Cette thèse porte sur l'architecture gothique flamboyante du comté de Bourgogne dela fin du XIVe siècle aux grands chantiers du XVIe siècle : Notre-Dame de Gray etNotre-Dame de Dole. Le corpus compte dix-sept monuments comprenant une majoritéd'églises paroissiales et deux chapelles commanditées par de puissants seigneurs comtois.Cette étude s'inscrit dans un vaste cadre chronologique et permet de poser unjalon dans la compréhension de l'architecture flamboyante en France. La confrontationdes sources écrites à l'analyse monumentale des édifices permet d'appréhender la complexité et la diversité des formes qui s'introduisent dans le comté de Bourgogne à la findu Moyen Âge et dans la première moitié du XVIe siècle. / This thesis focuses on the Flamboyant Gothic architecture of County of Burgundyfrom the late XIV century to the large construction sites of the XVI century : Notre-Dame de Gray and Notre-Dame de Dole. The corpus has seventeen monuments mostlycomprised of parish churches, but also of two chapels commissioned by powerful lordsof the County. This study is part of a broad chronological framework and helps lay amilestone in the understanding of the flamboyant architecture in France. The approachis a comparative analysis of sources and monumental buildings, which allows us tounderstand the complexity and the diversity of forms that were introduced into theCounty of Burgundy in the late Middle Ages and in the first half of XVI century.

This thesis examines the changing form and function of non-funerary cult buildings in early Latial and Etruscan settlements in order to better describe and understand the advent of monumental temples in the archaeological record. It draws on a significant quantity of material excavated in the past forty years and developments in relevant theoretical frameworks to reconstruct the changing appearance of cult buildings from huts to shrines and temples (Chapters 2 to 4), and to place monumental examples within wider religious, topographical, and functional contexts (Chapters 5 to 7). This broader perspective allows a more accurate assessment of the extent to which monumental temples represent continuity and discontinuity with earlier religious architecture, and furthermore clarifies the respective roles of Latium and Etruria in the transformation of cult buildings into distinctive, prominent parts of the built environment. Although it is possible to find many different accounts of religious monumentalisation in existing scholarship, this thesis holds that traditional narratives no longer accurately reflect the archaeological evidence. It sets out a sequence of developments in which early religious architecture was a dynamic, rather than conservative, phenomenon. It demonstrates that temples were not the inevitable product of a natural progression from open-air votive deposition to monumentality, or simply an imported concept, but rather a deliberate response to the opportunities offered by an increasingly mobile Mediterranean population. It also contends that Latium played a more important role in formulating the characteristic components and functions of central Italic temples than previously thought. This thesis consequently offers a new account of early religious architecture in western central Italy as well as an alternative interpretation of its monumentalisation.

A tese é destinada a demonstrar que o decoro foi um preceito fundamental para a fábrica da arquitetura religiosa em Vila Rica, atual cidade de Ouro Preto, entre 1711 e 1822. É resultado de uma pesquisa mais abrangente, dedicada a compreender a fábrica artística na capitania de Minas Gerais a partir das doutrinas e preceitos exatamente contemporâneos à sua construção. Em detrimento, portanto, de categorias anacrônicas pós-iluministas e românticas, como evolução, progresso, originalidade etc., pretende-se reconstituir a história desses conjuntos arquitetônicos ao mesmo tempo em que se procura investigar e reconstituir também historicamente os preceitos do seu presente, como o decoro, a decência, a comodidade, a perfeição, a maravilha, a elegância, a discrição, o engenho, a agudeza, a sutileza, o asseio, a formosura etc. O exame das obras, das fontes documentais primárias e também dos tratados artísticos e teológicos vigentes no período evidencia uma aplicação habitual e generalizada desses preceitos, que importa muito compreender historicamente. À luz do decoro, essa reconstituição tem se mostrado extremamente profícua. Concernente a um regime mimético que caracterizava não apenas as artes ainda hoje reconhecidas pelo termo, mas todo o aparato teatral das práticas de representação correspondentes à razão de estado católica e à sociedade de corte, o decoro ocupava um papel central naquele tempo; em especial na invenção, disposição e ornamentação da arquitetura religiosa, onde se investiam os maiores esforços e cabedais. Representação permanente das virtudes cristãs, personagens e eventos das Sagradas Escrituras e do dogma católico, a fábrica da arquitetura era destinada não apenas a encenar decorosamente as matérias da fé, como também a conduzir virtuosamente o fiel na sua própria edificação cristã rumo à salvação. Foram analisados os seguintes templos: a Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Pilar e as Capelas das Ordens Terceiras de Nossa Senhora do Carmo e São Francisco de Assis. / This thesis aims to demonstrate that decorum was a fundamental precept to the religious architecture fabric in Vila Rica, a town currently named Ouro Preto. It is the result of broader research based on precepts which are contemporary with the architectural complex studied. Instead of using anachronic post-enlightenment or post-romantic categories, such as evolution, progress, originality etc., we intend to reconstruct the history of these architectural complexes and at the same time investigate and reconstruct historically precepts of the time, such as decorum, decency, perfection, wonder, elegance, discretion, skill, wit, ingeniousness, subtlety, beauty etc. The examination of the architectural works and primary sources, as well as artistic and theological treaties in force at the time have shown a frequent and widespread employment of these precepts, which must be understood historically. In the light of decorum, such reconstruction has proved to be extremely fruitful. Decorum concerns not only a rhetorical-mimetic regime which characterizes what is currently referred to as art, but also the entire theatrical apparatus of representation practices which correspond to court society and to the Catholic raison dÉtat. At that historical period it had a central role in the invention, disposition and ornamentation of religious architecture and the greatest efforts and fortunes, both private and official. The fabric of architecture, which consisted of permanent representation of Christian virtues, characters and events of the Holly Bible and Catholic dogma, was meant to decorously portray matters of faith, as well as to guide the believer virtuously in his own path of Christian edification towards salvation. The following churches were studied: Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Pilar and Capelas das Ordens Terceiras do Monte do Carmo and São Francisco de Assis.

本文主要針對清代杭州城一棟性質在天后宮與天主堂之間多次轉化的宗教建築，探討其對清代杭州城社會生活與公共空間的影響。 / 除緒論、結論外，全文共包括四章。緒論介紹論文結構，並簡單梳理近來中國城市史研究的進展和相關議題。另外，在緒論中特別提到了韓書瑞（SusanNaquin）關於廟宇與明清北京城市歷史與生活的專著。此書透過宗教建築的變遷和作為城市公共場所的功能來看其對城市歷史的反映以及對城市生活的影響，對本文的研究視角和取徑產生了重要的指導作用。 / 第一章介紹清代杭州城內政治、經濟與宗教文化等不同區位的形成以及城市管理概況，以說明數座天后宮在杭州城內原本坐落的不同位置以及其後的主要變化。第二章以明末清初到雍正八年之間天主教在杭州的發展歷史為線索，介紹杭州天主堂的建立以及之後因為禁教而改做武林門天后宮的背景，藉以分梳政府宗教政策以及地方宗教管理實務之間的複雜互動。第三章探究武林門天后宮在雍正八年以後的發展，並特別著重討論官員、文人與紳商家族的各種互動關係。第四章討論由鴉片戰爭到太平天國軍隊撤離杭州的道光、咸豐、同治期間，武林門天后宮如何又在戰爭與外交局勢變動過程中而再回天后宮改為天主堂的歷史。結論強調：基於宗教建築不斷變化其性質、功能、以及在城市公共生活中扮演的不同角色，人們可以從中了解國家的對內與對外政策以及地方行政管理如何實際影響著城市的面貌，而變化的城市面貌，又將影響城市的歷史與公共生活。 / This thesis examines the urban history of Qing dynasty Hangzhou by closely analyzing the religious architecture of one Tianhou temple and one Catholic Church. This examination summarizes the evolution of these features and offers some thoughts on the influence that those changes made to social life and public spaces in Hangzhou. / Apart from the introduction and conclusion, this thesis consists of four chapters. The introduction briefly reviews works Chinese urban history by scholars from Hong Kong, Taiwan, Mainland China and abroad. It then surveys the types of historical material used in the project. In particular, it reviews the contributions in Susan Naquin’s work on Beijing’stemples in Ming and Qing China as a major source of inspiration for the perspective taken in this work, as it draws upon Naquin’s perspective on religious architecture as a part of a city’s public space in order to combine an analysis on social life and urban history. / The first chapter discusses the history of Hangzhou’s administration and its political, economic, cultural and religious development in the Qing Dynasty. It then outlines the history of the locations and major changes to the Tianhou temples dedicated to the goddess Mazu throughout the city. / The second chapter begins at the end of Ming Dynasty and ends in 1730. Over this period of time, Catholicism became more popular in Hangzhou, and people built a glamorous Catholic church in the city. In 1730, provincial governor Liwei turned Hangzhou Catholic Church into the Wulin Men (the Gate of Wulin) Tianhou temple because of the Yongzheng Emperor’s prohibition of Catholicism. The case study in this chapter allows the author an opportunity to discuss the complicated interaction between governmental religious policy and local administration. / Chapter three concerns the development of Wulin Men Tianhou temple in the following century. This chapter pays special attention to the interaction of local government officials, literati, and gentry-merchant families. / Chapter four covers wars and changing diplomatic situations happened from the Opium War to the early years of the Tongzhi Reign. This chapter relates the lifting of the taboo on Catholicism in the late Qing and the transformation of the Wulin Men Tianhou temple back into a church. / The conclusion emphasizes: From the changing nature of religious buildings, as well as attention to its shifting functions and roles in urban life, one may understand something about how the internal and external policies of the government combined in local administration and development. This perspective can change our perspective on our city, which will in turn influence its history and public life. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / 楊歌. / Parallel title from English abstract. / Thesis (M.Phil.) Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2015. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 147-158). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / Yang Ge.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2016-06-29T12:56:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5723512 bytes, checksum: 43ffb55998aafcea13388c3cf4db9136 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T12:56:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5723512 bytes, checksum: 43ffb55998aafcea13388c3cf4db9136 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-15 / This dissertation has as a purpose the process of institutional and physical dismantling of religious brotherhoods that existed in the City of Parahyba (João Pessoa/PB nowadays) in the beginning of XX century. The churches of the brotherhoods of Nossa Senhora do Rosário do Preto, Nossa Senhora das Mercês and Nossa Senhora Mãe dos Homens had been built between the late seventeenth century and the eighteenth century when they had an important role in assisting their members and their churches were landmarks in the urban situation. But in 1923 and 1935 they were demolished pointing local historiography to justify this fact as part of the works of urbanization and modernization of the city. However, this present research comes to add new data of this history version which allows lifting up some hypotheses about a convergence of Church and State interests that culminated with the disappearance of these brotherhoods in the city of Parahyba. Documents listed in the historical and ecclesiastical archives have revealed that the church had a clergy reorganization proposal in Parahyba, involving the dismantling of institutional lay’s brotherhoods at the same time the government proposed modernizing interventions that also provided for the demolition of temples belonging to the same brotherhoods. We deepen this issue by analyzing the most emblematic of these processes of dismantling and demolition, which was reported by the local press under the title "the case of Mercês" which gained evidence by the clash between the agents involved: the diocese, the brotherhoods and the government. / Esta dissertação tem por problemática o processo de desmonte institucional e físico das irmandades religiosas que existiam na Cidade da Parahyba (atual João Pessoa/PB), no início do século XX. As igrejas das irmandades de Nossa Senhora do Rosário dos Pretos, Nossa Senhora das Mercês e Nossa Senhora Mãe dos Homens haviam sido edificadas entre finais do século XVII e o século XVIII, quando tiveram importante papel na assistência a seus membros e suas igrejas eram marcos na malha urbana. Mas entre os anos de 1923 e 1935 estas foram demolidas, apontando a historiografia local se justificar tal fato como parte das obras de urbanização e modernização da cidade. No entanto, a presente pesquisa vem acrescentar novos dados a esta versão da história, os quais permitem levantar a hipótese de ter havido uma convergência de interesses da Igreja e do Estado que culminou com o desaparecimento dessas Irmandades na Cidade da Parahyba. Documentos coletados nos arquivos históricos e eclesiásticos revelaram ter a Igreja uma proposta de reorganização do clero na Paraíba, que envolvia o desmonte institucional das irmandades de leigos, ao tempo em que o poder público propunha intervenções modernizantes que também previam a demolição dos templos pertencentes às mesmas irmandades. Aprofundamos essa questão analisando o mais emblemático destes processos de desmonte e demolição, o qual foi noticiado pela imprensa local sob o título “o caso das Mercês”, que ganhou evidência pelo embate entre os agentes envolvidos: a diocese, a irmandade e o pode municipal.

La pâleur des témoignages distillés par une Antiquité tardive et un haut Moyen Âge roussillonnais, pourtant florissant, a jeté un voile nous privant pour longtemps de toute la richesse chromatique d’une longue période, qui n’a d’obscure que les a priori que l’on s’en fait. Opérer une introspection sur la genèse du vocabulaire formel chrétien est inévitable pour en comprendre les raccourcis, ceux souvent initiés par une vision monofocale n’offrant que trop peu souvent la possibilité d’envisager le bâtiment ecclésial selon sa polysémie : tout à la fois lieux de l’accomplissement du culte, de rassemblement des fidèles, mais aussi lieux d’expression techniques et artistiques. Un condensé, en somme, au cœur d’une société en mutation, où les différents acteurs politiques n’ont eu, en réalité, qu’un impact modéré.Les modestes églises rurales anté-romanes, par leurs structures et leurs modes de construction, sont finalement révélatrices d’un héritage et d’une continuité, jusque là minimisés, voire insoupçonnés. En choisissant de ne pas dissocier l’évolution des techniques de celle des formes, tout en prenant en compte les nouvelles perspectives soulevées par l’archéologie médiévale, pour d’autres territoires, les postulats chronologiques s’étiolent, se faisant moins relatifs et plus impartiaux. Entre relecture et reformulation, il convient maintenant d’envisager une mise à l’épreuve de l’architecture préromane. / The scarcity of evidence trickled down from the late Antiquity and the Roussillon Early Middle Ages, although quite flourishing, has casta veil depriving us for quitea while of all the chromatic richness of a long era, obscure only because of the a priori one has about it. Carrying out an introspection into the genesis of the formal Christian vocabulary is an absolute must to understand its shortcuts, those being often brought about by a monofocal vision too rarely offering the opportunity to consider the church building according to its polysemy: worshipping and congregating places for the believers as well as places where their craftmanship and art could be expressed. A summary, all in all,in the midst of a mutating society where the various political actors have only had in fact a moderate impact.The humbleante-Romanesque rural churches, by their structures and their method of building are eventually revealing of a legacy and a continuity played downuntil now, unsuspectedindeed. By choosing not to dissociate the evolution of techniques from that of the forms while factoring in the new prospects brought up by medieval archaeology, for other areas, the chronological postulates weaken, becoming less relative and more unbiased. Between rereading and rewording, it is now advisable to consider putting to the test pre-Romanesque architecture.

A tese é destinada a demonstrar que o decoro foi um preceito fundamental para a fábrica da arquitetura religiosa em Vila Rica, atual cidade de Ouro Preto, entre 1711 e 1822. É resultado de uma pesquisa mais abrangente, dedicada a compreender a fábrica artística na capitania de Minas Gerais a partir das doutrinas e preceitos exatamente contemporâneos à sua construção. Em detrimento, portanto, de categorias anacrônicas pós-iluministas e românticas, como evolução, progresso, originalidade etc., pretende-se reconstituir a história desses conjuntos arquitetônicos ao mesmo tempo em que se procura investigar e reconstituir também historicamente os preceitos do seu presente, como o decoro, a decência, a comodidade, a perfeição, a maravilha, a elegância, a discrição, o engenho, a agudeza, a sutileza, o asseio, a formosura etc. O exame das obras, das fontes documentais primárias e também dos tratados artísticos e teológicos vigentes no período evidencia uma aplicação habitual e generalizada desses preceitos, que importa muito compreender historicamente. À luz do decoro, essa reconstituição tem se mostrado extremamente profícua. Concernente a um regime mimético que caracterizava não apenas as artes ainda hoje reconhecidas pelo termo, mas todo o aparato teatral das práticas de representação correspondentes à razão de estado católica e à sociedade de corte, o decoro ocupava um papel central naquele tempo; em especial na invenção, disposição e ornamentação da arquitetura religiosa, onde se investiam os maiores esforços e cabedais. Representação permanente das virtudes cristãs, personagens e eventos das Sagradas Escrituras e do dogma católico, a fábrica da arquitetura era destinada não apenas a encenar decorosamente as matérias da fé, como também a conduzir virtuosamente o fiel na sua própria edificação cristã rumo à salvação. Foram analisados os seguintes templos: a Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Pilar e as Capelas das Ordens Terceiras de Nossa Senhora do Carmo e São Francisco de Assis. / This thesis aims to demonstrate that decorum was a fundamental precept to the religious architecture fabric in Vila Rica, a town currently named Ouro Preto. It is the result of broader research based on precepts which are contemporary with the architectural complex studied. Instead of using anachronic post-enlightenment or post-romantic categories, such as evolution, progress, originality etc., we intend to reconstruct the history of these architectural complexes and at the same time investigate and reconstruct historically precepts of the time, such as decorum, decency, perfection, wonder, elegance, discretion, skill, wit, ingeniousness, subtlety, beauty etc. The examination of the architectural works and primary sources, as well as artistic and theological treaties in force at the time have shown a frequent and widespread employment of these precepts, which must be understood historically. In the light of decorum, such reconstruction has proved to be extremely fruitful. Decorum concerns not only a rhetorical-mimetic regime which characterizes what is currently referred to as art, but also the entire theatrical apparatus of representation practices which correspond to court society and to the Catholic raison dÉtat. At that historical period it had a central role in the invention, disposition and ornamentation of religious architecture and the greatest efforts and fortunes, both private and official. The fabric of architecture, which consisted of permanent representation of Christian virtues, characters and events of the Holly Bible and Catholic dogma, was meant to decorously portray matters of faith, as well as to guide the believer virtuously in his own path of Christian edification towards salvation. The following churches were studied: Igreja Matriz de Nossa Senhora do Pilar and Capelas das Ordens Terceiras do Monte do Carmo and São Francisco de Assis.

Le Concordat, qui permet le retour à la paix civile et le rétablissement du culte, est accueilli avec soulagement dans un diocèse de Nantes durement éprouvé par la décennie révolutionnaire. Il instaure un régime neuf dans lequel la religion catholique, de même que les autres cultes reconnus, est protégée et financée par l'État mais également placée sous la surveillance du pouvoir civil. Les édifices et les objets religieux nationalisés en 1789 sont mis à la disposition du clergé et des fidèles mais demeurent des propriétés publiques. L'affectation exclusive à l'exercice du culte place néanmoins l'Église dans un rôle qui lui permet de faire prévaloir les besoins religieux sur le droit de propriété ou sur les considérations archéologiques qui apparaissent au cours du XIXe siècle. Le système concordataire crée les conditions d'une transformation spectaculaire des édifices religieux, agrandis, modifiés ou remplacés pour répondre aux besoins du culte, laissant peu de place à la conservation des monuments anciens et prenant dans le diocèse de Nantes le caractère d'unevéritable table rase. L'Église semble pourtant adhérer au mouvement général de reconnaissance des monuments religieux, apportant son concours aux politiques publiques et contribuant aux initiatives du milieu érudit. Cette participation reste cependant superficielle et révèle des motivations inconciliables avec les préoccupations archéologiques. L'engouement pour un passé monumental largement idéalisé provoque, au lieu de la conservation de ses vestiges matériels, la naissance d'une architecture et d'un art religieux nouveaux, inspirés des formes médiévales mais répondant aux besoins contemporains du culte et à des constructions symboliques propres à l'Église du XIXe siècle / The French Concordat, which brings back civil peace and restores the exercise of worship, is welcomed by the diocese of Nantes after the Revolution decade. A new regime is established for the Catholic religion, which is protected and financed by the State but also placed under control of civil authorities. The churches and the liturgical objects nationalized in 1789 are left at the disposal of the clergy and the believers but remain in the public domain. With this exclusive use for worship, the Catholic Church is given a preponderant role, in which the needs of religion prevailing over the property right and the archaeological considerations born in the 19th century. The Concordat system creates the conditions of an entiretransformation, particularly impressive in the diocese of Nantes: the religious buildings are enlarged, modified or replaced to satisfy religious needs without taking into account archaeological conservation. Nevertheless, the Church seems to provide support to the public policies and to private initiatives for the recognition of religious monuments. However, the ecclesiastical contribution remains superficial and reveals motives inconsistent with archaeological concerns. The infatuation for an idealized past does not produce the conservation of material remains but on the contrary the birth of a new religious art, adapted to the contemporary needs of the exercise of worship and to the symbolic constructions specific to the 19th century Church

Este documento de tesis fue desarrollado con la intención de estudiar la propuesta de arquitectura religiosa desde un punto de vista fenomenológico y social. La propuesta toma como punto de partida a Huaycán, una zona de Lima con problemas sociales particulares, y se identifica a su comunidad franciscana y la falta de un centro social y religioso como el componente clave para el desarrollo de una identidad espiritual faltante en el lugar, pues a pesar de ser una zona rica, importante y compleja en historia y dinámica religiosa, no se haya como tal. Es así que la propuesta trata de aprender de las raíces prehispánicas del lugar sin desviarse de su identidad verdaderamente cristiana e incluso retomando tradiciones simbólicas de uso infrecuente. / This thesis was developed with the intention of studying the proposal of religious architecture from a phenomenological and social point of view. The proposal takes as its starting point Huaycán, an area of Lima with particular social problems, and identifies its Franciscan community and the lack of a social and religious center as the key component for the development of a missing spiritual identity in the location as despite it being a rich, important and complex area in history and religious dynamics, there is no such manifestation. Thus, the proposal tries to learn from the pre-Hispanic roots of the place without deviating from its truly Christian identity and even retaking symbolic traditions of infrequent use. / Tesis

Medieval religious architecture in the upper Otava until 1420 The diploma thesis the medieval religious architecture in the upper Otava region until 1420, and aims to put it into a historical context. The review of the existing literature sources leveraged understanding of the architectural movements used before 1420: the Gothic and Romanesque styles. These styles posses certain significant characteristics that can be used to map their development, as well as comparison of those two. The objects can be split into categories based on those characteristics. This paper looks at those categories and studies the development within.