Master of Science / Department of Animal Sciences and Industry / Jennifer M. Bormann / It is important for animals to be feed efficient and reproductively sound to optimize profits for cow- calf producers. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between feed efficiency and reproductive performance. Feed efficiency measures included residual feed intake (RFI), feed to gain ratio (F:G) and daily dry matter intake (DMI). Reproductive measurements were pregnancy rate, first service conception rate, pregnancy type (AI, natural. open), calving percentage, calving day (CD) and age at first calving. Two data sets which included 136 crossbred Angus females sired by bulls with high or low RFI estimated breeding values (EBV) with multiple parity information and 56 purebred Hereford heifers with their first parity calving information were analyzed. Initially, the crossbred Angus females were analyzed based on their phenotypic RFI values. There was no difference in pregnancy rate between the feed efficiency measures. Second parity pregnant females had lower (F:G) with first service conception (P=0.053), and pregnancy types (P=0.014) than the open (less efficient) females. In parity 5, phenotypically efficient RFI Angus females were pregnant to first service conception versus inefficient RFI Angus females (P=0.052) and those with lower DMI were diagnosed pregnant (P=0.0002). When evaluated as a repeated trait, RFI was not a significant indicator of CD (P=0.514). Crossbred Angus females were analyzed based on their sire’s RFI EBV and grouped accordingly into high (inefficient) or low (efficient) RFI sires. Females sired by high or low RFI (EBV) bulls showed no difference for the reproductive traits, except for a tendency for inefficient sired heifers to have a lower calving percentage in parity 2 (P=0.048). When CD was analyzed as a repeated measure, no difference between sire groups was found (efficient CD of 35.64 d, inefficient CD of 34.23, p = 0.789). In the Hereford heifers, RFI was not an indicator of CD (P = 0.774). There was also no difference in RFI between pregnant and open Hereford females with pregnant females having an LSMean of 0.11 kg/d and the open females having an LSMean of 0.14 kg/d (P = 0.860). Further research needs to be done to confirm any relationships between feed efficiency and reproduction.

O Brasil, com o maior rebanho comercial do mundo, só agora está desenvolvendo pesquisas sobre genética da eficiência alimentar. Além disso, é impossível ignorar a pressão nacional e internacional para uma indústria mais sustentável de produção de carne. Países como Austrália e Canadá, já desenvolveram programas para identificar animais mais eficientes, que produzem menos poluentes, em busca de marcadores moleculares para eficiência alimentar e qualidade da carne. Austrália, com um rebanho de 27 milhões de bovinos visa reduzir aproximadamente 30% do custo de produção de carne e 10% das emissões de metano, o Brasil com 205 milhões de animais tem um desafio ainda maior. O objetivo neste projeto foi estudar a eficiência alimentar e suas relações com características de lucro, carcaça e qualidade da carne em bovinos Nelore terminados em confinamento. O estudo avaliou em dois anos, 310 novilhos com medições individuais de consumo alimentar. Parâmetros de carcaça (peso, rendimento, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, peso dos rins, coração, fígado e gordura interna) foram determinados. Qualidade da carne de amostras maturadas ou não (pH, força de cisalhamento, cor, perdas por cocção, capacidade de retenção de água, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar e gordura intramuscular) também foram avaliadas. Variáveis de eficiência alimentar calculadas foram: conversão alimentar, eficiência de crescimento parcial, eficiência da manutenção, eficiência de ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento relativo, índice de Kleiber e consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Foram analisados os coeficientes de regressão linear entre as variáveis avaliadas e o CAR. Peso vivo médio metabólico e ganho médio diário não foram relacionados ao CAR (P>0,05). Os animais mais eficientes consumiram, no mínimo 11,2% menos do que os ineficientes (P<0,05). A redução do CAR em uma unidade reduziu 0,021 na eficiência alimentar e 0,796 na conversão. Não houve relação entre CAR e área de olho de lombo (P> 0,05), mas houve redução da espessura de gordura subcutânea e intramuscular depositadas, com a diminuição do CAR (P <0,05). A estimativa de energia retida no ganho reduziu em 0,2 Mcal/dia. Isto significa que mudanças na composição corporal do ganho foram capazes de explicar 16,5% das diferenças no consumo de alimentos entre animais eficientes e ineficientes definidos pelo CAR. Parâmetros de carcaça, fígado, coração e gordura interna assim como pH, força de cisalhamento e índice de fragmentação miofibrilar de amostras do L.dorsi não foram relacionados com CAR (P>0,05). O lucro foi positivamente associado ao CAR (r= -0,124;P<0,05), mas melhor associado à eficiência alimentar (r= -0,85; P<0,001) e ganho de peso (r=0,64; P<0,001). Ganho de peso, consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, espessura de gordura subcutânea e lucro apresentaram efeito de touro. Há uma relação entre CAR e a composição do ganho em animais Nelore, de acordo com mudanças na deposição de gordura subcutânea e intramuscular. Pelo fato de produzir carcaças mais magras, a adoção do CAR como critério de seleção deve ser cuidadosa. Independente da possível redução na qualidade da carne, conclui-se que o CAR é menos adequado que ganho, consumo ou conversão alimentar para prever lucro em confinamento. / Brazil, with the biggest commercial herd in the world, is just now developing research on the genetics of feed efficiency. In addition, it is impossible to ignore national and international pressure for a more sustainable beef production industry. Countries like Australia and Canada have already developed programs to identify more efficient animals, that produce less pollutant, in search of molecular markers for feed efficiency and at the same time meat quality. Australia, with a 27 million bovine herd aims to reduce by approximately 30% the cost of meat production and by 10% methane emissions. Brazil with 205 million animals has an even greater challenge. The objective of this project was to study feed efficiency and its relationships with profitability, carcass characteristics and meat quality in Nellore steers finished in the feedlot. The study evaluated in two years, 310 calves with individual feed intake measurements. Carcass parameters (yield, size, loin eye area, backfat thickness, weight of the kidneys, heart, liver and internal fat) were determined. Meat quality of aged and not aged samples (pH, shear force, color parameters, cooking losses, water holding capacity, myofibrillar fragmentation index and intramuscular fat) was also evaluated. Feed efficiency variables calculated were: feed:gain ratio, partial growth efficiency, maintenance efficiency, efficiency of weight gain, relative growth rate, Kleiber index and residual feed intake (RFI). The linear regression coefficients between the variables evaluated against the calculated RFI were used. The average metabolic live weight and average daily gain were not related to RFI (P> 0.05). The most efficient animals consumed at least 11.2% less than the inefficient ones (P<0.05). The reduction in RFI by one unit resulted in a decrease in feed efficiency by 0.021 in feed efficiency and 0.796 feed:gain ratio. There was no relationship between RFI and loin eye area (P>0.05), but there was a decrease in backfat deposited and intramuscular fat gain due to the decrease in RFI (P<0.05). The retained energy, estimated by the difference in body composition, was reduced by 0.2 Mcal/day in inefficient vs efficient animals. This means that the change in estimated body composition was able to explain 16,5% of the difference in feed intake between RFI efficient and RFI inefficient animals. Parameters of carcass, liver, heart and internal fat, pH, shear force and myofibrillar fragmentation index of L.dorsi samples were not associated with RFI (P>0.05). Profitability was indirectly related to RFI (P<0.05). However, profit had much greater association with feed:gain ratio (r= -0.85; P<0.001) as well as with weight gain (r=0.64; P<0.001). The weight gain, dry matter intake, feed:gain ratio, backfat, RFI and profitability demonstrated sire effects. There was a relationship between RFI and composition of gain in Nellore steers, consistent with the changes in deposition of subcutaneous and intramuscular fat. Because it produces leaner carcasses, the adoption of RFI as a selection criterion should be evaluated carefully. Independent of a possible reduction in meat quality, the data demonstrates that RFI is less efficient than gain, feed intake or feed conversion to predict feedlot profit.

Resumo: Foram comparados dois rebanhos Nelore, um selecionado (NeS) para maior peso pós-desmame (PPD) e outro controle (NeC) selecionado para PPD médio, foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos de 29 anos de seleção sobre a eficiência alimentar. Sessenta machos Nelore, sendo 41 NeS e 19 NeC, foram avaliados em baias individuais durante a Prova de Ganho de Peso. Características de desempenho e consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foram utilizados para determinar medidas de eficiência: conversão alimentar (CA), consumo alimentar residual (CAR), ganho residual (GR), eficiência parcial de crescimento (EPC), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) e taxa de Kleiber (TK). As médias iniciais de peso vivo e idade foram, respectivamente, 205 ± 31 kg e 267 ± 14 dias. Após um período de coleta de 112 dias, os animais do rebanho NeC apresentaram menor PV final que os NeS. Os rebanhos não diferiram em CMS expresso em % do peso vivo, área de olho-de-lombo, espessuras de gordura subcutânea na altura da 12a costela e na região da picanha. O CMS (kg/d) e o ganho médio diário (GMD) do rebanho NeS foram, respectivamente, 19,4% e 26,4% superiores aos do rebanho NeC. O aumento no GMD dos animais selecionados promoveu melhora significativa, em torno de 6% para CA, 70 g/d para a GR e 17% para a TK (P =0,02). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as demais medidas de eficiência (CAR, EPC e TCR; entre os rebanhos. A eficiência alimentar de bovinos Nelore não foi afetada por 29 anos de seleção para PPD. / Abstract: Two Nellore herds, a selection (NeS) for highest postweaning weight (PWW) and a control (NeC), selected for mean PWW, were evaluated summarize the effects of 29 year of selection on feed efficiency. Sixty Nellore bulls, being 41 NeS and 19 NeC, were evaluated in individual pens during the performance test. Performance traits and dry matter intake (DMI) were used to determine efficiency measurements: feed conversion ratio (FCR), residual feed intake (RFI), residual gain (RG), partial efficiency of growth (PEG), relative growth rate (RGR) and Kleiber ratio (KR). Body weight and initial age averages were, respectively, 205 ± 31 kg e 267 ± 14. NeC had lower final body weight than NeS. Herds did not differ in DMI expressed on % BW, rib eye area, 12th rib subcutaneous fat thickness and rump fat thickness. DMI (kg/d) and ADG of NeS were 19,4% and 26,4% respectively greater than NeC. ADG increase of selected animals promoted a 6% increase on FCR, 70g increase on RG (P=0.02) and 17% increase on KR. No Significant were detected for other efficiency measurements (RFI, EPC, RGR; P>0.05) between NeS and NeC. Feed efficiency of Nellore was not affected for 29 years of selection for PWW. / Orientador: Heraldo Cesar Gonçalves / Coorientador: Renata Helena Branco / Banca: André Mendes Jorge / Banca: Sarah Figueiredo Martins Bonilha / Mestre

O Brasil, com o maior rebanho comercial do mundo, só agora está desenvolvendo pesquisas sobre genética da eficiência alimentar. Além disso, é impossível ignorar a pressão nacional e internacional para uma indústria mais sustentável de produção de carne. Países como Austrália e Canadá, já desenvolveram programas para identificar animais mais eficientes, que produzem menos poluentes, em busca de marcadores moleculares para eficiência alimentar e qualidade da carne. Austrália, com um rebanho de 27 milhões de bovinos visa reduzir aproximadamente 30% do custo de produção de carne e 10% das emissões de metano, o Brasil com 205 milhões de animais tem um desafio ainda maior. O objetivo neste projeto foi estudar a eficiência alimentar e suas relações com características de lucro, carcaça e qualidade da carne em bovinos Nelore terminados em confinamento. O estudo avaliou em dois anos, 310 novilhos com medições individuais de consumo alimentar. Parâmetros de carcaça (peso, rendimento, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, peso dos rins, coração, fígado e gordura interna) foram determinados. Qualidade da carne de amostras maturadas ou não (pH, força de cisalhamento, cor, perdas por cocção, capacidade de retenção de água, índice de fragmentação miofibrilar e gordura intramuscular) também foram avaliadas. Variáveis de eficiência alimentar calculadas foram: conversão alimentar, eficiência de crescimento parcial, eficiência da manutenção, eficiência de ganho de peso, taxa de crescimento relativo, índice de Kleiber e consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Foram analisados os coeficientes de regressão linear entre as variáveis avaliadas e o CAR. Peso vivo médio metabólico e ganho médio diário não foram relacionados ao CAR (P>0,05). Os animais mais eficientes consumiram, no mínimo 11,2% menos do que os ineficientes (P<0,05). A redução do CAR em uma unidade reduziu 0,021 na eficiência alimentar e 0,796 na conversão. Não houve relação entre CAR e área de olho de lombo (P> 0,05), mas houve redução da espessura de gordura subcutânea e intramuscular depositadas, com a diminuição do CAR (P <0,05). A estimativa de energia retida no ganho reduziu em 0,2 Mcal/dia. Isto significa que mudanças na composição corporal do ganho foram capazes de explicar 16,5% das diferenças no consumo de alimentos entre animais eficientes e ineficientes definidos pelo CAR. Parâmetros de carcaça, fígado, coração e gordura interna assim como pH, força de cisalhamento e índice de fragmentação miofibrilar de amostras do L.dorsi não foram relacionados com CAR (P>0,05). O lucro foi positivamente associado ao CAR (r= -0,124;P<0,05), mas melhor associado à eficiência alimentar (r= -0,85; P<0,001) e ganho de peso (r=0,64; P<0,001). Ganho de peso, consumo de matéria seca, conversão alimentar, espessura de gordura subcutânea e lucro apresentaram efeito de touro. Há uma relação entre CAR e a composição do ganho em animais Nelore, de acordo com mudanças na deposição de gordura subcutânea e intramuscular. Pelo fato de produzir carcaças mais magras, a adoção do CAR como critério de seleção deve ser cuidadosa. Independente da possível redução na qualidade da carne, conclui-se que o CAR é menos adequado que ganho, consumo ou conversão alimentar para prever lucro em confinamento. / Brazil, with the biggest commercial herd in the world, is just now developing research on the genetics of feed efficiency. In addition, it is impossible to ignore national and international pressure for a more sustainable beef production industry. Countries like Australia and Canada have already developed programs to identify more efficient animals, that produce less pollutant, in search of molecular markers for feed efficiency and at the same time meat quality. Australia, with a 27 million bovine herd aims to reduce by approximately 30% the cost of meat production and by 10% methane emissions. Brazil with 205 million animals has an even greater challenge. The objective of this project was to study feed efficiency and its relationships with profitability, carcass characteristics and meat quality in Nellore steers finished in the feedlot. The study evaluated in two years, 310 calves with individual feed intake measurements. Carcass parameters (yield, size, loin eye area, backfat thickness, weight of the kidneys, heart, liver and internal fat) were determined. Meat quality of aged and not aged samples (pH, shear force, color parameters, cooking losses, water holding capacity, myofibrillar fragmentation index and intramuscular fat) was also evaluated. Feed efficiency variables calculated were: feed:gain ratio, partial growth efficiency, maintenance efficiency, efficiency of weight gain, relative growth rate, Kleiber index and residual feed intake (RFI). The linear regression coefficients between the variables evaluated against the calculated RFI were used. The average metabolic live weight and average daily gain were not related to RFI (P> 0.05). The most efficient animals consumed at least 11.2% less than the inefficient ones (P<0.05). The reduction in RFI by one unit resulted in a decrease in feed efficiency by 0.021 in feed efficiency and 0.796 feed:gain ratio. There was no relationship between RFI and loin eye area (P>0.05), but there was a decrease in backfat deposited and intramuscular fat gain due to the decrease in RFI (P<0.05). The retained energy, estimated by the difference in body composition, was reduced by 0.2 Mcal/day in inefficient vs efficient animals. This means that the change in estimated body composition was able to explain 16,5% of the difference in feed intake between RFI efficient and RFI inefficient animals. Parameters of carcass, liver, heart and internal fat, pH, shear force and myofibrillar fragmentation index of L.dorsi samples were not associated with RFI (P>0.05). Profitability was indirectly related to RFI (P<0.05). However, profit had much greater association with feed:gain ratio (r= -0.85; P<0.001) as well as with weight gain (r=0.64; P<0.001). The weight gain, dry matter intake, feed:gain ratio, backfat, RFI and profitability demonstrated sire effects. There was a relationship between RFI and composition of gain in Nellore steers, consistent with the changes in deposition of subcutaneous and intramuscular fat. Because it produces leaner carcasses, the adoption of RFI as a selection criterion should be evaluated carefully. Independent of a possible reduction in meat quality, the data demonstrates that RFI is less efficient than gain, feed intake or feed conversion to predict feedlot profit.

Objectives were to characterize residual feed intake (RFI) and determine the phenotypic correlation between performance, feed efficiency, and other biological measurements in Brahman heifers, as well as the relationship between RFI determined in confinement and measurements of grazing activity on pasture. Three separate 70 d feeding trials were performed, and RFI was determined as the residual between actual and predicted dry matter intake (DMI) for a given level of production. Brahman heifers (n = 103; 5-to-9 mo of age) were individually limit-fed a pelleted 12% CP complete ration daily in Calan gates. Weekly body weight (BW) and DMI data were collected, and predicted DMI was determined by linear regression of actual DMI on mid-test metabolic BW. Ytterbium chloride was used to evaluate digestive kinetics, and fecal samples were collected to determine fecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and determine apparent dry matter digestibility (DMD) utilizing acid insoluble ash as an internal marker. Measurements of temperament were evaluated on all heifers at weaning. High (n = 6) and low (n = 6) RFI heifers (Exp. I) grazed fescue and ryegrass to determine variation in grazing behavior, DMI, and apparent DMD. Data from all three experiments were pooled, and RFI was not correlated with average daily gain (ADG), DMI, BW, partial efficiency of gain, feed conversion ration, fecal VFA concentration, or any measures of temperament. There were no significant differences in digestive kinetics between the RFI efficiency groups. Fecal samples taken for acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) determination were not collected at frequent enough intervals to account for weekly variation in fecal ADIA concentration. Pasture measurements were not different between the efficiency groups for heifers evaluated for grazing behavior, as well as estimated intake as a proportion of BW, or apparent DMD. Results of this study suggest that Bos indicus cattle appear to have similar efficiency traits as Bos taurus and Bos indicus influenced cattle, making this measure of efficiency equally as valid for use in both types of cattle. This indicates that selection based on RFI can be made to increase feed efficiency without affecting ADG or BW in Brahman cattle.

Objectives were to characterize residual feed intake (RFI) and determine the phenotypic correlation between performance, feed efficiency, and other biological measurements in Brahman heifers, as well as the relationship between RFI determined in confinement and measurements of grazing activity on pasture. Three separate 70 d feeding trials were performed, and RFI was determined as the residual between actual and predicted dry matter intake (DMI) for a given level of production. Brahman heifers (n = 103; 5-to-9 mo of age) were individually limit-fed a pelleted 12% CP complete ration daily in Calan gates. Weekly body weight (BW) and DMI data were collected, and predicted DMI was determined by linear regression of actual DMI on mid-test metabolic BW. Ytterbium chloride was used to evaluate digestive kinetics, and fecal samples were collected to determine fecal volatile fatty acids (VFA) concentration and determine apparent dry matter digestibility (DMD) utilizing acid insoluble ash as an internal marker. Measurements of temperament were evaluated on all heifers at weaning. High (n = 6) and low (n = 6) RFI heifers (Exp. I) grazed fescue and ryegrass to determine variation in grazing behavior, DMI, and apparent DMD. Data from all three experiments were pooled, and RFI was not correlated with average daily gain (ADG), DMI, BW, partial efficiency of gain, feed conversion ration, fecal VFA concentration, or any measures of temperament. There were no significant differences in digestive kinetics between the RFI efficiency groups. Fecal samples taken for acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) determination were not collected at frequent enough intervals to account for weekly variation in fecal ADIA concentration. Pasture measurements were not different between the efficiency groups for heifers evaluated for grazing behavior, as well as estimated intake as a proportion of BW, or apparent DMD. Results of this study suggest that Bos indicus cattle appear to have similar efficiency traits as Bos taurus and Bos indicus influenced cattle, making this measure of efficiency equally as valid for use in both types of cattle. This indicates that selection based on RFI can be made to increase feed efficiency without affecting ADG or BW in Brahman cattle.

Objectives of this study were to characterize feed efficiency traits and examine phenotypic relationships with feeding behavior traits in bulls. Performance, feed intake and feeding behavior traits were measured in bulls (n = 5,165) representing 2 breeds (4100 Angus and 952 Red Angus). Intake and feeding behavior traits were measured for 70-d using a GrowSafe system while fed a corn silage based diet (ME = 2.50 Mcal/kg DM). BW was measured at 14-d intervals. Residual feed intake (RFI) was calculated as the difference between actual DMI and that expected from regression of DMI on mid-test BW0.75 (MBW) and ADG, and residual gain (RG) as the difference between actual ADG and that expected from regression of ADG on MBW and DMI. Residual gain and intake (RIG) was computed as the sum of -1 x RFI and RG, both standardized to a variance of 1. Results from the study indicate that RFI was correlated with DMI (r = 0.71, P < 0.0001) but not MBW or ADG, whereas, RG was correlated with ADG (r = 0.87, P < 0.0001) but not MBW or DMI. RFI was negatively correlated with G:F (r = -0.53, P < 0.0001) and RG (r = -0.40, P < 0.0001). Feeding bout (FB) frequency and duration were correlated with RFI (r = 0.30, 0.36; P < 0.001), but were not significant or weakly correlated (r < 0.10) with RG and G:F. Meal criterion and duration were both correlated (r = -0.13, 0.22; P < 0.0001) with RFI, but not with RG or G:F. Bulls with low RFI spent less time at the feed bunk (129 vs 151 ± 31.2 min/d) and had fewer FB events (79 vs 91 ± 23.4 events/d) than high-RFI bulls. Low-RFI bulls had longer (P < 0.001) meal criterion (9.9 vs 8.5 ± 6.6 min) indicating they took longer to initiate new meals, and had longer meal durations (223 vs 244 ± 43.5 min/d) than high-RFI bulls. Bulls have distinctive feeding behavior patterns that contribute to between-animal variation in RFI, but not associated with RG or G:F.

Orientador: André Mendes Jorge / Resumo: Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a associação de medidas de eficiência, desempenho e digestibilidade de nutrientes de três grupos genéticos de bubalinos. Foram utilizados 75 machos não-castrados (25 de cada raça: Jafarabadi, Mediterrânea e Murrah), com peso e idade média de 314 ± 117 kg e 390 ± 58 dias, respectivamente. Os animais foram confinados em baias coletivas e alimentados de forma ad libitum utilizando sistema automático para determinação do consumo de alimento e água durante 112 dias (28 dias de adaptação e 84 dias de coleta de dados). No início e ao término do experimento foram realizadas avaliações de ultrassonografia (AOL, EGS e EGG) e a cada 28 dias pesagens e determinação da altura da garupa (AG). Foram avaliadas: conversão alimentar (CA), eficiência alimentar (EA), consumo alimentar residual (CAR), ganho residual (GR) e consumo ganho residual (CGR). Amostras de fezes foram coletadas para o cálculo da excreção fecal a partir do marcador interno de fibra em detergente neutro indigestível (FDNi) e posterior determinação da digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes da dieta. Os dados foram analisados pelos procedimentos MIXED e CORR (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC). O grupo Jafarabadi obteve valor superiores para PVF (P = 0,03), GMD (P < 0,01) e AG (P < 0,01), enquanto que os grupos Mediterrâneo e Murrah não diferiram. Não houve efeito do grupo genético para as variáveis relacionadas ao consumo de alimentos (CMS; CMS kg/d; CMS %PV; CMS g/kg0,75; P > 0,28) e água (P = 0... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:28:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-08-10Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:37:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 castilhos_am_me_botfmvz.pdf: 467860 bytes, checksum: 0d3b1be24b37ef13dd742c5be8dbbfda (MD5) / Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) / Foram comparados dois rebanhos Nelore, um selecionado (NeS) para maior peso pós-desmame (PPD) e outro controle (NeC) selecionado para PPD médio, foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos de 29 anos de seleção sobre a eficiência alimentar. Sessenta machos Nelore, sendo 41 NeS e 19 NeC, foram avaliados em baias individuais durante a Prova de Ganho de Peso. Características de desempenho e consumo de matéria seca (CMS) foram utilizados para determinar medidas de eficiência: conversão alimentar (CA), consumo alimentar residual (CAR), ganho residual (GR), eficiência parcial de crescimento (EPC), taxa de crescimento relativo (TCR) e taxa de Kleiber (TK). As médias iniciais de peso vivo e idade foram, respectivamente, 205 ± 31 kg e 267 ± 14 dias. Após um período de coleta de 112 dias, os animais do rebanho NeC apresentaram menor PV final que os NeS. Os rebanhos não diferiram em CMS expresso em % do peso vivo, área de olho-de-lombo, espessuras de gordura subcutânea na altura da 12a costela e na região da picanha. O CMS (kg/d) e o ganho médio diário (GMD) do rebanho NeS foram, respectivamente, 19,4% e 26,4% superiores aos do rebanho NeC. O aumento no GMD dos animais selecionados promoveu melhora significativa, em torno de 6% para CA, 70 g/d para a GR e 17% para a TK (P =0,02). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas para as demais medidas de eficiência (CAR, EPC e TCR; entre os rebanhos. A eficiência alimentar de bovinos Nelore não foi afetada por 29 anos de seleção para PPD. / Two Nellore herds, a selection (NeS) for highest postweaning weight (PWW) and a control (NeC), selected for mean PWW, were evaluated summarize the effects of 29 year of selection on feed efficiency. Sixty Nellore bulls, being 41 NeS and 19 NeC, were evaluated in individual pens during the performance test. Performance traits and dry matter intake (DMI) were used to determine efficiency measurements: feed conversion ratio (FCR), residual feed intake (RFI), residual gain (RG), partial efficiency of growth (PEG), relative growth rate (RGR) and Kleiber ratio (KR). Body weight and initial age averages were, respectively, 205 ± 31 kg e 267 ± 14. NeC had lower final body weight than NeS. Herds did not differ in DMI expressed on % BW, rib eye area, 12th rib subcutaneous fat thickness and rump fat thickness. DMI (kg/d) and ADG of NeS were 19,4% and 26,4% respectively greater than NeC. ADG increase of selected animals promoted a 6% increase on FCR, 70g increase on RG (P=0.02) and 17% increase on KR. No Significant were detected for other efficiency measurements (RFI, EPC, RGR; P>0.05) between NeS and NeC. Feed efficiency of Nellore was not affected for 29 years of selection for PWW.

Embora possua o maior rebanho comercial do mundo, o Brasil está longe de liderar pesquisas relacionadas ao melhoramento genético de bovinos de corte para eficiência alimentar. Alguns países investiram em estudos para seleção de animais eficientes e identificação de marcadores moleculares associados a esta característica. A seleção genética de animais eficientes representaria economia de alimentos, reduziria o impacto ambiental e aumentaria a rentabilidade da atividade. Obviamente é um desafio identificar animais mais eficientes em um rebanho de 205 milhões de cabeças, pois, além da mensuração ser cara, os resultados são obtidos a longo prazo. As associações entre eficiência alimentar e desempenho de bovinos de corte são conhecidas, porém avaliações envolvendo os impactos da seleção para eficiência sobre composição corporal e qualidade de carne de novilhos Nelore ainda são incipientes. O objetivo neste trabalho foi estudar relações entre eficiência alimentar, composição corporal, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne em bovinos Nelore confinados. Foram confinados, em dois anos, 322 novilhos para avaliação de características de carcaça e qualidade de carne. Deste total, 159 foram confinados em baias individuais, dos quais 92 foram avaliados quanto ao consumo alimentar residual (CAR). Foram calculadas a eficiência alimentar, eficiência parcial de crescimento, taxa relativa de crescimento, índice de Kleiber e CAR. No abate foram obtidos dados de rendimento, comprimento e profundidade de carcaça, área de olho de lombo, espessura de gordura subcutânea, peso do coração, fígado, rins e gordura interna. Foram obtidas variáveis de qualidade da carne de amostras não maturadas do Longissimus dorsi (pH, força de cisalhamento, cor da carne e gordura, perdas por cocção, capacidade de retenção de água e extrato etéreo). Foram analisados os coeficientes de regressão linear entre as variáveis avaliadas e o CAR. Animais mais eficientes apresentaram consumo no mínimo 12% menor que os ineficientes (P <0,05). A variação do CAR em 1 kg MS/dia melhorou a eficiência alimentar em 7% para o mesmo ganho de peso. Houve relação positiva entre CAR e espessura de gordura subcutânea (P <0,05). Características de carcaça, peso do coração e do fígado, gordura interna e parâmetros de qualidade da carne não foram relacionados com CAR (P>0,05). No entanto, a diminuição do CAR reduziu a deposição de gordura subcutânea, avaliada por ultrassom (P<0,05). Consistente com essa redução, o conteúdo de gordura intramuscular diminuiu (P = 0,08), indicando uma relação positiva entre CAR e deposição de gordura. A energia retida, estimada pela composição corporal, foi reduzida em 0,4 Mcal / dia. Isto significa que mudanças na composição corporal foram capazes de explicar 36% das diferenças no consumo de alimentos entre animais eficientes e ineficientes quanto ao CAR. A margem de contribuição (lucro) foi positivamente relacionada ao CAR (P<0,05), mas foi muito melhor correlacionada com a eficiência alimentar e ganho de peso. A associação de CAR com rentabilidade foi tão boa quanto medição de área de olho de lombo. O CAR está associado com a composição do ganho dos animais e pouco correlacionado com a lucratividade em confinamento. Animais eficientes quanto ao CAR apresentaram redução na deposição de gordura subcutânea. / Although Brazil has the largest commercial beef cattle herd of the world, research on genetic improvement of beef cattle for feed efficiency is incipient. Some countries have invested in studies to identify feed efficient animals and to find molecular markers associated with this characteristic. Genetic selection of efficient animals can resulting lower costs, reduced environmental impact and increased profitability. Obviously identifying the most efficient animals is a challenge in a herd of 205 million head as measurement of feed intake is expensive. Associations between feed efficiency and performance of beef cattle are known, but possible impacts of selection for efficiency on body composition and meat quality of Nellore are still unknown. The objective of this study was to investigate relationships of feed efficiency with corporal composition, carcass characteristics and meat quality in Nellore steers finished in the feedlot. To evaluate carcass characteristics and meat quality, 322 steers were fed over a two year period. Of this total, 159 were housed in individual pens and 92 were evaluated for feed consumption. Feed efficiency, residual feed intake (RFI) partial efficiency of growth, relative growth rate and Kleiber´s index were calculated. Variables evaluated were: dressing, yield carcass linear measurements, loin eye area, fat thickness and weights of heart, liver, kidneys and internal fat. Longissimus dorsi pH, shear force, color of meat and fat, cooking losses, holding water capacity and ether extract were collected. The linear regression coefficients between these variables and RFI were calculated. Efficient and inefficient animals were separated as those that had 1 unit difference in RFI. The efficient animals intake were 12% lower than the inefficient animals (P<0.05). The variation of RFI by 1 kg DM/day improved feed conversion efficiency by 7%. There was a positive relationship between RFI and subcutaneous fat thickness (P<0.05) as well as with fat thickness deposition (P<0.05). Carcass characteristics, heart and liver weight, internal fat and meat quality parameters were not related to RFI (P>0.05). Consistent with the reduction in subcutaneous fat deposition there was a decrease in the fat content (P=0.08), indicating a positive relationship between RFI and fat deposition. The retained energy, estimated by the difference in body composition, was reduced by 0.4 Mcal/day in inefficient vs efficient animals. This means that the change in estimated body composition was able to explain 36% of the difference in feed intake between RFI efficient and RFI inefficient animals. Individual profit was calculated and it was positively associated to RFI (P<0.05). However, profit had much greater association with feed conversion efficiency (r=0.75) as well as with weight gain (r=0.53). The association of RFI with profitability was low (0.23) and about as good as the measurement of loin eye area (r=0.20). In this work RFI was associated with leaner composition of weight gain and was not well correlated with profitability in the feedlot.