Master of Science / Department of Civil Engineering / Hayder A. Rasheed / Fiber reinforced polymer has recently become a popular replacement for steel rebar, used to reinforce concrete. Therefore much research is taking place to help develop and propose methods for best approximating the response of FRP reinforced members, to make them comparable to steel reinforced members. With this popularity comes multiple approaches to FRP deflection calculations. However, this study is significant, because it investigates the cracking moment equation adopted by ACI 318, in conjunction with state of the art deflection calculation methods. Specifically this research compares four deflection calculation methods. The first approach is proposed by Bischoff and implemented by ACI 440 in its latest revision. The second deflection calculation method is proposed by Rasheed et al. The third calculation is also suggested by Bischoff, as it is specific to four point bending. The fourth calculation method is proposed by this specific research and seeks to find a median between both the Bischoff and Rasheed equations. This fourth technique will be referred to as the Rasheed-Jacobs method, proposed to create a more conservative and relevant method for investigating the effect of cracking moment on the deflection calculations. This research was done with the help of Dr. Shawn Gross, and the database he had previously built through his investigation on FRP reinforced beams. Gross’s database shows results for 106 samples tested using the actual experimental cracking moment as well as the ultimate moment capacity values. Of these 106 samples, 56 independent samples were used to investigate three different moment levels of 0.333Mn, 0.400Mn, and 0.467Mn. From this research, Gross’s database was used to calculate the cracking moment of FRP reinforced beams based on ACI 318-08. A program was developed that uses the Gross database samples to calculate the cracking moment and deflection with the Rasheed, Bischoff, and Bischoff2 models as well as the new Rasheed-Jacobs model. This program calculates the Rasheed-Jacobs results, and then graphs the findings against the deflection values from the Rasheed, Bischoff, Bischoff2 models. These graphs showed very similar patterns amongst all four models, with the Rasheed-Jacobs results mainly falling on the more conservative side. However, when looking at the predicted deflection verse the Gross experimental deflection, the best results came from the 0.467Mn moment level, which shows consistent correlation while the lower moment levels are being less predictable using the cracking moment based on the ACI equation. It can reasonably be said that the 0.467Mn shows the best correlation between the four methods and the experimental results, because it is farther away from the actual nominal cracking moment of the FRP reinforced concrete beams.

Factors such as water to cement ratio, moisture, mixture, presence and depth of rebar, and dimension of specimens, all of which affect apparent resistivity of concrete, were analyzed by experimental and modeling methods. Cylinder and rectangular prism concrete specimens were used in the experiments exposed in a high moisture room, laboratory room temperature, high humidity and outdoor weather environments. Single rebar and four rebar specimens were used to study the rebar effect on the apparent resistivity. Modeling analysis was employed to verify and explain the experimental results. Based on the results, concrete with fly ash showed higher resistivity than concrete with just ordinary Portland cement. Rebar presence had a significant effect on the measured apparent resistivity at some of the locations. The results could be used as a guide for field apparent resistivity measurements and provide a quick, more precise and easy way to estimate the concrete quality. / by Yanbo Liu. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2008. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2008. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

This manuscript predicts the behavior of a doubly reinforced concrete beam with a circular opening at its midspan by closely analyzing traditional beam theory and design. It then confirms these predictions with finite element modeling software while providing design suggestions. The analysis is limited to the tensile and compressive stresses and cracking behavior. The objectives are to determine the stress distribution around a circular opening that agrees with conventional beam theory. The beam behavior is examined from zero load to failure load. ANSYS is utilized in lieu of real world testing, and the appendix includes the finite element results for a beam including design recommendations. The results lay the foundation for a possible new design procedure of concrete beams with single or multiple circular openings. This research offers useful information that was unavailable previously. More research can be conducted to help designers to design lighter, more efficient concrete beams. / by Heather R. Anesta. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2010. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2010. Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Nos tempos atuais, já existe um forte desenvolvimento computacional no que diz respeito a análise de estruturas com características geométricas, de cargas e vinculações previamente definidas. Assim como os processadores, tem-se investido bastante em pré e pós-processadores, os quais são responsáveis pela maior parte do tempo dedicado a um projeto. No entanto, pode-se dizer que a definição automática das características geométricas dos elementos estruturais deixa a desejar. Hoje, esta etapa ainda é feita pelo engenheiro, apenas com uma ajuda indireta da máquina. Este trabalho apresenta uma maneira ótima de fazer o pré-dimensionamento das vigas de um pavimento de concreto armado. Para isso, desenvolveu-se uma formulação de minimização do custo de uma seção transversal com a qual, através de um método de aproximações combinadas, obtém-se o mínimo custo do vigamento de um pavimento. As variáveis envolvidas na função que representa o custo são: a altura da viga e as áreas de aço. E as restrições do problema são: a taxa geométrica da armadura, a taxa de armadura de compressão em relação a de tração e a flecha máxima pré-estabelecida pelo usuário. / Nowadays, there is a continuous development in structural computational analysis for known geometrical, loading and boundary conditions. Much effort has been made on the pre and pos-processors, which is the main part of the time spent in designing. The automatic definition of the geometrical characteristics for the structural elements, however is poor yet. Today, this phase is still carried out by the engineer, only with an indirect machine help. This work presents an optimal method to automate the first draft design of the beams reinforced concrete floor. A formulation to achieve the cross-section minimum cost function is proposed and then extended to the whole floor by combined approximation methods. In order to obtain the cost function the following values have been considered: the beam depth and the steel area. As problem constraints, the steel geometric rate, the steel compression with the steel tension rate and the limit displacement have to be prescribed by the user.

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é sistematizar e automatizar o cálculo de lajes maciças e retangulares de edifícios, utilizando-se a Teoria das Charneiras Plásticas. Apresentam-se as formulações necessárias para a sua automatização. Aborda-se também a questão relativa às deformações nas lajes maciças em concreto necessidade de consideração das dependentes do tempo. Por fim, faz-se um estudo comparativo com o método elástico para dimensionamento de lajes maciças em concreto e com o sistema de lajes treliçadas, através de aplicações em dois pavimentos de lajes, analisando-se os aspectos técnicos e financeiros (custos) dos resultados. / The main purpose of this work is to systematize the building rectangular compact slab calculation, using the yield line theory. The necessary formulation is presented. Deflections of reinforced concrete slabs are also discussed, making evident that cracking and time dependent effects are important parameters to be considered. Finally, a comparison with the elastic method for compact slabs design and with the lattice slab systems is presented, considering two examples of building floors, taking into account technical and financial (expenses) aspects of the results.

Este trabalho apresenta modelos numéricos em elementos finitos, elaborados com o auxílio do programa ANSYS 5.5, de paredes de alvenaria estrutural apoiadas em vigas de concreto armado. São estudados diversos modelos possíveis de serem utilizados, inclusive com a consideração das não-linearidades de contato, ou seja, a separação e o deslizamento que tendem a ocorrer na interface parede-viga por ocasião do efeito arco. Para tanto, são introduzidos elementos de contato nesta interface. Os resultados obtidos são comparados entre si e também com resultados experimentais encontrados na literatura, de modo a se avaliar as características positivas e negativas de cada procedimento. / This work describes numerical procedures using ANSYS 5.5 program for modeling masonry walls supported by reinforced concrete beams. Several available procedures for this case are studied, including or not, non-linear effects that can occur at the boundary surface between the masonry wall and the concrete beam, because of the arch effect. So, obtained results for these numerical models are compared among themselves and with experimental results found in papers, in order to obtain some information about their acuity.

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo quantificar estatisticamente a ocorrência de falhas geradas pelos erros de projeto e execução das construções. Para isso, elaborou-se um checklist que se subdividiu em duas partes: a primeira contendo informações desde a concepção à geração de um edifício e a segunda para verificação da estrutura \"in loco\" em edifícios habitacionais em construção na cidade de São Carlos. Quantificou-se as incidências patológicas observadas por elemento estrutural e finalmente se traçou um panorama da atual realidade dos edifícios sob a ponto de vista das patologias geradas pela falta de controle de qualidade nas construções. Através dos dados obtidos pôde-se verificar a existência de várias patologias, destacando-se a segregação do concreto de pilares e paredes, cobrimento inadequado do concreto em vigas e problemas advindos da falta de estanqueidade de fôrmas em lajes. / The goal of this work is the quantify statistically the occurrance of failure generated by carelessness with the project and execution of the constructions. A check-list was proposed was subdivided in two parts: the first with information since the conception to generation of a building and the second by the verification of the building structure \"in loco\" in São Carlos town. It was quantified the pathological incidences observed by structural element and finally it was designed a panorama of the actual reality of the buildings under the view of the pathologies generated by the lack of control and quality in the constructions. Through the obtained data it could be verified the existence of several patologies, highlighting the segregation of concrete in pillars and walls, inadequate covering of concrete in beams and problems from the lack of stanching of moulds in flagstone.

Esta dissertação de mestrado discute e analisa os critérios especificados em normas brasileiras e internacionais sobre projetos de sapatas isoladas em concreto armado, com relação a determinação dos esforços solicitantes, dimensionamento e detalhamento das armaduras. O trabalho contém as recomendações essenciais para o projeto e a construção de sapatas isoladas, como o tipo de fundação rasa mais freqüentemente utilizado. São discutidos os critérios apresentados no Boletim número 73 do CEB (1970), da norma brasileira \" Projeto e execução de obras de concreto armado\", NBR 6118 (1982), do Código Modelo do CEB - FIP (1991), Código de Projeto de Edifícios do ACI 318/1995, Eurocode 2 (1992) e do Texto Base para Revisão da NB 1/78(1992) e alguns modelos de cálculo não normalizados mas encontrados na literatura técnica. Observa-se em alguns desses códigos a omissão com relação ao dimensionamento no estado limite último de sapatas isoladas, onde foram, portanto, adaptados critérios indicados para lajes maciças. Exemplos de projetos de sapatas isoladas submetidas a ação centrada, excêntrica com plano de ação do momento paralelo a um dos lados do pilar e sapata com ação centrada e momentos paralelos aos dois lados do pilar são analisados para facilitar o entendimento dos conceitos emitidos pelas várias normas citadas e que são utilizadas comumente pelo meio técnico. Observou-se nos exemplos apresentados que para as tensões normais de tração foram encontradas armaduras mínimas ou valores próximos aos mínimos. Para os valores das forças cortantes e forças para verificar a punção, em alguns casos, se aproximaram das forças últimas. Foi notado que geralmente os efeitos das tensões cisalhantes determinam não só as alturas das sapatas mas também todo o seu dimensionamento. / This Thesis discusses and analyses the footing design criteria of Brazilian Code and also some international codes, in regarding to internal forces determination, dimensioning and reinforcement distribution. This work has essential recommendations to design and construct spread footing, such as the most frequently used types of shallow foundation. Criteria presented in the CEB/1970, NBR 6118/1982, CEB MC-90, ACI 318/1995, EC-2/92, and in the text which can be used as the basis for revised version of the Brazilian Code NB 1/78(1992) are discussed as well as some design models that are not yet normalized but it can be found at technical literature. lt can be observed in some of these Codes that since they do not take into consideration the ultimate limit state in spread footing design, some criteria that are applicable to slabs were adapted for this study. Some examples of spread footing under compression load design, spread footing under eccentric load having flexure plane in one side of column and in both side of column, are analysed to help understanding the concepts on the cited Codes. lt was noted on the examples that it was founded the minimum reinforcement when the structure was submitted to tension stress. Shear forces and forces used to verify punching shear effects reached the ultimate forces in some cases. lt was observed that shear tension effects determine the footing high as well as every footing dimensions.

Este trabalho analisou o comportamento teórico e experimental de pilares de concreto armado submetidos à força de compressão centrada e executados com concreto de resistência à compressão em torno de 25 MPa. Durante a fase experimental, foram ensaiados 16 modelos com dimensões das seções transversais de 200 mm x 200 mm e 150 mm x 300 mm, sendo as alturas iguais a seis vezes a menor dimensão da seção, ou seja, 1200 mm e 900 mm, respectivamente. Além das dimensões dos pilares, outros parâmetros foram considerados, tais como a taxa de armadura longitudinal e o espaçamento e a configuração da armadura transversal. Os ensaios foram realizados em uma máquina hidráulica servo-controlada que permitiu aplicar a força de compressão com controle de deslocamento. Assim, foi possível obter o trecho pós-pico da curva força-deformação dos pilares. Os resultados experimentais mostraram que não há formação de núcleo resistente. Foi notado que as fissuras surgiram em etapa de carga muito próxima do colapso dos modelos. Para as taxas de armadura transversal adotadas, foi verificado um ligeiro cintamento e um expressivo aumento na ductilidade dos pilares. Por fim, verificou-se que o estribo suplementar, em forma de barra reta com ganchos nas extremidades contribuiu para cintar e ductilizar os modelos de pilares. / This work analysed the theoretical and experimental behaviour of reinforced concrete columns under axial compression force with concrete compressive strenght around of 25 MPa. In the experimental stage it was tested 16 specimens with cross sections of 200 mm x 200 mm and 150 mm x 300 mm. The height of the columns were six times the smallest dimension of the cross section, i.e., 1200 mm and 900 mm, respectively. Besides the dimensions of the columns, other parameters, like longitudinal reinforcement ratio and the spacing and arrangement of the transverse reinforcement were varied. The columns were loaded concentrically in an servohidraulically controlled testing machine that permitted applying the compression force with displacement control. Therefore, it was possible to obtain the force-strain curve post-peak. The results showed that were not formed resistent cores. Cracks appeared in a load stage near the failure of the specimens. For the transversal reinforcement ratio adopted, it was verified a small gain in strength and an significant increase in ductility. At last, the supplementary cross ties provided gain of strength and ductility in the columns.

A cyclic polarization procedure was designed to evaluate the pitting potentials of high performance stainless steels in synthetic concrete pore water at different chloride concentrations. Cyclic polarization scans were performed on high performance stainless steel reinforcements, S32201, S32305 and S32205. Pitting initiation was observed below the oxygen evolution potential for high chloride concentrations. S32201 and S32304 showed the presence of metastable pitting before reaching its pitting potential. Pitting resistance performance, based on cyclic polarization, was consistent with each material's respective Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN) value. For S32201 and S32304, pitting potential decreased as the chloride concentration increased, whereas S32205 did not pit at the chloride concentrations tested. / by Erika Maria Sanchez. / Thesis (M.S.C.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2011. / Includes bibliography. / Electronic reproduction. Boca Raton, Fla., 2011. Mode of access: World Wide Web.