Medicaid is a complicated system for educators to access. LEAs can access Medicaid funds by: billing through a contracted service, establishing their own billing system, or may choose not billing Medicaid. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Medicaid billing processes used in Arkansas public schools. The study considers processes some LEAs use to bill Medicaid for related services, and reasons why other LEAs do not access Medicaid. All LEA supervisors of special education in the state of Arkansas were sent a survey regarding Medicaid billing practices. A total of 87 supervisors responded to all or part of the survey (80%). The survey included three major parts. All supervisors were asked to complete the first section, which asked demographic information. Supervisors who currently bill Medicaid were asked to respond to the second section of the questionnaire, which sought information about the billing process. The third section of the survey was completed by supervisors of nonbilling LEAs. These supervisors were asked to rate a series of possible reasons LEAs do not bill as each pertained to their decision. They were also asked to list and rate any other reasons why they do not bill Medicaid. The respondents worked in systems where attendances usually ranged between 500 and 5,000 students with 106-525 of those students receiving special education. Most school systems in the sample have participated in Medicaid billing (80%). Most (76%) prefer billing Medicaid directly rather than using a billing service. Ninety-seven percent bill Medicaid for speech therapy, 72% for occupational therapy, and 79% for physical therapy. In addition, 31% bill Medicaid for Early Periodic Screening Diagnosis and Treatment (EPSDT). The data suggest that the billing procedures can be incorporated with relative ease into a clerical/secretarial assignment, taking less than four hours per week to transact. Various technologies were utilized for processing, but the most popular was the AEVCS machine. Almost half of the supervisors billing Medicaid experienced problems with other agencies. Suggestions for improvements fell into four categories. These were providing ongoing training for billing districts, simplifying billing requirements and paperwork, improving the software used to submit information, and dealing with DHS and Medicaid agency representatives. For the LEAs responding to the survey, total Medicaid reimbursement was $2,237,006.55. This is 78% of the statewide total. Nonbilling districts indicated that the complexity of the billing process, and personnel factors were reasons they decided against seeking Medicaid reimbursement. The findings of the study lead to recommendations for access to billing information, training, and communication with others involved in the process. / Ed. D.

Studies that expressly define the roles of related service providers in inclusive schools are limited. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to examine the lived experiences of related service providers, specifically occupational therapists, physical therapists, and speech and language pathologists, who practice in an inclusive education setting. An objective was to examine their attitudes and beliefs toward inclusion. This study used role theory as the theoretical framework. Tenets of role theory were used to explain how related service providers have come to understand their roles and responsibilities in the inclusion setting. Purposeful and snowball sampling yielded 10 participants who participated in semi-structured interviews. Data were analyzed using a multistep, phenomenological analysis method. The participants' descriptions of their involvement in inclusion revealed 7 themes: Expert/consultant, evaluator, direct service provider, mainstreaming, methods of collaboration, member of a multidisciplinary team, and documentation. Findings suggest a strong correlation between the perceived roles of the participants and the generic roles reported in the literature. Three themes emerged from their descriptions of their attitudes toward inclusion: general definition of inclusion, social/behavioral effects on inclusion, and barriers to inclusive education. The participants' views on the behavioral and social impact of inclusive education were mixed. Findings inform stakeholders about the day to day experiences of related service providers in an inclusion setting. This study represents a steppingstone toward increasing awareness of school-based professionals' contributions to the educational experience of special education students.

Technology and intellectual property markets have witnessed great developments in the last few decades. Due to intellectual property rights gaining more importance and technology companies opening up their innovation processes, a wide range of intellectual property rights related services have emerged in the last two decades. The goal of this research is to develop a comprehensive classification system of intellectual property rights related services (IPSC). The classification is created by applying an ontology engineering process. The IPSC consists of 72 various IPR services divided into six main categories (100 Legal Service; 200 IP Consulting; 300 Matchmaking and Trading; 400 IP Portfolio Processing; 500 IPR-related Financial Service; 600 IPR-related Communication Service). The implications of the thesis are directed to policy makers, technology transfer managers, C-level executives and innovation researchers. The IPSC enables practitioners and researchers to organize industry data that can be thereafter analyzed for better strategy and policy making. In addition, this contributes towards organizing a more transparent and single intellectual property market.:Acknowledgements I Abstract II Contents IV List of Figures VI List of Tables VII 1. Introduction 1 1.1. Introduction to Technology Markets 1 1.2. Explanation of Key Concepts 5 1.3. Research Questions and Goals 9 1.4. Readers Guide 13 2. Literature Review 15 2.1. Intellectual Property Markets State of the Art Review 15 2.2. Ontology Engineering State of the Art Review 22 3. Methodology 26 3.1. Methontology 26 3.2. Planning the IPSC 29 3.3. Specification 30 3.4. Conceptualization 31 3.5. Formalization 32 3.6. Integration 32 3.7. Evaluation 33 3.8. Documentation 33 3.9. Realization and Maintenance 33 4. Data description and collection framework 34 5. Applying Methontology 46 5.1. Knowledge Acquisition and Planning the IPSC 46 5.2. Specification 46 5.3. Conceptualization 47 5.4. Formalization 54 100 Legal Service 56 200 IP Consulting 60 300 Matchmaking and Trading 65 400 IP Portfolio Processing 72 500 IPR-related Financial Service 76 600 IPR-related Communication Service 81 5.5. Integration 86 5.6. Evaluation 95 5.7. Documentation 104 5.8. Realization and Maintenance of the IPSC 106 6. Interview Results and Further Discussions 108 6.1. Implications for Industry 108 6.2. Contributions of the IPSC 110 6.3. Limitations of the IPSC and Future Work 112 7. Conclusions 116 References 120 List of experts interviewed and the date of interview 129 Appendices 130

The school-based occupational therapy practitioner's role is to support children and youth's participation in the school environment (Cahill, 2020). To do this, practitioners must use evidence-based practice, which includes being up to date and knowledgeable with current strategies, interventions, and understanding how to implement those with the resources available. Although the literature provides guidelines for the core components of evidence-based practice in the school setting (Cahill & Beisber, 2020), occupational therapists continue to face barriers with putting the evidence into practice (Seruya & Garfinkel, 2020; McCluskey & Lovarini, 2005). Barriers include time, access to paid journal articles, administrators' support, and knowledge of evidence- based practice (Seruya & Garfinkel, 2020; McCluskey & Lovarini, 2005). To overcome the barriers, occupational therapy practitioners need access to professional development courses that support knowledge translation. Research shows that often times practitioners rely on traditional professional development courses, however, little research supports these formats in translating knowledge into practice. To support knowledge translation for occupational therapy practitioners who represent nearly one-fourth of all occupational therapists, professional development workshops need to move away from a traditional workshop format. The course Knowledge to Practice: Supporting School-Based Occupational Therapy Practitioners (KTTPSOTP) is a cutting-edge professional development course, incorporating the most current adult learning principles (Dionyssopoulos, Karalis, & Panitsides, 2014; Duman, 2010; Gozuyesil & Dikici, 2014). The course's critical elements include brain-based learning techniques, peer interaction and collaboration, and hybrid format. By participating in this course, school-based occupational therapy practitioners will receive ongoing support, access to current literature supporting best practices, and crucial peer connections. This course will provide needed support to school-based practitioners while also serving as a blueprint to other professional development courses interested in evolving beyond the traditional format.

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Seit einiger Zeit hat die Industrie hier die enge Verzahnung ihrer Güterproduktion mit Dienstleistungen, auch oft als Services oder Lösungen bezeichnet, als strategische Option erkannt. Der Vorteil einer engen Verflechtung von Produkt und Dienstleistung ist, dass insbesondere im Pre- und Aftersales-Bereich neue Wertschöpfungsmöglichkeiten entstehen, die auf dem einzigartigen Know-How und dem Wissen der anbietenden Unternehmen basieren. Zunehmend wird über solche Lösungen sogar der größere Anteil der Wertschöpfung für das Unternehmen erzielt, so dass die Bedeutung solcher Angebote beständig zunimmt. Der vorliegenden Band dokumentiert die Arbeit des Verbundvorhabens „Produkt-Dienstleistung-Lifecycle-Management“, welches von 2011-2014 den Lehrstuhl für Betriebliche Informationssysteme an der Universität Leipzig zusammen mit Unternehmen ATB Arbeit, Technik und Bildung GmbH, CADsys GmbH, Amtech GmbH und SITEC GmbH aus Chemnnitz realisiert und mit Mitteln der Europäischen Union und des Freistaates Sachsen durch das Programm FuE-Projektförderung der SAB finanziert wurde. Erstmalig werden integrierte Konzepte und Werkzeuge für ein Lebenszyklusmanagement in der Verbindung von Produktion und begleitenden Dienstleistungen vorgestellt, die in entsprechenden Use-Cases in der Praxis zur Anwendung geführt werden konnten.

<p>Background: Companies and organizations of today spend large amounts of money on IT-based business solutions. Such business solutions normally include business- consulting and software-creation (IT-related services). Due to the rapid development of the technology within this field of business the IT-customers find it difficult to select among potential suppliers on objective grounds. </p><p>Purpose: To increase the understanding for the professionl approach of the people involved in the sales- and purchase process of IT-related services in a business-to-business context. The study is taking the buyers'as well as the sellers'perspective into account when analyzing the process. Method: The empirical findings were collected from eight companies in Linköping and Stockholm. The method used was a qualitative interview survey. </p><p>Delimitation: The study treats business-to-business relationships. The study focuses on IT-services aimed at business development. The study do not include the influence of purely technical apects of IT-related services. </p><p>Conclusions: It appears to exist a"knowledge gap"between the IT-suppliers and the IT-customers concerning how to make use of the opportunities stemming from the newest IT-applications. The customers find it difficult to select among potential IT-suppliers on objective grounds. Trust in the supplier becomes very important. Trust can be achieved by means of personal contacts, the ability to speak the same language, reference projects and general knowledge about the customer's field of business.</p>

Background: Companies and organizations of today spend large amounts of money on IT-based business solutions. Such business solutions normally include business- consulting and software-creation (IT-related services). Due to the rapid development of the technology within this field of business the IT-customers find it difficult to select among potential suppliers on objective grounds. Purpose: To increase the understanding for the professionl approach of the people involved in the sales- and purchase process of IT-related services in a business-to-business context. The study is taking the buyers'as well as the sellers'perspective into account when analyzing the process. Method: The empirical findings were collected from eight companies in Linköping and Stockholm. The method used was a qualitative interview survey. Delimitation: The study treats business-to-business relationships. The study focuses on IT-services aimed at business development. The study do not include the influence of purely technical apects of IT-related services. Conclusions: It appears to exist a"knowledge gap"between the IT-suppliers and the IT-customers concerning how to make use of the opportunities stemming from the newest IT-applications. The customers find it difficult to select among potential IT-suppliers on objective grounds. Trust in the supplier becomes very important. Trust can be achieved by means of personal contacts, the ability to speak the same language, reference projects and general knowledge about the customer's field of business.

A importância dos serviços para as empresas de manufatura tem aumentado nas últimas décadas em função das alterações no ambiente em que estão inseridas. Dentre os aspectos relacionados com a oferta de serviços por empresas de manufatura, pode ser citado que os serviços são influenciados pelas definições realizadas durante o processo de desenvolvimento de produtos (PDP). No entanto, a literatura ainda é escassa no sentido de compreender essa relação. Dessa forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho é analisar as características dos serviços relacionados com os produtos e a sua relação com o PDP por meio de um estudo de caso em uma empresa do setor aeroespacial. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma análise documental e entrevistas semi-estruturadas, em que foi feita a descrição das etapas do PDP, o levantamento e classificação do portfolio de serviços, a análise detalhada dos serviços selecionados e a análise da relação entre estes serviços e o PDP. Os resultados da análise confirmaram que os serviços são impactados pelas decisões de todas as etapas do PDP e para todos os serviços analisados e ainda apresenta quando e como essas relações acontecem. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com a literatura existente. As relações identificadas influenciam diversos aspectos dos serviços analisados, como: o processo, o escopo, a infraestrutura, os custos e pessoas. / The importance of services to manufacturing companies has grown over the last decades due to several changes in the business environment. Among the aspects related with the offer of services by manufacturing companies is the fact that services are influenced by the decisions taken during the new product development process (NPD). Although, the literature is scarce when it comes to comprehend how this relationship happens. In this way, the objective of this study is to analyze the characteristics of product-related services and the relationship between the NPD process activities and these services through a case study in a manufacturing company of the aerospace industry. The data was collected with the use of a documentary analysis and semi-structured interviews, where the phases of the NPD were described, the service portfolio was identified and classified, the selected services were analyzed and the relationship between the NPD and these services. The results confirmed that all the services that were analyzed are influenced by the decisions of all NPD phases and maps it out. The results were then compared with the existing literature. The identified relationship influence several aspects of the services that were analyzed, such as: the process, the scope, the infrastructure, the costs and people.