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If most scholars tend to agree that the native language of a speaker does influence the way they will understand the reality around them, the question becomes ambiguous when it comes to bilingual speakers’ cognition. How is their reality affected by the combination of their languages? This study aimed at exploring this question under the angle of grammatical gender. Adult simultaneous early bilingualsin French and Swedish were asked, in an innovative experiment, to match a culturally neutral item to a voice. In a second experiment, the same participants were asked to match a culturally loaded item to a voice. In both experiments, items were carefully chosen according to their grammatical gender. Results indicate that grammatical gender was not a predictor of voice assignment. However, the perceived cultural stereotypes of the items used in the second experiment appeared to be a robust predictor of voice assignment. Findings suggest thus that grammatical gender does not affect how simultaneous early bilingualism French and Swedish would conceptualise artifacts, but cultural gender would.

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth and Planetary Science, 1980. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Thomas Marshall Eubanks. / M.S.

No / The purpose of this paper is to highlight the importance of constraints in the theory of relativity and, in particular, what philosophical work they do for Einstein's views on the laws of physics. Einstein presents a view of local ``structure laws'' which he characterizes as the most appropriate form of physical laws. Einstein was committed to a view of science, which presents a synthesis between rational and empirical elements as its hallmark. If scientific constructs are free inventions of the human mind, as Einstein, held, the question arises how such rational constructs, including the symbolic formulation of the laws of physics, can represent physical reality. Representation in turn raises the question of realism. Einstein uses a number of constraints in the theory of relativity to show that by imposing constraints on the rational elements a certain ``fit'' between theory and reality can be achieved. Fit is to be understood as satisfaction of constraint. His emphasis on reference frames in the STR and more general coordinate systems in the GTR, as well as his emphasis on the symmetries of the theory of relativity suggests that Einstein's realism is akin to a certain form of structural realism. His version of structural realism follows from the theory of relativity and is independent of any current philosophical debates about structural realism.

yes / This paper discusses Leibniz’s view and defence of heliocentrism, which was one of the main achievements of the Scientific Revolution (1543-1687). As Leibniz was a defender of a strictly mechanistic worldview, it seems natural to assume that he accepted Copernican heliocentrism and its completion by figures like Kepler, Descartes and Newton without reservation. However, the fact that Leibniz speaks of the Copernican theory as a hypothesis (or plausible assumption) suggests that he had several reservations regarding heliocentrism. On a first approach Leibniz employed two of his most cherished principles to defend the Copernican hypothesis against the proponents of geocentrism: these were the principle of the relativity of motion and the principle of the equivalence of hypotheses. A closer analysis reveals, however, that Leibniz also appeals to dynamic causes of planetary motions, and these constitute a much stronger support for heliocentrism than his two philosophical principles alone.

We begin by reviewing special and general relativity in such a way as to smoothly transition into current research. We present the variational formalism of general relativity as well as the extension into the palatini formalism. This allows us to develop a theory on a metric affine manifold rather than the standard manifold in general relativity. We present a generalized action intended to replace the Einstein Hilbert action in general relativity and derive some consequences thereof. The modified field equations are derived by varying this action using the Palatini approach. The corresponding differential equations are solved thereby establishing the equivalence between the modified action and the standard action with a cosmological constant. Furthermore the metric due to a spherically symmetric distribution of mass is found and applied in calculating the bending of light in the curved space. It is deduced that no difference between the modified action and the original Einstein Hilbert action is observed thereby implying that the experiment involving the bending of light around the sun in 1919 in no way distinguishes between our modification and the original approach by Einstein and Hilbert.

Multimessenger astrophysics represents a new paradigm in our understanding of the universe, transcending traditional observational boundaries by combining information from various cosmic messengers. One of the most notable events in multimessenger astrophysics is the merger of two neutron stars, which was first detected in 2017 through the simultaneous observation of gravitational waves (GW) and electromagnetic radiation across the entire spectrum. This groundbreaking discovery provided many insights on different physical phenomena, from the properties of matter at very high densities to the origin of heavy elements. In this thesis we mainly focus on the study of the second binary neutron star (BNS) merger GW190425, detected by the Ligo and Virgo interferometers on the 25th of April, 2019, on the characterization of the accretion discs formed from the merger of a binary system composed by two neutron stars and on the effects of a hadron to quark phase transition that can occurs during such mergers.