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Thesis (M.S.)--Boston University

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In this dissertation, I study the process of gaining public consent about a security threat, or threat legitimation. Threats require legitimation because they are social facts and not objective truths or subjective perceptions. I argue rhetorical resources and strategies affect threat legitimation. Political actors deploy rhetorical resources and strategies in order to generate consent. The rhetorical resources connect together the rhetorical resources to construct a threat narrative used in the public debates. Moreover, I argue that the media environment influences how rhetorical strategies affect threat legitimation, acting as a conditional variable. Therefore I trace the threat narratives in six episodes in the history of United States foreign policy. Through process tracing, I highlight how rhetorical resources and strategies changed the public debates and level of consent about a threat, and how the media environment influenced these rhetorical strategies. / Political Science

This study examines German-U.S. relations during the George W. Bush administration. It utilizes Peter J. Katzenstein and Robert O. Keohane's theoretical framework of anti-Americanism to examine German perceptions of U.S. foreign policy. Katzenstein and Keohane distinguish four distinctive types of anti-Americanism. Liberal anti-Americanism is a reaction to unpopular U.S. foreign policies. Social anti-Americanism occurs in response to U.S. style capitalism and U.S. society. Sovereign-nationalist anti-American is a nationalistic response to the superpower's perceived intrusion on state sovereignty. Radical anti-Americanism is a Leninist or radical Islamic response to U.S. power. I hypothesize that anti-Americanism in German is primarily a political reaction to the policies of the Bush administration. However the negative attitudes towards U.S. foreign policy also manifest themselves in the form of the social and sovereign types of anti-Americanism. / Master of Arts

Dans la Province ecclésiastique de Lubumbashi apparaissent des conflits qui perturbent la communion entre les membres de l’Église et qui mettent en péril l’unité ecclésiale. Apparemment, ces conflits seraient justifiés par la haine tribale et la mauvaise répartition des biens ecclésiaux. Mais à regarder de plus près, on observerait le refus de faire participer les membres de l’Église à sa gouvernance. Avec Cyprien de Carthage qui a eu à affronter plusieurs conflits qui ont détruit la communion et l’unité de l’Église, la présente thèse voudrait donc réfléchir sur les conflits comme défis lancés à l’unité de l’Église dans la Province ecclésiastique de Lubumbashi. Pour y arriver, nous effectuerons nos recherches en trois moments. Le premier moment sera consacré à l’étude de l’Église dans l’ancienne province civile du Katanga. En trois chapitres, ce moment présentera les lieux, le contexte et les acteurs, et analysera les lettres relatives aux conflits dans l’Église de l’ancien Katanga. Dans le premier chapitre, la présentation des lieux nous fera remonter aux origines de la Province ecclésiastique de Lubumbashi dans le Congo Belge, en posant ses limites géographiques, territoriales, linguistiques et ecclésiastiques. Au second chapitre, la présentation du contexte s’intéressera aux diocèses de Sakania-Kipushi et de Kongolo comme lieux du déroulement des conflits. Ensuite, elle présentera les acteurs impliqués dans les conflits et les lettres relatives à ces conflits. Au troisième chapitre, l’analyse des lettres relatives aux conflits dans les diocèses de Sakania-Kipushi et de Kongolo interprètera chacune des lettres avant de développer une critique théologique sur le contenu de la correspondance. Le second moment sera consacré à l’étude de l’Église chez Cyprien de Carthage. En deux chapitres, ce deuxième moment se penchera sur les crises comme occasions des interventions des ecclésiastiques carthaginois aux IIe et IIIe siècles avant de considérer la construction de l’unité dans la gouvernance ecclésiale de Cyprien de Carthage. Le quatrième chapitre de notre thèse se penchera d’abord sur les crises internes des premières communautés chrétiennes de l’Afrique du Nord et l’intervention de Tertullien. Ensuite, il se penchera sur les crises externes de l’Église au temps de Cyprien pour comprendre son agir dans l’Église de son temps. Le cinquième chapitre dégagera l’unité comme principe qui caractérise la gouvernance ecclésiale de l’évêque Cyprien. Qu’il soit absent de Carthage ou présent, Cyprien veille au maintien de la communion ecclésiale. Le troisième moment établira un dialogue corrélatif entre la gouvernance mise en place par Cyprien de Carthage et celle pratiquée dans la Province ecclésiastique de Lubumbashi. Dans un chapitre, ce moment réfléchira à la construction de l'unité de l'Église à travers une pratique synodale de gouvernement. Le sixième chapitre de cette thèse s'appuiera d'abord sur quelques éléments de synodalité dans la gouvernance ecclésiale de Cyprien. Ensuite, il remarquera le gouvernement ecclésial qui témoigne d'un déficit de synodalité et de dysfonctionnement des institutions de la province ecclésiastique de Lubumbashi, avant de proposer des principes, pratiques, figures institutionnelles, procédures et attitudes ecclésiologiques pour exercer synodalement le ministère ordonné. / In the ecclesiastical Province of Lubumbashi, conflicts arise which disrupt communion between members of the Church and which jeopardize ecclesial unity. Apparently, these conflicts are justified by tribal hatred and the misallocation of ecclesial goods. But on closer inspection, one would observe the refusal to involve members of the Church in its governance. With Cyprien de Carthage who had to face several conflicts which destroyed communion and the unity of the Church, the present thesis would therefore like to reflect on conflicts as challenges launched to the unity of the Church in he ecclesiastical Province of Lubumbashi. To get there, we will do our research in three moments.The first moment will be devoted to the study of the Church in the former civil province of Katanga. In three chapters, this moment will present the places, the context and the actors, and will analyze the letters relating to conflicts in the Church of ancient Katanga. In the first chapter, the presentation of the places will take us back to the origins of the ecclesiastical Province of Lubumbashi in the Belgian Congo, by laying down its geographical, territorial, linguistic and ecclesiastical limits. In the second chapter, the presentation of the context will focus on the dioceses of Sakania-Kipushi and Kongoloas places of conflict. Then, it will present the actors involved in the conflicts and the letters relating to these conflicts. In the third chapter, the analysis of the letters relating to conflicts in the dioceses of Sakania-Kipushi and Kongolo will interpret each of the letters before developing a theological critique of the content of the correspondence. The second moment will be devoted to the study of the Church with Cyprien de Carthage. In two chapters, this second moment will look at crises as occasions for interventions by Carthaginian ecclesiastics in the second and third centuries before considering the construction of unity in the ecclesial governance of Cyprien de Carthage. The fourth chapter of our thesis will first look at the internal crises of the first Christian communities in North Africa and the intervention of Tertullian. Then, he will look at the external crises of the Church in Cyprian's time to understand his actions in the Church of his time. The fifth chapter will identify unity as a principle that characterizes the ecclesial governance of bishop Cyprien.Whether he is absent from Carthage or present, Cyprien ensures the maintenance of ecclesial communion. The third moment will establish a correlative dialogue between the Church of the Ecclesiastical Province of Lubumbashi and the Church of Cyprien de Carthage. In one chapter, this moment will reflect on the construction of the unity of the Church through a synodal practice of government. The sixth chapter of this thesis will first draw some elements of synodality in the ecclesial governance of Cyprien. Then, he will notice the ecclesial government which testifies to a deficit of synodality and dysfunctionality of the institutions in the ecclesiastical Province of Lubumbashi, before proposing ecclesiological principles, practices, institutional figures, procedures and attitudes to exercise synodally the ordained ministry.

This thesis aims to explain the change in developing countries’ intellectual property legislation as a response to their Trade-related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) obligations. When the TRIPs Agreement was negotiated during the Uruguay Round of multilateral trade talks, developing countries resisted its adoption because of their different domestic norms and traditions relating to intellectual property rights and concerns about the administrative costs of implementing the agreement. Nevertheless, when the TRIPs Agreement came into force, almost all developing countries altered their domestic intellectual property laws, and many did so prior to the deadline for implementation and/or adopted more rigorous intellectual property rules than required by TRIPs. That many developing countries have adjusted their domestic intellectual property law poses the puzzle that this thesis seeks to explain. It does so by testing two competing explanations: the role of external pressures (both in terms of great power coercion and legalisation of international institutions) and domestic politics. This thesis combines a survey of the timing and quality of 102 WTO developing country members’ legislation across patents, copyrights, and trademarks, with detailed case studies of changes to intellectual property legislation in India and Indonesia, which are both unlikely cases for compliance, but reflect different domestic political circumstances. The empirical findings demonstrate that external pressures cannot provide a satisfactory explanation, as policy change occurred both with the presence and in the absence of these pressures. In order to fully understand the change in developing countries’ intellectual property legislation, it is also necessary to analyse the preferences of domestic actors (societal and governmental) and how they interact. By arguing this, this thesis thus suggests the importance of taking domestic politics into account to explain change in developing countries’ domestic legislation as a response to inconvenient international obligations.