEL e ANATEL. A liberdade de negociação das questões comerciais e de preço deve permanecer como o meio das partes buscarem por interesses comuns, sugere-se, contudo, considerar alterações na legislação vigente, que permita a inserção de uma metodologia que sirva de parâmetro legal nos conflitos para estabelecer preços, dando agilidade aos processos submetidos à arbitragem pelas agências reguladoras. Com isso, ampliar-se-ia o uso da via administrativa, em detrimento da via judicial, aumentando a utilização da Resolução no 02/2001 (que dispõe sobre a solução de conflitos das empresas pelas agências) e o efetivo uso do poder mediador das agências reguladoras, revertendo em benefícios às próprias empresas. / The infrastructure shared among companies from the electric energy, telecommunications, and oil sectors is a source of avid negotiation but not devoid of frequent conflicts. This is due to fact that the infrastructure constructed for one of the services must by law, be used for the other ones whenever possible. Within this context, the present dissertation analyzed homologated contracts, drawn up through the necessity of infrastructure sharing among these sectors, mainly in view of property rights, as well as eventual conflicts involving the respective regulating agencies (ANEEL, ANATEL and ANP). Therefore qualitative research methods were used, which were initially exploratory, in order to get to know the subject matter in a general manner. Following this, descriptive and analytical researches were developed based on infrastructure sharing contracts, interviews, and questionnaires among the involved parties, using content analysis. The practical application of Resolution no 01/1999 (which deals with infrastructure sharing) was taken into account, as well as the fact that the price was the main divergence among the companies. However, there has been some flexibility when the topic has been discussed by the respective agencies, as in the Open Meeting no 07/2007, held by ANEEL and ANATEL. The free negotiation of commercial issues as well as the prices involved must remain the way in which all parties seek their common interests. Furthermore, alterations can be suggested to the current law to permit the insertion of a methodology which would make a legal parameter possible in light of the conflicts involving establishing prices and quickening the processes submitted for arbitration by the regulating agencies. Thus, the use of the administrative method would be extended, in detriment to the judicial method, increasing the use of Resolution no 02/2001 (which deals with the solution of companies conflicts by the agencies) and the effective use of their mediating power, providing benefits to the companies themselves.

In order to meet the different public needs and requirements of contemporary urban society, a better understanding of public perceptions, appreciation and knowledge of the assorted values derived from urban trees is beneficial for improved urban greening. Thus, this study carried out an assessment of urban residents’ knowledge and appreciation of the benefits of trees and the role they play in enhancing the quality of life in urban systems. The study primarily focused on the intangible benefits (also referred to as cultural and regulating services) of urban trees, because most research to date in South Africa on trees and the benefits derived from them is biased towards the provisioning services of trees in rural areas. The significance and contribution of the intangible benefits of trees in urban systems is often underestimated and not seriously taken into account by urban planners, policy makers and other key decision makers. The study was conducted in three different residential settlement types (formal townships, RDP settlements and informal settlements) in two towns in the Limpopo Province in South Africa, namely Bela-Bela and Tzaneen. Findings revealed that the intangible benefits of trees are seen to play a significant role in improving both residents’ quality of life and the environmental conditions in cities, including the preservation of biodiversity. Findings also showed that urban residents had strong spiritual connections with trees and placed considerable cultural and historical importance on specific tree species and individual trees. Urban residents in both towns had moderate knowledge of the intangible benefits of trees based on the knowledge score that was created for the purposes of this study. Fifty seven percent of the residents had ‘reasonable’ knowledge of some of the intangible benefits of trees, while 43% had low levels of knowledge. That said, the majority of residents demonstrated high appreciation (98%) of the intangible benefits of trees (especially social and cultural values), with few residents not recognising these, suggesting that knowledge does not necessarily lead to appreciation. Age and level of education were found to influence knowledge of the intangible benefits of trees. A large proportion (86%) of residents who possessed tertiary level qualifications had more knowledge of the intangible benefits of trees as compared to residents with no formal education. Findings also revealed that younger respondents (60%) had more knowledge of the intangible benefits of trees. Factors that influenced appreciation of the intangible benefits of trees included links to crime, peoples’ value systems (their pro-environmental and altruistic values) and residential settlement type. Sixty five percent of residents in both towns felt that urban street trees and trees in public spaces attract criminals and promote crime, while 67% of RDP and 96% of informal township residents did not use or appreciate the social and recreational benefits of trees mainly because of the absence or long distances to public parks. A Willingness To Pay (WTP) survey revealed that a high proportion of residents in Bela-Bela (86%) were WTP a small annual fee in order to sustain greening initiatives in their communities compared to the residents in Tzaneen (53%). In terms of the planting and retention of trees, it was found that 300 households in both study towns had planted and retained a total of 1 615 trees in spite of the various factors that negatively influenced planting and retention of trees such as residency time and tenure security. The majority (66%) of informal township residents said tenure security was an important factor to consider when making tree planting decisions, while this was not an issue for formal township and RDP residents. Policy implications and recommendations are presented to help municipalities and urban planners improve and develop effective policies and programmes that will enable implementation of sustainable urban greening programmes

Submitted by Marlene Aparecida de Souza Cardozo (mcardozo@pucsp.br) on 2016-12-19T11:00:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Augusto de Oliveira.pdf: 5775638 bytes, checksum: 45dfc047f16fe5711c84f5a01682c849 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-19T11:00:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Augusto de Oliveira.pdf: 5775638 bytes, checksum: 45dfc047f16fe5711c84f5a01682c849 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / TROCAR SUMÀRIO / O trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a atividade regulatória no Município de Mauá, Estado de São Paulo, a partir da sua importância e capacidade de direcionar as novas atividades sociais no caminho dos interesses locais. Parte das teorias que influenciaram a sua implantação e indaga quais são os impactos desta atividade regulatória diante da possível fragilidade institucional e a perda de protagonismo na fiscalização das atividades desenvolvidas pelo poder público. Será também abordada a introdução das agências reguladoras no direito brasileiro, suas características e seu desenvolvimento a partir da transformação do Estado de interventor em regulador, passando pelo questionamento da atuação das agências reguladoras e sua efetividade com a distribuição de poderes a autoridades dotadas de autonomia e de funções plurais na Administração Pública

The main topic of this master thesis is the design of condensing steam turbine. In the beginning the heat scheme with low pressure regeneration is calculated. There are chosen 2 low pressure heat exchangers and 3 steam outlets from the turbine. In the main part the thermodynamic proposal with reaction blades is designed, which consists of the regulating stage and the stage part of turbine. The survivability of the turbine is checked by the calculation of mechanical strength. In the end the turbine is checked at reduced mass flow and the turbine characteristic is plotted. The designed steam turbined has a regulating stage and 34 stages in the stage part, has a power of 45873 kW with thermodynamic efficiency of 83.6%. The reheat factor is 1.052.

Transportation-network companies such as Uber and Lyft have permeated cities around the world. While they have been lauded for introducing a new mobility option, questions of equity have been raised, including in relation to people with disabilities. Numerous lawsuits have been filed against Uber and Lyft for lack of disabled accessibility of transportation service they facilitate, with some of the lawsuit focusing on wheelchair accessibility. These have been reported in the media while work on the topic is lacking in the academic literature. This doctoral research explores wheelchair accessibility in transportation hailed through Uber and Lyft in the U.S., with a partial focus on the phenomenon in Washington, DC. The study sought to gain insight into wheelchair-accessibility matters with respect to four main stakeholders - riders, companies, drivers, and regulators and other government agencies. The purpose was a) to deepen understanding on the topic based on a holistic approach to core issues and produce evidence-based knowledge and b) to provide policy recommendations where needed. A mixed-methods approach was used to investigate the research problem. The quantitative strand surveyed 341 wheelchair users in the U.S., while the qualitative strand consisted of three sets of 16 qualitative interviews with drivers on the Uber and Lyft apps, Uber and Lyft company representatives, and representatives of relevant government agencies in Washington, DC. The study finds the following: 1) The service might be filling a transportation gap for some wheelchair users even though it is a two-tiered system that disadvantages motorized-wheelchair users. 2) The challenges surrounding wheelchair accessibility are perceived differently by the stakeholders and as a result there are differing views of how to solve them. 3) Overcoming inaccessibility challenge needs to involve changes on both Uber and Lyft and government agencies. Uber and Lyft and government agencies will find this study of interest to help them appreciate other stakeholders' perspective and use the findings to support policy decisions. / Doctor of Philosophy / Transportation-network companies connect drivers who are interested in providing a ride to riders who are looking for transportation through smartphone apps. Uber and Lyft are the most common of these companies. Both companies operate in many cities around the world. They are praised for creating a transportation alternative, but there is a concern that they may not serve everyone equally. For example, people with disabilities, especially wheelchair users have complained that they are not receiving the same service as those who do not use wheelchair. In the US, there are numerous lawsuits have been filed against Uber and Lyft for lack of disabled accessibility. Some of the lawsuit focus on wheelchair accessibility. These issues are reported in the media mostly. This doctoral research looks at wheelchair accessibility in transportation hailed through Uber and Lyft in the U.S., with a partial focus on the phenomenon in Washington, DC. The study sought to gain insight into wheelchair-accessibility matters with respect to four main stakeholders - riders, companies, drivers, and regulators and other government agencies. The purpose was a) to deepen understanding on the topic based on a holistic approach to core issues and produce evidence-based knowledge and b) to provide policy recommendations where needed. A survey and a set of interviews were used to investigate the research problem. The study finds the following: 1) The service might be filling a transportation gap for some wheelchair users even though it is a two-tiered system that disadvantages motorized-wheelchair users. 2) The challenges surrounding wheelchair accessibility are perceived differently by the stakeholders and as a result there are differing views of how to solve them. 3) Overcoming inaccessibility challenge needs to involve changes on both Uber and Lyft and government agencies. Uber and Lyft and government agencies will find this study of interest to help them appreciate other stakeholders' perspective and use the findings to support policy decisions.

In this thesis a design for a smart high efficiency voltage regulating module capable of supplying the core of modern microprocessors incorporating dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVS) capability is accomplished using a RISC based microcontroller to facilitate all the functions required to control, protect, and supply the core with the required variable operating voltage as set by the DVS management system. Normally voltage regulating modules provide maximum power efficiency at designed peak load, and the efficiency falls off as the load moves towards lesser values. A mathematical model has been derived for the main converter and small signal analysis has been performed in order to determine system operation stability and select a control scheme that would improve converter operation response to transients and not requiring intense computational power to realize. A Simulation model was built using Matlab/Simulink and after experimenting with tuned PID controller and fuzzy logic controllers, a simple fuzzy logic control scheme was selected to control the pulse width modulated converter and several methods were devised to reduce the requirements for computational power making the whole system operation realizable using a low power RISC based microcontroller. The same microcontroller provides circuit adaptations operation in addition to providing protection to load in terms of over voltage and over current protection. A novel circuit technique and operation control scheme enables the designed module to selectively change some of the circuit elements in the main pulse width modulated buck converter so as to improve efficiency over a wider range of loads. In case of very light loads as the case when the device goes into standby, sleep or hibernation mode, a secondary converter starts operating and the main converter stops. The secondary converter adapts a different operation scheme using switched capacitor technique which provides high efficiency at low load currents. A fuzzy logic control scheme was chosen for the main converter for its lighter computational power requirement promoting implementation using ultra low power embedded controllers. Passive and active components were carefully selected to augment operational efficiency. These aspects enabled the designed voltage regulating module to operate with efficiency improvement in off peak load region in the range of 3% to 5%. At low loads as the case when the computer system goes to standby or sleep mode, the efficiency improvent is better than 13% which will have noticeable contribution in extending battery run time thus contributing to lowering the carbon footprint of human consumption.

Introduction: Shame seems to be one of our most unpleasant emotions. There are connections between shame and depression, acute stress syndrome and it is one of the main reason for committing suicide. Questions: What are psychotherapist´ views on the role of shame in the therapeutic process? Which are psychotherapist experiences when reducing shame has had a positive impact on humans well being? On the contrary what prevents us regulating shame and what are the difficulties in working with shame? Method: The study has a qualitative and hermeneutic approach and method of analysis is thematic. Five experienced psychotherapists participate. Result: Therapists have no experience of working with shame as a primary emotion. People are seeking therapy when shame is observed as anxiety or as a defence. Shame prevents us from our deep feelings as anger, sadness, love and interest etc. The non-verbal markers of shame do something with the whole personality and are close to our opinion about our self, that who I am. Discussion: The experience of shame reminds of the experience of anxiety and fear. Thereby we need to treat shame in the same way as we treat anxiety given Malan´s triangle of conflict. Otherwise the risk is high that the patient terminates treatment prematurely. The contrary to shame is that we are lovable and we need to reach that experience if we will be able to regulate shame in treatment. To achieve these, qualities as self-compassion, acceptance, non-judgemental is needed. Furthermore the therapist´ ability to create an alliance and that we start to speak about shame are important. / Inledning: Skammen räknas som en av våra mest obehagliga känslor. Skam har stor inverkan på människor och det finns samband mellan svåra skamkänslor och depression, utmattningssyndrom och självmordshandlingar. Frågeställningar: Vad är psykoterapeuters syn på skammens roll i den terapeutiska processen? Vilka är psykoterapeuters erfarenheter där skamlindring varit viktigt för patientens tillfrisknande?  Vilka är psykoterapeuters erfarenhet av skamlindring som hinder för patientens tillfrisknande? Vilka svårigheter finns för att arbeta med skam i terapirummet? Metod: Studien är kvalitativ med en hermeneutisk ansats och analysmetod är temaanlys. Fem erfarna legitimerade psykoterapeuter deltar. Resultat: Terapeuterna har ingen erfarenhet att arbeta med skam som grundaffekt. Människor söker terapi när skammen yttrar sig som en ångestkänsla eller försvar. Skammen hindrar oss att känna våra djupa känslor som vrede, sorg, kärlek, intresse etc. Det finns kännetecken på skam som gör något med hela personligheten och som ligger närma uppfattningen om sig själv, det jag är. Diskussion: Upplevelsen av skam påminner om ångest och rädsla. Vi behöver därför behandla skammen på samma sätt som vi arbetar med ångest utifrån Malans affekttriangel, annars är risken stor att vi tappar patienten. På det djupaste planet är skammens motpol att vara värd att älskas och vi behöver nå dit för att verkligen lindra skammen. Det krävs kvaliteter som självmedkänsla, acceptans, icke-dömande, terapeutens förmåga att skapa allians och att vi börjar prata om skam.

Chicken is a major protein source and intensively selected for economically important traits by humans. As such, this generated a huge range of phenotypes that representing a diverse spectrum of genetic variation. Understanding the functional basis of the genetic variants that underlie these traits, however, remains a formidable endeavour particularly for complex traits. Nonetheless, molecular phenotyping of an organism from sequenced data is doable with the advances in bioinformatics analysis and unparalleled surveys of genome wide genetic variants. This provides the opportunity to gain insights into the genome architecture and assists in identifying chromosomal regions underlying selection through a “sequences to consequences” approach. Combining a whole genome re-sequencing (WGS) approach with the knowledge of selection history, this thesis aimed to study the chromosomal regions and genetic variants underlying traits of interest in various selected chicken populations. To achieve this, genetic (quantitative and population genetics), genomic and bioinformatics approaches were employed and integrated to investigate the genome wide selection signatures in a number of different lines of chicken selected for different complex traits. This includes analysing: (i) divergently selected broilers for fatness traits (Chapter 2), (ii) a closed population of layer chickens (Chapter 3), (iii) selection signatures unique to broiler or layer chickens (Chapter 4) and (iv) selection signatures in colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) associated with gene expression differences in broiler and layer populations (Chapter 5). Candidate genes and nucleotides underlying potential selection regions were identified, and attempts were made to further elucidate the potential interplay between genes and the biological pathways involved in regulating traits in these selected chicken lines. Incorporating integrative approaches, variants within selection signatures were annotated to provide further evidence of their functional consequences. Overall, non-coding regions were enriched in selection signatures implied that causative variants may have regulatory roles. Capitalising on the millions of genetic variants discovered from WGS, chromosomal regions subject to selection were detected using a number of population genetics statistics. In broiler chicken lines divergently selected for very low-density plasma lipoprotein (VLDL) (Chapter 2), incorporating signatures of selection helped to improve the resolution of previously mapped quantitative traits loci (QTL) intervals. This research demonstrated that the integration of the analysis of selection signatures with functional annotation of genetic variants enabled refinement and characterisation of the QTL for fatness traits. In a closed population of brown leghorn layers (Chapter 3), evidence of selection signatures was found through Tajima’s D analysis. The analysis unravelled selection signatures encoding genes involved in numerous pathways and genes having key roles such as in behaviour, including feather pecking. Combining population differentiation statistic (FST) and Tajima’s D, a number of regions subject to divergent selection between broilers and white egg layers were identified (Chapter 4). Selection signatures were found to harbour mutations involved in cellular and tissue development, including genes having important roles in growth, fatness, egg shell strength and muscle development. These regions and the overlapping genes thereby may be potentially contributing to the different phenotypic variations observed between broilers and layers. In Chapter 5, a revised gene model for colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF1) showing complex pattern of alternate transcripts was predicted from transcriptome analysis of RNA isolated from 21 different tissues. In parallel, selection signatures analysis with the FST statistic, identified selection signatures that differentiate broilers to white egg layers (3 regions) or brown egg layers to white egg layers (4 regions). All these selection signatures were located within non-coding regions, indicating potential divergent selection of CSF1 within regulatory regions. Overall, the results presented in this thesis using the “sequences to consequences” approach, link several genomic regions and genes to phenotypic variation in domesticated chicken lines. The work reported here serves as a foundation for further study to decipher the relationship between “genotype and phenotype” and its functional consequences due to selection.

Afin d'identifier de nouvelles cibles organo-spécifiques de l'endothélium, nous avons comparé l'expression de gènes entre deux lignées de hautes cellules endothéliales et mis en évidence la protéine ARM-1. Des expériences de RT-PCR ont montré une expression spécifique d'ARM-1 dans certaines lignées de cellules endothéliales et de lymphocytes. La surexpression d'ARM-1 dans des cellules endothéliales de peau, n'exprimant pas cette protéine, augmente de façon préférentielle l'adhésion de certaines lignées lymphocytaires sur ces cellules. Ceci renforce l'hypothèse d'un rôle particulier d'ARM-1 au sein des cellules endothéliales. Une étude de fractionnement cellulaire a montré qu'ARM-1 était une protéine sécrétée, pouvant être associée à la membrane. Des expériences d'immunolocalisation n'ont cependant démontré aucune expression d'ARM-1 à la surface cellulaire. Ces résultats suggèrent une action indirecte d'ARM-1 dans l'adhésion plutôt qu'un rôle direct en tant que molécule d'adhésion.

The actin and microtubule cytoskeleton plays a critical role in the establishment of cell polarity. Cell processes like mitosis and migration rely on the reorganization of the cytoskeleton to properly function. One driver of cell polarity is the formin, Inverted Formin-1 (INF1). INF1 is able to induce F-actin formation, activate the Serum Response Factor (SRF) pathway, stabilize microtubules, associate with microtubules, and disperse the Golgi body. Regulation of INF1 is unique, since it does not possess conserved formin regulatory domains. However, INF1 does possess many potential phosphorylation sites. In this study, we demonstrate that INF1’s ability to induce F-actin stress fibers and activate SRF is inhibited by Microtubule-Affinity Regulating Kinase 2 (MARK2). Inhibition of INF1’s actin polymerization activity by MARK2 likely occurs near INF1’s C-terminus. However, MARK2 was unable to inhibit INF1’s ability to stabilize microtubules, associate with microtubules, and disperse the Golgi. Furthermore, we show that INF1 overexpression is associated with primary cilium absence and in some cases, the presence of long cilia, suggesting that INF1 plays a role in primary cilium formation.