Analise da arquitetura religiosa na cidade de Itu e suas relações com as reformas urbanas ocorridas no período de 1873 a 1916. Enfatizamos nosso estudo nas reformas ocorridas em antigos templos coloniais que nesse período passaram por significativas transformações. O estudo dos ideais de modernização da época e das diretrizes da Igreja Católica é peça-chave para a revisão historiográfica da chamada arquitetura eclética. Analisamos alguns dos principais agentes dessas transformações: suas ideologias, as novas modalidades de projetação e seus vínculos com as transformações tecnológicas. Todos estes fatores influenciaram de diferentes modos na reforma dessas igrejas. Nesse contexto, pesquisamos o vínculo das reformas nas igrejas com as transformações que Itu vivenciou nesse período, como a chegada da ferrovia, as transformações das praças em jardins, a construção do novo cemitério, o novo matadouro municipal, o novo mercado municipal e a implantação da iluminação pública. Como recorte de pesquisa, foram selecionadas algumas igrejas representativas do passado colonial, que na virada do século tiveram suas fachadas completamente modificadas: a igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora da Candelária, a igreja de Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio e as igrejas administradas pela Companhia de Jesus na cidade: a igreja de São Luis do Gonzaga, a igreja do Bom Jesus e, finalmente, a igreja de Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte. / This research analyzes the religious architecture of Itu city and its relationships with the urban reform which occurred from 1873 to 1916. Our study is emphasized in the reforms occurred in ancient colonial temples which had significant changes at that time. The study of the ideals of modernization and of the Catholic Church guidelines at that time is the main point for a historiographic review of the eclectic architecture. We analyzed one of the main agents of these changes: their ideologies, the new modalities of the design process and their links with the technological changes. All these factors influenced in different ways in the reforms of these churches. In this context, it was researched the link in the church reforms with the changes that Itu had at that time like the arrival of railroads, the squares which became into gardens, the construction of a new cemetery, the new municipal slaughterhouse, the new municipal market and the implementation of the public lighting. As a clipping of the research, it was selected some representative churches of the past colonial which had their façades completely changed in the Passage of Century: The Nossa Senhora da Candelária Church, Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio Church and the ones administrated by the Companhia de Jesus in the city: The São Luis do Gonzaga Church, The Bom Jesus Church and, finally, The Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte Church.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo explorar a espacialidade simbólica em arquitetura. Para tanto, principia expondo de maneira sucinta conceitos fundamentais de semiótica arquitetônica, situando o debate do simbolismo em arquitetura dentro de uma abordagem comunicacional do fenômeno arquitetônico. Em seguida expõe algumas considerações acerca da questão mais ampla do sentido em arquitetura, da qual entende-se que a questão do simbolismo em arquitetura faça parte. Apesar de partir inicialmente de uma visão vulgar do conceito de símbolo, baseada livremente na conceituação dada por Charles Peirce, esta dissertação explora também diferentes abordagens oriundas da semiótica, da lingüística, da psicanálise, da filosofia e da própria arquitetura, de forma a encontrar novos elementos que a auxilie a alcançar uma posição particular em relação ao símbolo, adequada ao seu uso em teoria da arquitetura. Partindo desta exploração do conceito de símbolo, a dissertação prossegue analisando a construção do símbolo em arquitetura ? seus mecanismos e aplicação. Trata então do simbolismo estrutural, implícito e identificado com o edifício em si, e do simbolismo aplicado, explícito e aposto à edificação. Para tanto parte da distinção que Venturi, Brown e Izenour fazem do simbolismo do ?pato? e do ?galpão decorado?. Em sua segunda parte a dissertação oferece exemplos do simbolismo em arquitetura religiosa, não se limitando a uma tradição ou a um contexto específico. A intenção é ilustrar o debate teórico desenvolvido na primeira parte ao mesmo tempo em que se aprofunda a questão de um simbolismo arquitetônico específico ? aquele da arquitetura religiosa. Além de uma introdução geral ao simbolismo do edifício religioso são analisadas as diferentes escalas de manifestação do símbolo no edifício: em sua localização, implantação, forma e conteúdo. A dissertação conclui com uma reflexão acerca de algumas das questões suscitadas e uma especulação acerca de caminhos possíveis para futuras pesquisas. / The aim of this dissertation is to explore the symbolic quality of space in architecture. Hence, it begins showing in a concise way basic concepts of architectural semiotics, placing the debate of the symbolism in architecture inside a communicational approach of the architectural phenomenon. After that it displays some considerations about the broadest question of the meaning in architecture, of which one understands that the question of architectural symbolism is a portion. Despite starting out from a vulgar concept of symbol, based freely in its given conceptualization by Charles Peirce, this dissertation explores also different approaches deriving from the semiotics, the linguistics, the psychoanalysis, the philosophy and the architecture itself, in such a way to find new elements that assist it to reach a particular position in relation to the symbol, proper for its use in architectural theory. Leaving from this exploitation of the symbol concept this dissertation goes on analyzing the construction of the symbol in architecture ? its mechanisms and application. It deals then with the structural symbolism, implicit and identified with the building in itself, and with the applied symbolism, explicit and attached to the building. For that, it parts from the distinction that Venturi, Brown and Izenour make of the symbolism of the \"duck\" and of the symbolism of the \"decorated shed\". In its second part this dissertation presents examples of the symbolism in religious architecture, not limiting itself to a tradition or a specific context. The intention is to illustrate the developed theoretical debate of its first section altogether deepening the debate of a specific architectural symbolism ? that of the religious architecture. Beyond a general introduction to the symbolism of the religious building, the different scales of manifestation of the symbol in the building are analyzed: in its localization, implantation, form and content. This dissertation concludes with a reflection concerning some of the stirred up questions and a speculation about possible paths for future researches.

Thomas Sackville was a courtier and a politician during the reigns of Queen Elizabeth I and King James I. Shortly prior to his death in April 1608, Sackville began work on his largest architectural project, the transformation of the archbishops' greathouse at Knole, near Sevenoaks in Kent. The house holds a seminal position in the landscape of country houses of the period, and as Sackville's only surviving house, is an important monument to his ambitions as patron. However, Sackville's significance as a patron has often been underplayed, in the same way that his position as a leading politician and a minister of state has often been seen as only a brief interlude between the hegemony of William and Robert Cecil – Sackville's predecessor and successor as Lord Treasurer respectively. The research of this thesis focuses on Sackville's transformation of his house at Knole, highlighting the fact that during his political apogee, Sackville was a leading patron of his day, who employed the finest artisans, craftsmen and artificers available to him. In the historiography of English architectural history, Knole is often sidelined, and seen as the last moment of Elizabethan building practice before the innovations of the Jacobean period. This not only underplays the complexity of the building's development, but also detracts from what Thomas Sackville aimed to achieve during his campaign of building at Knole between 1605 and 1608. New evidence has afforded a fuller insight into Thomas Sackville's role as patron and also the extent to which his numerous intellectual and cultural interests were brought to bear on the transformation of the house. This evidence suggests that what Sackville achieved at Knole was a remarkable synthesis of what was inherited from the existing fabric and what was newly built, and the product of this synthesis was a house that reflected both Sackville's intellectual and political ambitions.

This thesis analyses new evidence for both the architectural and social histories of the late-medieval Archbishops of Canterburys‘ house at Knole in Sevenoaks, Kent. Built and occupied by a succession of archbishops between 1456 and 1538, Knole is today regarded as one of the most significant medieval houses in Great Britain. Using newly discovered summary building accounts the thesis suggests a new interpretation of the building phases of the house. This has reattributed most of the major phases to Archbishop Bourchier (c.1411 – 1486) and suggests that by the time of his death much of the extant fabric had been completed. Significantly it also suggests, for the first time, that Bourchier may have been responsible for building the ranges surrounding Green Court; a part of the house that has previously been attributed to later owners of Knole. The thesis also suggests that of Bourchier‘s successors at Knole only Archbishop Warham (c.1450 – 1532) made any significant alterations to the building and attributes to him the timber-framed ranges around Pheasant Court and the east front, including the Brown Gallery. In addition to its architecture, the thesis also considers how a house like Knole was used by the archbishops and discusses the evidence for its differing functions. It compares Knole to other late-medieval houses and palaces, most significantly to the nearby house at Otford; another property built by the Archbishops of Canterbury. The thesis concludes that, alongside some ritual and business functions, Knole‘s primary role was as a country retreat away from the demands of Court and politics.

Church architecture has evolved dramatically since its inception. It has changed shape, size and form, from simple houses converted to meeting places, to grand Gothic cathedrals, to high-tech auditoriums and modern structures of various shapes and sizes. Throughout the ages there have been many factors that have played a role in this evolution. Not only religious factors, but also economic, social, and political factors, have all contributed to the dynamic changes in church architecture. This thesis focuses on the manner in which the Protestant doctrine has influenced the development of church architecture. This research explores the validity of the idea that spaces and forms of architecture are influenced by the values and beliefs of the people they belong to. There are many movements within Protestantism; because of this there are a variety of architectural forms for their buildings, therefore there is no particular Protestant church architectural style. This study determines how different doctrines and values have influenced church design throughout the ages, through examining various examples of religious architecture, focusing on the doctrinal issues that have played a major part in the design. This is not a comprehensive survey of the history of church architecture. Theoretical discussions on place, meaning and the concept of function are directly relevant this study, which seeks to find ordering principles that inform the creation of functional and meaningful places for people. The main principle that arose from this research is that people, their beliefs and values, and the site need to be the primary design generators in the design of a church complex as they are in any other building. / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

With some diversity, and in the growing number, the evangelicals temples are presents each time many more in the contemporary city. Starting from the copies in Maceió (Alagoas), this dissertation have the objective analyze the architecture of the evangelicals temples, from the your spatial configuration and the your value for the users of this space, taking into account the various existing usergroups (tradicionals, pentecostals, charismatic ). The work search to understand the influence in the formation of this spaces, having as criteria for analysis your typology, the scale of building and your insertion in the urban, eyond the symbolism tied to the same. Also searchs analysin the place construction in the evangelicals temples, taking into account the phenomenological method. Lastly, seek to analyze the importance of this temples for the users of Maceió city, using interviews that reveal the point of view of the individuals who attends this spaces. By this work, search to understand the representation and the value of the evangelical space in the news. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Com uma enorme diversidade e em número crescente, os templos evangélicos se apresentam cada vez mais numerosos nas cidades contemporâneas. Partindo de exemplares em Maceió (Alagoas), esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a arquitetura dos templos evangélicos a partir de sua configuração espacial e de seu valor para os usuários destes espaços, levando em consideração os diversos grupos existentes (tradicionais, pentecostais e neopentecostais). O trabalho busca compreender as influências na formação destes espaços tendo como critérios de análise sua tipologia, escala das edificações e sua inserção no meio urbano, além da simbologia atrelada às mesmas. Também se busca analisar a construção do lugar nos templos evangélicos, levando em consideração o método fenomenológico. Por fim, procura-se analisar a importância destes templos para os usuários da cidade de Maceió, utilizando-se de entrevistas que revelam o ponto de vista do indivíduo que freqüenta estes espaços. Através deste trabalho busca-se compreender as representações e o valor do espaço evangélico na atualidade.

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O processo de formação da malha urbana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre outros, foi permeado pelo sentimento religioso de seus habitantes, que em muitos casos reuniam-se em associações religiosas que exerceram um importante papel social, político e econômico na sociedade carioca no período de 1763 a 1840. O presente estudo tem por objetivo apontar as Ordens Leigas - Ordens Terceiras e Irmandades - que no exercício de sua territorialidade, despontaram como um dos agentes de formação da malha urbana do centro da cidade para fora dos limites estabelecidos até o final do século XVIII. Para tanto, buscou-se desvendar as ações estratégicas dessas associações que com suas práticas devocionais como procissões, festas e peregrinações, teriam se apropriado do território do centro da cidade. Igualmente foi investigado, se a partir dessa ocupação, foram executados melhoramentos na região de entorno, seja por parte da administração da cidade, seja por parte de seus próprios integrantes. Foram procedidas análises da arquitetura das igrejas das Ordens Terceiras e Irmandades inseridas na região a fim de verificar quais as influências do sentimento religioso e das disposições eclesiásticas no projeto desses exemplares e identificar na tipologia das formas simbólicas da construção a presença ou não de padronização entre elas. / The process of urban mesh formation of Rio de Janeiro city, among others was involved by the religious feeling of its inhabitants, who in many cases congregated themselves in religious associations that had exerted an important social, economic and political paper in Cariocas society in the period of 1763 to 1840. This study has as objective to point the Laypeople Orders - Third Orders and Brotherhoods - that in the exercise of its territoriality had blunted as one of the agents of formation of the downtown urban mesh out of the limits established until the end of XVIII century. For in such a way, one searched to unmask the strategical actions of these associations that with its devotional practices as processions, parties and pilgrimages, would have appropriated of downtown territory. Equally it was investigated if from this occupation were executed improvements at the region, either on the part of the administration of the city, either on the part of its proper integrants. It had been proceeded analyses from the architecture of the churches of the Third Orders and Brotherhoods in the region in order to verify which were the influences of the religious feeling and ecclesiastical disposals in the project of these units and to identify in the typology of the symbolic forms of the construction the presence or not of standardization between them.

Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / O processo de formação da malha urbana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, entre outros, foi permeado pelo sentimento religioso de seus habitantes, que em muitos casos reuniam-se em associações religiosas que exerceram um importante papel social, político e econômico na sociedade carioca no período de 1763 a 1840. O presente estudo tem por objetivo apontar as Ordens Leigas - Ordens Terceiras e Irmandades - que no exercício de sua territorialidade, despontaram como um dos agentes de formação da malha urbana do centro da cidade para fora dos limites estabelecidos até o final do século XVIII. Para tanto, buscou-se desvendar as ações estratégicas dessas associações que com suas práticas devocionais como procissões, festas e peregrinações, teriam se apropriado do território do centro da cidade. Igualmente foi investigado, se a partir dessa ocupação, foram executados melhoramentos na região de entorno, seja por parte da administração da cidade, seja por parte de seus próprios integrantes. Foram procedidas análises da arquitetura das igrejas das Ordens Terceiras e Irmandades inseridas na região a fim de verificar quais as influências do sentimento religioso e das disposições eclesiásticas no projeto desses exemplares e identificar na tipologia das formas simbólicas da construção a presença ou não de padronização entre elas. / The process of urban mesh formation of Rio de Janeiro city, among others was involved by the religious feeling of its inhabitants, who in many cases congregated themselves in religious associations that had exerted an important social, economic and political paper in Cariocas society in the period of 1763 to 1840. This study has as objective to point the Laypeople Orders - Third Orders and Brotherhoods - that in the exercise of its territoriality had blunted as one of the agents of formation of the downtown urban mesh out of the limits established until the end of XVIII century. For in such a way, one searched to unmask the strategical actions of these associations that with its devotional practices as processions, parties and pilgrimages, would have appropriated of downtown territory. Equally it was investigated if from this occupation were executed improvements at the region, either on the part of the administration of the city, either on the part of its proper integrants. It had been proceeded analyses from the architecture of the churches of the Third Orders and Brotherhoods in the region in order to verify which were the influences of the religious feeling and ecclesiastical disposals in the project of these units and to identify in the typology of the symbolic forms of the construction the presence or not of standardization between them.

Esta dissertação tem por objetivo explorar a espacialidade simbólica em arquitetura. Para tanto, principia expondo de maneira sucinta conceitos fundamentais de semiótica arquitetônica, situando o debate do simbolismo em arquitetura dentro de uma abordagem comunicacional do fenômeno arquitetônico. Em seguida expõe algumas considerações acerca da questão mais ampla do sentido em arquitetura, da qual entende-se que a questão do simbolismo em arquitetura faça parte. Apesar de partir inicialmente de uma visão vulgar do conceito de símbolo, baseada livremente na conceituação dada por Charles Peirce, esta dissertação explora também diferentes abordagens oriundas da semiótica, da lingüística, da psicanálise, da filosofia e da própria arquitetura, de forma a encontrar novos elementos que a auxilie a alcançar uma posição particular em relação ao símbolo, adequada ao seu uso em teoria da arquitetura. Partindo desta exploração do conceito de símbolo, a dissertação prossegue analisando a construção do símbolo em arquitetura ? seus mecanismos e aplicação. Trata então do simbolismo estrutural, implícito e identificado com o edifício em si, e do simbolismo aplicado, explícito e aposto à edificação. Para tanto parte da distinção que Venturi, Brown e Izenour fazem do simbolismo do ?pato? e do ?galpão decorado?. Em sua segunda parte a dissertação oferece exemplos do simbolismo em arquitetura religiosa, não se limitando a uma tradição ou a um contexto específico. A intenção é ilustrar o debate teórico desenvolvido na primeira parte ao mesmo tempo em que se aprofunda a questão de um simbolismo arquitetônico específico ? aquele da arquitetura religiosa. Além de uma introdução geral ao simbolismo do edifício religioso são analisadas as diferentes escalas de manifestação do símbolo no edifício: em sua localização, implantação, forma e conteúdo. A dissertação conclui com uma reflexão acerca de algumas das questões suscitadas e uma especulação acerca de caminhos possíveis para futuras pesquisas. / The aim of this dissertation is to explore the symbolic quality of space in architecture. Hence, it begins showing in a concise way basic concepts of architectural semiotics, placing the debate of the symbolism in architecture inside a communicational approach of the architectural phenomenon. After that it displays some considerations about the broadest question of the meaning in architecture, of which one understands that the question of architectural symbolism is a portion. Despite starting out from a vulgar concept of symbol, based freely in its given conceptualization by Charles Peirce, this dissertation explores also different approaches deriving from the semiotics, the linguistics, the psychoanalysis, the philosophy and the architecture itself, in such a way to find new elements that assist it to reach a particular position in relation to the symbol, proper for its use in architectural theory. Leaving from this exploitation of the symbol concept this dissertation goes on analyzing the construction of the symbol in architecture ? its mechanisms and application. It deals then with the structural symbolism, implicit and identified with the building in itself, and with the applied symbolism, explicit and attached to the building. For that, it parts from the distinction that Venturi, Brown and Izenour make of the symbolism of the \"duck\" and of the symbolism of the \"decorated shed\". In its second part this dissertation presents examples of the symbolism in religious architecture, not limiting itself to a tradition or a specific context. The intention is to illustrate the developed theoretical debate of its first section altogether deepening the debate of a specific architectural symbolism ? that of the religious architecture. Beyond a general introduction to the symbolism of the religious building, the different scales of manifestation of the symbol in the building are analyzed: in its localization, implantation, form and content. This dissertation concludes with a reflection concerning some of the stirred up questions and a speculation about possible paths for future researches.

Analise da arquitetura religiosa na cidade de Itu e suas relações com as reformas urbanas ocorridas no período de 1873 a 1916. Enfatizamos nosso estudo nas reformas ocorridas em antigos templos coloniais que nesse período passaram por significativas transformações. O estudo dos ideais de modernização da época e das diretrizes da Igreja Católica é peça-chave para a revisão historiográfica da chamada arquitetura eclética. Analisamos alguns dos principais agentes dessas transformações: suas ideologias, as novas modalidades de projetação e seus vínculos com as transformações tecnológicas. Todos estes fatores influenciaram de diferentes modos na reforma dessas igrejas. Nesse contexto, pesquisamos o vínculo das reformas nas igrejas com as transformações que Itu vivenciou nesse período, como a chegada da ferrovia, as transformações das praças em jardins, a construção do novo cemitério, o novo matadouro municipal, o novo mercado municipal e a implantação da iluminação pública. Como recorte de pesquisa, foram selecionadas algumas igrejas representativas do passado colonial, que na virada do século tiveram suas fachadas completamente modificadas: a igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora da Candelária, a igreja de Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio e as igrejas administradas pela Companhia de Jesus na cidade: a igreja de São Luis do Gonzaga, a igreja do Bom Jesus e, finalmente, a igreja de Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte. / This research analyzes the religious architecture of Itu city and its relationships with the urban reform which occurred from 1873 to 1916. Our study is emphasized in the reforms occurred in ancient colonial temples which had significant changes at that time. The study of the ideals of modernization and of the Catholic Church guidelines at that time is the main point for a historiographic review of the eclectic architecture. We analyzed one of the main agents of these changes: their ideologies, the new modalities of the design process and their links with the technological changes. All these factors influenced in different ways in the reforms of these churches. In this context, it was researched the link in the church reforms with the changes that Itu had at that time like the arrival of railroads, the squares which became into gardens, the construction of a new cemetery, the new municipal slaughterhouse, the new municipal market and the implementation of the public lighting. As a clipping of the research, it was selected some representative churches of the past colonial which had their façades completely changed in the Passage of Century: The Nossa Senhora da Candelária Church, Nossa Senhora do Patrocínio Church and the ones administrated by the Companhia de Jesus in the city: The São Luis do Gonzaga Church, The Bom Jesus Church and, finally, The Nossa Senhora da Boa Morte Church.