La France est composé de deux systèmes - le premier le système national et le second le système local - qui reposent tous deux sur un fondement représentatif. Le citoyen électeur participe aux seules élections. Il ne prend pas part aux décisions publiques. La décentralisation devait permettre de gérer au plus près des citoyens les affaires locales. Or, les habitants locaux n'accordent qu'un faible intérêt à la gestion locale alors que le niveau d'instruction s'élève et que l'accès à l'information croit sensiblement. Afin de permettre une véritable décentralisation démocratisée, il convient de refondre en profondeur les institutions françaises. En effet, il est nécessaire de prohiber tout cumul de mandats et de rendre le système local plus distant du système national. Cela permettra aux entités du système local de s'administrer librement dans les conditions prévues par la loi. Il est ici proposé une méthodologie pour tendre vers la démocratie continue dans un Etat unitaire décentralisé. Le citoyen local doit devenir un véritable acteur du système local. / France is composed of two distinct systems - the first is the national system and the second is the local system, - which both are settled on a representative foundation. The elector citizen takes part only in elections. He/she does not get involved in the public decisions. The decentralization of power should have allowed the citizen to be closer to local decisions and affairs. But, local citizens give little interest to the local management even though the level of education is growing and the access to information is slightly increasing. In order to allow a real democratized decentralization, it is suitable to rebuild deeply the French Institutions. Effectively, it is necessary to ban any mandate plurality and to make the local system at a distance of the national system. Thus will allow a local corporate body to operate freely in a self administrative party respecting the conditions set by law. Here, a methodology to aim toward an uninterrupted democracy in a decentralized joint State will be suggested. A local citizen has to become a bona fide representative of the local system.

Les nanomatériaux manufacturés (comme les nanoparticules d’oxydes métalliques, les nanotubes de carbone, les nanofibres etc.) possèdent des propriétés remarquables qui leur confèrent des applications industrielles innovantes. Néanmoins, ces nouveaux matériaux soulèvent des inquiétudes vis à vis de leurs potentiels risques. Ces nanomatériaux manufacturés connaissent une production et une commercialisation croissantes. Par conséquent, de plus en plus de personnes sont potentiellement exposées à ces nanomatériaux (aussi bien les consommateurs que les opérateurs) à travers les aérosols qui pourraient être émis au cours du cycle de vie du matériau. L’une des approches possibles de réduction de risque serait la prévention de l’émission qui consisterait en une conception réfléchie du matériau avec un compromis performance/sûreté. La thèse présentée ici suit cette approche. Il s’agit de comprendre le phénomène et les mécanismes d’émission des nanomatériaux manufacturés à l’aide d’outils théoriques et expérimentaux. Le dispositif expérimental développé au cours de cette étude vise (i) à reproduire à l’échelle laboratoire des activités en conditions réelles, (ii) à identifier les mécanismes d’émission, et (iii) à mener simultanément des analyses qualitatives et quantitatives* des nanomatériaux manufacturés émis. Pour la sollicitation mécanique, le procédé d’abrasion a été choisi ; quant au vieillissement environnemental, le choix s’est porté sur un procédé d’exposition accélérée aux rayons d’UV en présence d’humidité et de chaleur. Les résultats suggèrent que les entités microscopiques présentes à la surface d’un matériau (appelées aspérités ou rugosités) subissent globalement 4 types de mécanismes d’enlèvement pendant l’abrasion, suivant la variation de 18 paramètres (liés au matériau et au procédé). Ces mécanismes déterminent la forme, la taille et le nombre de particules de l’aérosol émis. De plus, dans le cas des échantillons testés dans les conditions expérimentales données, il a été observé, lors des essais mécaniques seuls, la génération d’aérosols dans lesquels sont retrouvées des nanomatériaux manufacturés liées à leur matrice. Il s’agit de particules nanométriques et micrométriques. Cependant, dans le cas du couplage abrasion/vieillissement environnemental, après un temps donné de détérioration, il est constaté l’émission de nanomatériaux manufacturés libres, en plus des nanomatériaux manufacturés liés à leur matrice. Les résultats expérimentaux relatifs aux sollicitations mécaniques ont été mis en corrélation avec des lois de mécanique classique utilisant des modèles analytiques. Le modèle utilise en partie des relations semi-empiriques ; après ajustement, on observe une très bonne convergence modèle-expérience. Ce modèle a été utilisé pour réaliser une étude de sensibilité sur les 18 paramètres évoqués précédemment, et ce pour une variation de 25% pour chaque paramètre. Ceci permet d'illustrer la capacité du modèle à hiérarchiser l'influence des différents paramètres sur l'émission de particules, pour des conditions données. Ainsi, ce travail a permis de développer un ensemble constitué d’une part d’outils expérimentaux et d’autre part d’un modèle. Si cet ensemble est largement perfectible, il permet toutefois d’ores et déjà d’entamer une conception “nanosafe by design”. / Engineering nanomaterials (ENM) like metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, nanofibers, etc. possess various innovative properties and their industrial use creates new opportunities. However, they also present new risks and uncertainties. There is an ever growing production and use of the products containing these ENM, like nanocomposites or nanocoatings, which result in an increasing number of workers and consumers exposed to ENM upon their emission (in the form of aerosols) from the products containing them. One of the most favored approaches, to minimize this emission, would be a preventive one which would focus on altering the product’s material properties during its design phase itself without compromising with any of its added benefits.This thesis advocates this approach. It attempts to understand the ENM emission phenomenon and its yielding mechanisms on the basis of combined experimental and theoretical approaches. The experimental set-up, developed during this thesis, is equipped with the necessary elements which can (i) seek to reproduce the real life activities on a laboratory scale (ii) identify the emission mechanism (iii) carry out both qualitative as well as quantitative*analysis of the emitted ENM simultaneously. Whilst the mean chosen for applying the mechanical solicitation or stress is an abrasion process, for the environmental weathering, it is an accelerated UV exposure process in the presence of humidity and heat. The results suggest that depending upon 18 material and process properties/parameters, the microscopic entities present on the surface of a product, called asperities, undergo mainly 4 types of removal mechanisms during abrasion. It is these mechanisms that decide the shape, size and the number of the aerosol particles emitted. Moreover, for the given test samples and experimental conditions studied during the thesis, application of the mechanical stresses alone was found to generate the emitted ENM aerosols in which ENM is always embedded inside the product matrix, thus, a representative product element. In such a case, the emitted aerosols comprise of both nanoparticles as well as microparticles. But if the mechanical stresses are coupled with the environmental weathering, then the eventual deterioration of the product, after a certain weathering duration, may lead to the emission of the free ENM aerosols too. All these experimental findings, pertaining to the effect of the mechanical stresses alone, have also been put into the perspective with classical material and mechanics state laws using a predictive analytical model. A close agreement** of the estimated results of this model with the experimentally measured ones has validated its functioning. This model was used to perform a sensitivity analysis on the aforementioned 18 parameters to rank the influence of a25% variation in each of their values on the particle emission for the given conditions.Thus, during the present thesis, both experimental and theoretical approaches have been developed to study the emission. Despite the fact that these approaches are perfectible, they can still be used during product design phase for the product to be “nanosafe by design”.

The thesis is focused on transfer of production to China. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the potential of China from the perspective of companies and investors, and on the example of the international company to highlight not only the traditional ways of entering the Chinese market, but also the specific method that considers the needs of manufacturing companies. Thesis also contains the assessment of competitiveness of the Chinese economy, cultural differences and comparison of the various forms of entering the Chinese market. The practical part is focused on the analysis of enterprise from the polygraphic industry which has transferred part of its assembly processes to China. Conclusion contains recommendations for further development of the company on the Chinese market.

Cohabitation is becoming more prevalent in western society so that up to 7.5 million cohabiting couples were reported in the USA for the year 2010. The present study investigated whether the cohabitants’ attachment style might be one of the reasons for cohabitation gaining such popularity. Attachment styles as well as socio-demographic variables were compared in regard to the partnership status. A sample of 1,002 participants aged 18 to 60 were used as a representative sample (M = 43.5, SD = 10.9), of which 54% were female and 82% were married. The cohabitants were younger, more highly educated, and less frequently affiliated with a church. The cohabitants were more anxious-attached, especially those of a younger age. A one-point increase in value on the AAS anxiety scale almost doubled the possibility of cohabitation. Most of the variance can be explained by socio-demographic variables. However, based on these representative data, and after controlling for socio-demographic variables, attachment anxiety is still connected to cohabitation. The diverse results in the literature may be explained by differences in the socio-demographic characteristics of the sample.

Epithelial tissues, one of the four primary tissue structures found in our human body, are known to comprise of tiny cells interconnected in a unique continuous pattern. In most cases, they serve a dual purpose of protecting the internal organs from physical damage, and at the same time, enable in facilitating inter-cellular activities and prevent pathogen break ins. While the tissue mechanics and its proliferation have been scrutinized to great detail, it is their geometric uniqueness, that has remained more or less unexplored. With an intent of doing the same, this thesis identifies and explores those geometric properties/parameters that have an influence on the micro structure’s homogenized and localized response. However, it does so by extracting the microstructures profile and representing its cell edges via three dimensional beam elements - hence the name, bio-inspired structures. The analysis is carried out by first developing a staggered Representative Volume Element (RVE)using finite elements, and identifying its appropriate size. The staggered assembly aids in minimizing boundary effects from creeping in, and at the same time, provides the requisite statistical homogeneity. This is followed by the geometry study. A wide range of epithelial geometries are considered for the study, ranging from completely isotropic skin models, to in plane anisotropic cuboidal structures and out of plane anisotropic stratified geometries. The effects of orientation, relative density and edge length are extracted and studied in great detail. It is observed that cell edges initial orientation has a direct dependence on the particle distribution, whereas the change in orientation is largely dependent on the deformation the microstructure is subjected to. Relative density is documented to show a direct correlation to a materials homogenized response i.e. larger the relative density, greater is the microstructures stiffness and homogenized stress response to the same deformation. Edge length, on the other hand is observed to showcase a downward trend on the cell edge’s axial stress. On average, in any kind of distribution and any kind of deformation, smaller cell edges are known to showcase larger stresses, as compared to the larger cell edges.

My concept of a premium car conforms to all the requirements of the premium car segment. The car should at first sight look majestic. Strong styling is supplemented with luxury elements. The applied engine comprises contemporary technological transition to alternative engines. What makes this project more conceptual is taking advantage of advanced technology. This diploma project is not designed for any known car manufacturer. This method is demanding because the final concept cannot be associated with any known brand and at the same time offers maximum freedom of styling.

Modern parliaments are mostly compared to the top echelon of the society.The unfairness of the representation still holds true even where free, fair and periodic democratic elections are held. PWDs constitue the largest minority group accounting for 15.6% of the world's population. In Ethiopia approximately the same percentage of the population is disabled though nor fairly represented in the political system. / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2011. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/ / nf2012 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Background: The WHOQOL-OLD is an instrument for the assessment of subjective quality of life in elderly people. It is based on the WHO definition of quality of life and is available in more than 20 languages. However, in most countries, the psychometric properties of the WHOQOL-OLD have been assessed only on the basis of small local samples and not in representative studies. In this study, the psychometric properties of the WHOQOL-OLD are evaluated based on a representative sample of Germany\''s elderly population. Methods: Face-to-face interviews with 1133 respondents from the German population aged 60 years and older were conducted. Quality of life was assessed by means of the WHOQOL-BREF, the WHOQOL-OLD and the SF12. Moreover, the GDS, the DemTect and the IADL were applied for the assessment of depressive symptoms, cognitive capacities and capacity for carrying out daily activities. Psychometric properties of the WHOQOL-OLD were evaluated by means of classical and probabilistic test theory, confirmatory factor analysis and multivariate regression model.Results: Cronbach\''s alpha was found to be above 0.85 for four and above .75 for two of the six facets of the WHOQOL-OLD. IRT analyses indicated that all items of the WHOQOL-OLD contribute considerably to the measurement of the associated facets. While the six-facet structure of the WHOQOL-OLD was well supported by the results of the confirmatory factor analysis, a common latent factor for the WHOQOL-OLD total scale could not be identified. Correlations with other quality of life measures and multivariate regression models with GDS, IADL and the DemTect indicate a good criterion validity of all six WHOQOL-OLD facets.Conclusions: Study results confirm that the good psychometric properties of the WHOQOL-OLD that have been found in international studies could be replicated in a representative study of the German population. These results suggest that the WHOQOL-OLD is an instrument that is well suited to identify the needs and the wishes of an aging population.

Class Actions Abstract This thesis deals with class actions. These are currently (and rightly so) a much-discussed topic. On March 6, 2020, the government submitted a government bill on collective proceedings, which is controversial, primarily due to its inspiration in the American class action lawsuit. The main thorn in the side of the bill's critics is that the government proposal includes the opt-out proceedings, i.e. the type of proceedings that forces the class members to deregister. It is present in the current proposal along with the opt-in proceedings, which are guided by the opposite principle. This thesis examined, in particular, the appropriateness of adopting collective proceedings into the Czech legal order and the potential problems that the proposed arrangement may cause. Regulations on collective redress in the US (which has been an original idea source for the government bill) and the Netherlands (which shares some aspects with the current version of the bill after its January amendment) were also examined. From the methodological point of view, analytical, normative, comparative, and synthetic approaches were mainly used in this thesis. First, an analysis of legislation, literature and case law was performed. The current government bill on collective proceedings was extensively commented...

In this work, a Representative Volume Element (RVE) generator based on the distance fields of arbitrary shaped inclusion packing is used to obtain morphologies of open-foam materials. When the inclusions are spherical, the tessellations of the resultant packing creates morphologies that are similar to physical foam samples in terms of their face-to-pore ratio, edge-to-face ratio and strut length distribution among others. Functions that combine the distance fields can be used to obtain the tessellations along with the necessary variations in the strut geometry and extract these open-foam morphologies. It is also possible to replace the inclusion packing with a predefined set of inclusions that are directly extracted from CT-scan based images.The use of discrete level-set functions results in steep discontinuities in the distance function derivatives. A multiple level-set based approach is presented that can appropriately capture the sharp edges of the open-foam struts from the resultant distance fields. Such an approach can circumvent the discontinuities presented by the distance fields which might lead to spurious stress concentrations in a material behavior analysis.The individual cells are then extracted as inclusion surfaces based on said combinations of the distance functions and their modifications. These surfaces can be joined together to obtain the final geometry of the open-foam morphologies. The physical attributes of the extracted geometries are compared to the experimental data. A statistical comparison is presented outlining the various features. The study is extended to morphologies that have been extracted using CT-scan images. With the help of mesh optimization tools, surface triangulations can be obtained, merged and developed as finite element (FE) models. The models are ready to use in a multi-scale study to obtain the homogenized material behavior. The upscaling can help assess the practical applications of these models by comparing with experimental data of physical samples. The material behavior of the RVEs are also compared with the experimental observations. To increase the computational efficiency of the study, a neural network based surrogate is presented that can replace the micro-scale boundary value problem (BVP) in the multi-scale analysis. The neural networks are built with the help of modules that are specifically designed to predict history dependent behavior and are called Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN). The surrogates are trained to take into account the randomness of the loading that complex material undergo during any given material behavior analysis. / Dans ce travail, un générateur de volumes élémentaires représentatifs (VER) basé sur les champs de distance d'un agrégat d'inclusions de forme arbitraire est développé dans le cadre de matériaux moussés à structure ouverte. Lorsque les inclusions sont sphériques, la tessellation de l'agrégat résulte en des morphologies similaires aux échantillons de mousse physique en termes de rapports des nombres de face par pores et de bords par faces, ainsi que de la distribution de la longueur des entretoises, entre autres. Les fonctions qui combinent les champs de distance peuvent être utilisées pour obtenir des tesselations avec les variations nécessaires aux géométries des entretoises et extraire ces morphologies de mousse ouverte. Il est également possible de remplacer l'agrégat d'inclusions par un ensemble prédéfini d'inclusions qui sont directement extraites d'images tomographiques.L'utilisation de fonctions de niveaux discrètes entraîne de fortes discontinuités dans les dérivées des champs de distance. Une approche basée sur des ensembles de niveaux multiples est présentée qui peut capturer de manière appropriée les arêtes vives des entretoises des mousses ouvertes à partir des champs de distance résultants. Une telle approche peut contourner les discontinuités présentées par les champs de distance qui pourraient conduire à des concentrations de contraintes parasites dans une analyse ducomportement des matériaux.Les pores individuels sont ensuite extraits en tant que surfaces d'inclusions sur la base desdites combinaisons des fonctions de distance et de leurs modifications. Ces surfaces peuvent être réunies pour obtenir la géométrie finale des morphologies de mousse ouverte. Les attributs physiques des géométries extraites sont comparés aux données expérimentales. Une comparaison statistique est présentée décrivant les différentes caractéristiques. L'étude est étendue aux morphologies qui ont été extraites à l'aide d'images tomographiques.À l'aide d'outils d'optimisation de maillage, les triangulations des surfaces peuvent être obtenues, fusionnées et développées sous forme de modèles d'éléments finis (FE). Les modèles sont prêts à être utilisés dans une étude multi-échelle pour obtenir le comportement homogénéisé du matériau. La mise à l'échelle peut aider à évaluer les applications pratiques de ces modèles en les comparant aux données expérimentales d'échantillons physiques. Le comportement des matériaux des VERs est également comparé aux observations expérimentales.Pour augmenter l'efficacité de calcul de l'étude, un modèle de substitution basé sur un réseau neuronal est présenté. Ce modèle peut remplacer le problème aux valeurs limites à l'échelle micro dans une analyse multi-échelle. Les réseaux de neurones sont construits à l'aide de modules spécialement conçus pour prédire le comportement dépendant de l'histoire et sont appelés réseaux de neurones récurrents (RNN). Les modèles de substitution sont entrainés pour prendre en compte le caractère aléatoire du chargement que subit un matériau complexe lors d'une analyse de comportement d'un matériau. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur et technologie / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished