This dissertation considers sites of religious broadcast designed for and used by Protestant television evangelists in the postwar United States. It interrogates both the transformation of ritual space as it relates to and is infused by broadcast media, and the architectural and infrastructural adaptations that conditioned such spaces as a result of this mediation. These ritual sites, either retrofitted to accommodate television or designed explicitly for its technology between the late 1950s and the early 1980s, emerged in a period marked both by the ascendance of television broadcasting and by the increasing cultural and political visibility of conservative Protestantism in the United States. While the architecture of television evangelistic practice has also evolved in ways that parallel, and often complicate, changes in mainstream ecclesiastical architecture in the twentieth century, the protagonists of this narrative do not fall into two better-documented genealogies—neither the history of denominationally specific church consulting and the practical guidance penned in its support, nor accounts of high architectural, often academic, reflection on sacred space. Instead, the architecture of these often culturally marginal practices has been critically segregated from much other religious and spiritual construction, despite its effective proliferation across the American landscape to this very day. The wake of this bias leaves resultant lacunae in scholarly and critical attention, which this dissertation works in part to fill. In beginning to account for this history, I examine a variety of evangelical spaces—mostly worship spaces, but also broadcast stations, hospitals, and university campuses—and draw upon their archival and textual traces. Primary case studies in California, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, and Virginia are framed by questions of style and typology, examined alongside contemporary theories and criticisms of mass mediation, and located in relation to histories of mediated healing practices and apocalyptic thinking. This specific ritual architecture, which the dissertation terms televangelical space, not only negotiated between received ideas of the sacred and newer discourses around twentieth-century media, building practices, and community structures, but also raised the issue of conservative Christianity’s fundamental relationship to the modern world. It traced a basic ambivalence about the relationship between the contemporary and the sacred, and about the relationship between religious practice and the technological realities and cultural habits of an increasingly mediated and increasingly atomized present. I suggest that the historical materialization of this negotiation generated both new kinds of ecclesiastical architecture and spatial effects that transcended its walls. Rather than insist on the relevance of the spaces of broadcast religion according to a rubric of aesthetic value, this project examines them for what they can reveal both about architecture for and with media and about the transformation of spirituality and community under new forms of mediation.

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Enquanto na dita Idade Média se erguiam igrejas com planta predominantemente em cruz latina, a partir do chamado Renascimento se encontram nos principais tratados, como os de Leon Battista Alberti (1452) e Sebastiano Serlio (Livro V, 1547), o elogio à perfeição das plantas circulares. Tem sido consenso na historiografia que a censura à construção das igrejas centralizadas e o retorno às formas basilicais foi defendido pelo Concílio de Trento, que teria traçado diretrizes que orientariam o projeto para a matriz romana dos jesuítas, a igreja de Il Gesù (1568). Este trabalho, tendo por objeto a análise do conjunto de igrejas e oratórios construídos em planta longitudinal em Roma, após o Grande Saque de 1527 e nas décadas que antecederam o projeto de Vignola para a casa-mãe jesuíta, se propõe a atenuar tal mito e a demarcar as noções e os princípios que nortearam a construção de tais edifícios sagrados. / While in Middle Ages churches were conceived predominantly in a latin cross plan, the Renaissance brought treaties, such as the one from Leon Battista Alberti (1452) and the other from Sebatiano Serlio (book V, 1547), which praise the perfection of circular plan. It has been consensus in historiography that the return to basilical forms, as advocated by the Council of Trent, is inaugurated with the construction of Il Gesù (1568). This essay, which aims to analyze the set of Roman churches and oratories built in longitudinal plan after de Sack of Rome in 1527 and in the decades that preceded Vignola\'s project to the Jesuit House Church, proposes to mitigate such myth and to investigate the notions and principles that guided the construction of such worship buildings.

A arquitetura religiosa da época do Renascimento apresentou criações balizadas pela reflexão teórica florescida nesse período, por meio das elaborações dos Tratados de arquitetura. No contexto histórico conturbado do início da idade moderna, as questões religiosas envolvendo a contestação do protestantismo e a reação da contrarreforma por parte da Igreja Católica, principalmente por meio do evento emblemático do Concílio de Trento (1545-1563), trouxeram influências nas artes figurativas desse período. No campo da arquitetura religiosa, a influência também se faz sentir. Carlos Borromeu (1538-1584), arcebispo da cidade de Milão, expoente do pensamento contrarreformista, produz aquela que é considera a única obra desse campo de ideias no que diz respeito à arquitetura religiosa, trata-se das suas Instructionum Fabricae et Supellectilis Ecclesiasticae libri duo (1577). Por meio da ação de seu arquiteto de confiança, Pellegrino Tibaldi (1527-1596), o Borromeu introduz um amplo programa de transformações no espaço arquitetônico, privilegiando aspectos funcionais relativos ao decoro do culto, correspondendo em grande medida às ideias postuladas pelo Tridentino. Este trabalho visa dar conhecimento desse texto do Borromeu por meio de uma tradução inédita do texto original latino para a língua portuguesa. / The religious architecture of the Renaissance period presented creations buoyed by growing up theoretical reflection in this period, through elaborations of architecture treaties. In the troubled historical context of the early modern age, religious issues involving the contestation of Protestantism and the reaction of Protestant Reformation by the Catholic Church, particularly through the flagship event of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), brought influences in the figurative arts of this period. In the field of religious architecture, the influence is also felt. Charles Borromeo (1538-1584), archbishop of Milan, exponent of Protestant Reformation though, produces that which is considered the only work of this field of ideas with regard to religious architecture, it is their Instructionum Fabricae et Supellectilis Ecclesiasticae libri duo (1577), also known as De Fabrica Ecclesiae. Through the action of his trusted architect Pellegrino Tibaldi (1527-1596), the Borromeo introduces a comprehensive transformation program in architectonic space, focusing on functional aspects of the service decorum, corresponding largely to the ideas postulated by Tridentine. This work aims to inform this Borromean text through an unpublished translation of the original Latin text into Portuguese language.

M. Tech. Architecture (Professional) / The Old Jewish Synagogue on Paul Kruger Street in the centre of Pretoria is the foundation for this thesis project. This heritage building facilitated some of the most pivotal events in apartheid history - the Treason Trial of former president Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela, and the Steve Biko Inquest. For decades restoration attempts have not been fruitful, due to the costs involved paired with impractical reuse functions for the building and the surrounding site. This thesis project aims to once again make the Old Synagogue accessible to the public, through suitable incorporation of the building, as well as its site, into the urban fabric. Therefore this document is structured chronologically - as information was acquired through the year, to reach a solution.

When ancient people entered a temple or other sacred space, how did the art and architecture of the site work upon their senses as mediators of divine presence? This thesis demonstrates that the ancient perception of the deity's actual presence in visual images created a tension that was intensified by the spatial environment and the theatricality of ritual performance. Visual representations acted in concert with cultic ritual to manipulate the visitor through a revelatory experience and create the phenomenon of epiphany. Epiphany, from the Greek word epiphaneia, is the visible manifestation of the deity. Epiphany in the ancient world could manifest as miracles, signs and natural phenomena; however, my thesis will focus primarily on visual epiphany of deity. My aim is to describe how the elements of the built environment and performative ritual combined to create not only the expectation but the actualization of an epiphanic experience for the beholder. The phenomenon of visual epiphany has been largely overlooked until relatively recently. Scholarly examination of temples and other ritual spaces has focused more on archaeological description, formal analysis, mythic narrative, and social and political structures. There has been very little exploration of the actual ritual and neuro-phenomenological experience of religious participants as it relates to the visual environment. With this work my aim is to contribute to the scholarly knowledge of the ancient viewer's experience of epiphany as it was shaped by sacred space and mediated by religious ritual in the ancient world. / text

The purpose of this dissertation is twofold. Firstly, it investigated the issues inferred by the topic, as how spirituality influences architecture, and secondly, through a critical analysis of a literature review with suitable precedents and case studies, it has set guidelines for the design a meditation centre for spiritual practices in Durban. The importance of such a centre was established by analyzing the architectural qualities that contribute in making a spiritual environment as stated in the hypothesis. Problems regarding the topic were identified as being the lack of architectural character and identity of spirituality. A sense of segregation was felt at various levels in socio-cultural groups through religion and race. Architecture is seen to be a medium to establish a dialogue among these groups by adhering to the need of self-education in terms of spiritual knowledge and practice. The key questions posed were the key elements to the secondary research that included an in-depth literature review based on appropriate architectural theories and concepts leading to a list of architectural design considerations. The theory of phenomenology was addressed by concentrating on the qualities that would evoke and invoke the essence of spirituality in an environment. The study attempts to understand the functional, physical and experiential qualities that contribute in making the spirit of a place. The connection between social and cultural groups was analysed under the theory of critical regionalism that also discussed the presence of nature, apart from culture, in creating an identity. The holistic nature of place and sacred architecture has been an essential area of research in an aim to discovering the metaphysical, symbolic and tactile qualities that enforce the pragmatic functional requirements of the centre. The need for an understanding of the science of meditation and self-education was beneficial in identifying the spatial, functional and spiritual requirements of the place. Symbolism, geometry, form and order informed the desired qualities that are driven by the cosmological science of Vastu Shastra in fuelling the space with positive energy. The relationship between man and his environment was further studied in terms of natural and sensory experiential qualities that would form a serene atmosphere. Precedent studies were carried out in different continents to extract similar aspects among various spiritual institutions. Primary research consisted of case studies where buildings were analyzed on specific criteria. Interviews were carried out with experienced members of the institutions for a better understanding of the spiritual practices conducted and the environment. The outcomes of these interviews were critically and theoretically analyzed. The data collected through interviews and empirical studies revealed some pragmatic requirements of a spiritual environment. The study concludes that man cannot be separated from his environment - he is part and parcel of it. The study concluded that architecture is instrumental in binding man with nature whilst the understanding of the inner self and his senses enables him to become aware of his surroundings. The spirit within connects him with the spirit of the place established when suitable architectural design principles are applied. A holistic environment is then created and is suitable for spiritual practice. Such a place evokes a sense of spirituality. / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-09T11:13:24Z No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertação - Macsuelber de Cássio Barros da Cunha - 2014 - Parte 01.pdf: 20452906 bytes, checksum: b6ed559fce1f228f5c140ff4ad5922f1 (MD5) Dissertação - Macsuelber de Cássio Barros da Cunha - 2014 - Parte 02.pdf: 19039161 bytes, checksum: 0c01fd27ec7c9ab7d2dd304f36118544 (MD5) Dissertação - Macsuelber de Cássio Barros da Cunha - 2014 - Parte 03.pdf: 13599365 bytes, checksum: 5bec2a080d2b9256d39241fa99c82783 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2015-03-09T11:13:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertação - Macsuelber de Cássio Barros da Cunha - 2014 - Parte 01.pdf: 20452906 bytes, checksum: b6ed559fce1f228f5c140ff4ad5922f1 (MD5) Dissertação - Macsuelber de Cássio Barros da Cunha - 2014 - Parte 02.pdf: 19039161 bytes, checksum: 0c01fd27ec7c9ab7d2dd304f36118544 (MD5) Dissertação - Macsuelber de Cássio Barros da Cunha - 2014 - Parte 03.pdf: 13599365 bytes, checksum: 5bec2a080d2b9256d39241fa99c82783 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-09T11:13:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 Dissertação - Macsuelber de Cássio Barros da Cunha - 2014 - Parte 01.pdf: 20452906 bytes, checksum: b6ed559fce1f228f5c140ff4ad5922f1 (MD5) Dissertação - Macsuelber de Cássio Barros da Cunha - 2014 - Parte 02.pdf: 19039161 bytes, checksum: 0c01fd27ec7c9ab7d2dd304f36118544 (MD5) Dissertação - Macsuelber de Cássio Barros da Cunha - 2014 - Parte 03.pdf: 13599365 bytes, checksum: 5bec2a080d2b9256d39241fa99c82783 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-04-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The only treatise on architecture which reached our days, almost complete, the De Architectura of Vitruvius, holds a great importance for the study of Roman architecture. Written and published at the time of transition between the Republic, as a form of government, and what became known as the Principate, this work has a strong connection with the context to which it belongs, linking itself noticeably to the constructive policy of Octavian Augustus, to whom the work is dedicated. This Emperor performed a profound transformation in the architectural landscape of Rome, making it worthy of being the capital of the Empire. In his recovery policy and restoration of the mos maiorum and morals and his attention to religion, he showed great effort in restoring and building temples throughout Rome. It is on this point of convergence, between architecture and religion, which we concentrate our attention in this work, when we analyze how Vitruvius, in his work, and Augustus, in his buildings, appropriated of a Greek architectural referential and of a Greek imagetic referential, thus sharing an architectural imaginary. To this end, we analyze one of the buildings of this Princeps, his Forum with the Temple of Mars Ultor, in order to realize the use of this referential as well as demonstrating how such constructions had the task of perpetuating the memory. This analysis is done with the De Architectura as a guide. / Único tratado sobre arquitetura a chegar aos nossos dias praticamente completo, o De Architectura, de Vitrúvio, figura de grande importância para o estudo da arquitetura romana. Escrita e publicada no momento de transição entre a República, enquanto forma de governo, e o que ficou conhecido como Principado, tal obra possui uma forte ligação com o contexto ao qual pertence, se vinculando de modo perceptível à política construtiva de Otávio Augusto, para quem a obra é dedicada. Este Imperador empreendeu uma profunda transformação na paisagem arquitetônica de Roma, tornando-a digna de ser a capital do Império. Em sua política de valorização e restauração do mos maiorum e da moral e de sua atenção à religião, ele demonstrou grande esforço na restauração e construção de templos por toda Roma. Sendo este ponto de convergência, entre arquitetura e religião, sobre o qual nos debruçamos neste trabalho, quando analisamos de que modo Vitrúvio, em sua obra, e Augusto, em suas construções, se apropriaram de um referencial arquitetônico e imagético grego, compartilhando assim um imaginário arquitetônico. Para tanto, analisamos uma das construções deste Princeps, seu Fórum juntamente com o templo de Mars Ultor, de modo a perceber a utilização deste referencial, bem como demonstrando em que medida tais construções tinham a função de perpetuar a memória. Tal análise se faz tendo o De Architectura como norteador.

A arquitetura religiosa da época do Renascimento apresentou criações balizadas pela reflexão teórica florescida nesse período, por meio das elaborações dos Tratados de arquitetura. No contexto histórico conturbado do início da idade moderna, as questões religiosas envolvendo a contestação do protestantismo e a reação da contrarreforma por parte da Igreja Católica, principalmente por meio do evento emblemático do Concílio de Trento (1545-1563), trouxeram influências nas artes figurativas desse período. No campo da arquitetura religiosa, a influência também se faz sentir. Carlos Borromeu (1538-1584), arcebispo da cidade de Milão, expoente do pensamento contrarreformista, produz aquela que é considera a única obra desse campo de ideias no que diz respeito à arquitetura religiosa, trata-se das suas Instructionum Fabricae et Supellectilis Ecclesiasticae libri duo (1577). Por meio da ação de seu arquiteto de confiança, Pellegrino Tibaldi (1527-1596), o Borromeu introduz um amplo programa de transformações no espaço arquitetônico, privilegiando aspectos funcionais relativos ao decoro do culto, correspondendo em grande medida às ideias postuladas pelo Tridentino. Este trabalho visa dar conhecimento desse texto do Borromeu por meio de uma tradução inédita do texto original latino para a língua portuguesa. / The religious architecture of the Renaissance period presented creations buoyed by growing up theoretical reflection in this period, through elaborations of architecture treaties. In the troubled historical context of the early modern age, religious issues involving the contestation of Protestantism and the reaction of Protestant Reformation by the Catholic Church, particularly through the flagship event of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), brought influences in the figurative arts of this period. In the field of religious architecture, the influence is also felt. Charles Borromeo (1538-1584), archbishop of Milan, exponent of Protestant Reformation though, produces that which is considered the only work of this field of ideas with regard to religious architecture, it is their Instructionum Fabricae et Supellectilis Ecclesiasticae libri duo (1577), also known as De Fabrica Ecclesiae. Through the action of his trusted architect Pellegrino Tibaldi (1527-1596), the Borromeo introduces a comprehensive transformation program in architectonic space, focusing on functional aspects of the service decorum, corresponding largely to the ideas postulated by Tridentine. This work aims to inform this Borromean text through an unpublished translation of the original Latin text into Portuguese language.

Né à Lyon dans une famille d’artistes peintres et entré dans la Compagnie de Jésus en 1590, Étienne Martellange (1596-1641) eut une carrière exceptionnelle à laquelle rien ne le destinait pourtant. Il devint en effet le principal architecte visiteur de sa congrégation en France, un concepteur et un organisateur remarquable de même qu’un prolixe dessinateur. Durant près de quarante-trois ans, il voyagea sans cesse dans quatre des cinq provinces jésuites du royaume où il travailla à la réflexion, la construction, l’aménagement et le décor de plus de trente maisons et églises de la Compagnie, de même qu’en dehors de celle-ci. À l’aide d’un ensemble de trois-cent-soixante-neuf documents, plans, coupes, élévations, vues de villes et de monuments, lettres et mémoires rassemblés au cours des recherches dans diverses institutions et dépôts d’archives français et étrangers -parmi lesquels quarante-trois inédits-, cette étude envisage de présenter successivement qui était frère Étienne, quelles furent ses activités et quel fut son rôle dans le renouveau de l'architecture de son temps ainsi que dans la naissance de ce qui deviendra à la fin du Grand Siècle le "classicisme à la française". / Born in Lyon in a painters family and entered the Society of Jesus in 1590, Étienne Martellange (1596-1641) had an outstanding career in which nothing yet the intended. He became in fact the main architect visitor to his congregation in France, a designer and an outstanding organizer as well as a prolific draftsman. For nearly forty-three years he traveled incessantly in four of five Jesuit provinces of the kingdom where he worked for reflection, construction, layout and decor of more than thirty houses and churches of the Company, and that 'outside thereof. Using a set of three-sixty-nine documents, plans, sections, elevations, views of cities and monuments, letters and memories collected during research in various institutions and deposits of French and foreign archives -among whom forty-three unpublished-, this study intends to present successively who was brother Étienne, what were its activities and what was his role in the revival of the architecture of his time and in the birth of what would become the end of the Grand Siècle "French classicism".