Atualmente as usinas sucroalcooleiras conseguem exportar à matriz elétrica brasileira os excedentes de eletricidade gerados nelas; essa eletricidade é gerada através da combustão direta da biomassa residual da cana-de-açúcar o que requer menor investimento em equipamentos e controle técnico em comparação aos processos de pirólise e gaseificação. Embora o poder calorífico da cana-de-açúcar seja documentado em diversos trabalhos na literatura, em nenhum deles é registrado o histórico de disponibilidade hídrica no solo durante o crescimento da planta; deste modo levanta-se a hipótese que as plantas sob stress hídrico tendo um maior teor de fibra, apresente um poder calorífico diferenciado das plantas que não passaram por stress hídrico. O objetivo deste estudo foi apresentar o poder calorífico, a energia útil e cinzas da biomassa particionada seca de oito variedades de cana-de-açúcar (V1, V2, V3, V4. V5, V6, V7 e V8), submetidas a diferentes disponibilidades hídricas no solo durante o processo de crescimento das plantas através da irrigação por gotejamento (L50, L75, L75* e L100) sob diferentes processos de maturação com base em déficit hídrico na fase final de crescimento (M1, M2, M3 e M4). Determinou-se o poder calorifico superior da biomassa particionada em açúcar, bagaço, bainhas, folhas, perfilhos mortos, ponteiro e raízes de cana-de-açúcar utilizando um calorímetro isoperibólico Parr 6200, seguindo a norma ASTM D5468-02. A produção da cana-de-açúcar analisada foi realizada em ambiente protegido na Escola Superior de Agricultura \"Luiz de Queiroz\" (USP). A análise de variância univariada (ANOVA), de cada variável de resposta, correspondeu a um delineamento de três blocos casualizados com esquema experimental de parcelas sub-subdivididas (split-split-plot); resultando um total de 396 unidades experimentais. Em cada parcela, foram plantadas duas touceiras de cana (réplicas). A média observada do poder calorifico superior obtido para o bagaço, as bainhas, as folhas e os ponteiros, respectivamente, foi 18,16; 17,21; 17,64; e 17,84 MJ⋅kg-1. A ordem de grandeza do potencial energético da cana-de-açúcar é dada principalmente pela biomassa. A energia total média medida foi 1241,87 GJ⋅ha-1 (71,41 t MS) e a energia útil média estimada foi 660,29 GJ⋅ha-1 (36,90 t MS). Estimou-se que em média são produzidas 0,54 toneladas de cinzas por hectare. / Currently sugar mills generate electricity over their needs, exporting the surplus to the Brazilian energy matrix; this electricity is generated through direct combustion of the residual biomass, which requires less investment in equipment and technical control compared with the pyrolysis and gasification processes. Although the caloric value of the residual canes is documented by several studies in the literature, no recorded studies consider their qualitative aspect. This work hypothesis suggest that plants subject to water stress have a relative higher fiber content, thus a different calorific value. The objective of this study is to retrieve the calorific value, the useful energy and ashes from dried biomass of eight sugarcane varieties (V1, V2, V3, V4. V5, V6, V7 and V8) under different water availability in the soil during the growth process of plants by drip irrigation (L50, L75, L75 and L100 *) in different ripening processes based water deficit in the final growth stage (M1, M2, M3 and M4). The gross calorific value of biomass was determined by partitioned it into sugar, bagasse, sheaths, leaves, dead tillers, hand and roots using a isoperibol calorimeter Parr 6200, following ASTM D5468-02 normative. The experiment was carried in a greenhouse at the \"Luiz de Queiroz\" College of Agriculture (USP) in Piracicaba-SP. The univariate analysis (ANOVA), for each response variable, corresponded to a randomized block (split-split-plot design); resulting in 396 experimental units. In each plot were planted two clumps of cane. The gross calorific value average observed obtained for bagasse, sheaths, leaves and pointers was, respectively 18.16; 17:21; 17.64; and 17.84 MJ⋅kg-1. The order of magnitude of the energy potential of sugarcane was given mainly by biomass. The measurement of average total energy was 1241.87 GJ⋅ha-1 (71.41 t MS) and average estimated useful energy was 660.29 GJ⋅ha-1 (36.90 t MS). It is estimated that on average 0.54 tons of ash per hectare are produced.

Submitted by MILENA RODRIGUES BONIOLO null (milenaboniolo@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-14T01:20:37Z No. of bitstreams: 2 REPOSITORIO_Boniolo.pdf: 2914547 bytes, checksum: 81f538abdf07d7db7b952a1c412aeb9a (MD5) REPOSITORIO_Boniolo.pdf: 2914547 bytes, checksum: 81f538abdf07d7db7b952a1c412aeb9a (MD5) / Rejected by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: - A data de defesa informada durante a submissão está diferente da data que consta na capa e folha de rosto. - Foram submetidos 2 arquivos PDF’s, apenas 1 arquivo deve ser submetido. Por favor, corrija estas informações e realize uma nova submissão contendo o arquivo correto. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2016-04-14T19:49:13Z (GMT) / Submitted by MILENA RODRIGUES BONIOLO null (milenaboniolo@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-04-15T00:59:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 REPOSITORIO_Boniolo.pdf: 2914406 bytes, checksum: 1b92b8a055ad1cfc71027ce20781089a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-15T12:55:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 boniolo_mr_dr_rcla.pdf: 2914406 bytes, checksum: 1b92b8a055ad1cfc71027ce20781089a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-15T12:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 boniolo_mr_dr_rcla.pdf: 2914406 bytes, checksum: 1b92b8a055ad1cfc71027ce20781089a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A escassez qualitativa e quantitativa de água associada aos impactos ambientais impostos por águas residuárias tem agravado o cenário da situação ambiental brasileira. Um setor que merece destaque é o de mineração de urânio visto que o Brasil é a sexta maior reserva mundial deste elemento e existe grande quantidade de rejeitos acumulados contendo íons metálicos, semimetálicos e radiotóxicos. A biossorção tem se mostrado eficiente no tratamento das águas residuárias com íons que mesmo em baixas concentrações são tóxicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a redução da concentração de urânio em soluções e em amostras de águas de drenagem ácida de minas da mina Osamu Utsumi das Indústrias Nucleares do Brasil por meio da biossorção. As biomassas escolhidas para uso como biosorvente foram cascas de banana, sementes de moringa e borra de café. Ensaios de decomposição térmica, porosimetria de adsorção de nitrogênio e microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram efetuados de modo a caracterizar fisicamente os biosorventes. As variáveis analisadas para os ensaios em batelada como tamanho e massa do biosorvente, temperatura do ensaio, tempo de contato, pH e concentração inicial da solução de urânio foram definidas com o planejamento fatorial de experimentos. A partir dos ensaios em batelada realizados, pôde-se observar que as biomassas com maior área superficial e menor volume de poros resultaram em maiores valores de eficiência de remoção, sendo a ordem crescente destes parâmetros: cascas de banana < borra de café < sementes de moringa. Dentre os biosorventes estudados as sementes de moringa apresentaram os maiores valores de eficiência de remoção, seguida pela borra de café e cascas de banana. Em soluções de 100 mg L-1 as eficiências de remoção das sementes de moringa e cascas de banana foram iguais a 0,7429 e 0,2483, respectivamente; em valores de concentração de 25 mg L-1 as borras de café apresentaram eficiência de remoção igual a 0,9358. Em amostras de efluente com concentrações de urânio na ordem de 5 mg L-1 , as sementes de moringa apresentaram-se como o biosorvente com melhor eficiência de remoção (~0,8) quando comparadas as cascas de banana (~0,5) e borra de café (~0,7). / The qualitative and quantitative water scarcity associated with environmental impacts posed by wastewater has worsened the brazilian environmental scenario. Uranium mining is a prominent sector in Brazil context, since this country owns the sixth biggest uranium reserve in the world and there is large amount of accumulated tailings containing metallic, semi-metallic and radiotoxic ions. In general, biosorption has shown significant efficiency on effluent treatment, removing ions which even in low concentrations present toxicity. This work aimed to reduce the concentration of uranium by using biosorption in both cases, lab scale solutions and acid mining drainage effluent samples from Osamu Utsumi mine, wich belongs to Usinas Nucleares do Brasil. The selected biomasses used as biosorvent were banana peels, moringa’s seeds and coffee waste. Thermal decomposition, nitrogen adsorption porosimetry and scanning electron microscopy were performed for physical characterization. The studied variables for the batch tests as size and mass of biosorvent, temperature of tests, contact time, pH and initial concentration of solutions of uranium were defined by using design of experiments. From the tests carried out it was observed that the biomasses with a higher surface area and smaller pore volume resulted in higher removal efficiency values, with an ascending order of these parameters: banana peels <coffee grounds <seed moringa. Among the studied biosorvents, moringa seeds showed the highest values of removal efficiency followed by the coffee waste and banana peel. Based on tests using uranium solutions of 100 mg L-1, the removal efficiency of moringa seeds and banana peel were 0,7429 and 0,2483, respectively; assuming concentration of 25 mg L-1 the coffee wastes has shown efficiency of removal of 0,9358. In effluent samples with uranium concentrations in the order of 5 mg L-1, the moringa seeds were presented as the biosorbent with better removal efficiency (~ 0.8) when compared to banana peels (~ 0.5) and coffee waste (~ 0.7).

There is an urgent need to mitigate carbon emissions to the atmosphere to reduce the negative effects of climate change. Countries have pledged national strategies to reach their climate change mitigation goals in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC). In the case of Colombia, the country envisions becoming carbon neutral by 2050.  A pathway to reach this goal is emission reduction through nature-based solutions (NBS). Biochar is an NBS with the potential to be used as a land-based emission mitigation technology. Records indicate that it was first used by indigenous communities in the Amazon about a thousand years ago. Biochar can be obtained through thermochemical conversion by slow pyrolysis of residual biomass. The original organic carbon present in the biomass is sequestered in the biochar as it is pyrolyzed and thus, CO2 emissions are prevented. Biochar is not yet considered in Colombia´s carbon neutrality strategy. The aim of this thesis project is to investigate the potential of biochar production in Colombia as a land-based mitigation technology (LMT). Therefore, a comprehensive assessment is performed with the purpose of identifying the status of biochar in the country. The motivation behind the assessment is to gain an understanding of the variables involved in biochar production. Factors such as the production sectors involved, feedstocks, production technologies, project costs and emission mitigation are of interest. The study explores these factors by following five methodological steps. First, the current research on the technology is mapped to understand biochar’s status at a national level. Second, experts are interviewed to collect their views regarding biochar and a PESTEL (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental &amp; Legal) analysis is employed based on their point of view on the technology. Third, the potential sources of residual biomass which could be used to produce biochar in the agricultural sector are quantified. The approach to biochar’s potential is enriched with a focused in-person case study of biochar production from oil palm residues. Fourth, these residual biomass sources are subsequently employed to estimate the emissions sequestered in their biochar production. Lastly, project feasibility implementation is evaluated through a techno-economic to identify the project’s main cost drivers. The results are then discussed using a SWOT (Strength, Weaknesses, and Opportunities &amp; Threats) analysis. The existing studies and the local experts’ opinion indicate that biochar potential is in the agricultural sector and that it can be thought of for soil adaptation. Biochar’s emission mitigation is considered an added value. In 2021, the agricultural sector produced near 73 million tonnes of agricultural products. The residues from agriculture could be used for biochar production. If the residues from the most produced agricultural products are transformed into biochar, about 1 to 2,2 tonne of CO2 per tonne of biochar could be avoided. The published literature and the in-person study visit confirmed that the largest advance in biochar production and use in Colombia is in the oil palm sector. Palm kernel shell, fibre and empty fruit bunches are the oil palm residues that could be used to produce biochar. From 1 tonne of these three oil palm residues, about 60 kg of biochar can be obtained. The results show that currently there is no market for trading with biochar in Colombia. High investments, transport and feedstock costs are identified obstacles. An Advanced Technology pyrolizer cost can cost around 330.000 USD while a Basic Technology one can be around 100 USD. Taxes associated with revenue from the biochar trade can negatively impact a biochar project’s feasibility. In this study, a price for biochar is estimated using break-even analysis. Under the assumptions used, the biochar price per tonne is around 200 to 1.000 USD. Price variability is explained in the technologies used for production, feedstock biomass availability and variable revenues from biochar sales. / Koldioxidutsläppen till atmosfären behöver minskas för att undvika de negativa effekterna av klimatförändringar. Olika länder har presenterat på sina nationellt fastställda bidrag (NDC) hur sina mål för begränsning av klimatförändringarna skulle kunna uppnås. I Colombia är planen att uppnå koldioxidneutralitet år 2050. Ett sätt att uppnå detta mål är att minska utsläpp genom naturbaserade lösningar (NBS). Biokol är en NBS som kan användas som landbaserade åtgärder för att minska växthusgasutsläpp eller öka koldioxidupptag. Forskning har bevisat att biokol användes i Amazonas för ungefär tusen år sedan. Biokol framställs genom långsam pyrolys av restprodukter av biomass. Kolet i biomassan binds i biokolet genom pyrolysis, vilket förhindrar koldioxidens utsläppning till atmosfären. Biokol inkluderas ännu inte i Colombias strategi för koldioxidneutralitet. Syftet med detta projekt är att undersöka biokolets produktionspotential i Colombia son ett landbaserade åtgärder (LMT). En analys gjordes för att identifiera statusen av biokol runt om i landet. Faktorer såsom berörda produktionssektorer, råvaror, produktionstekniker, projektkostnader och koldioxidutsläppen var av intresse. Studien undersöker faktorerna ovan genom att tillämpa en femstegsmetod. Först identifierades den aktuella forskningen om biokol i Colombia. Sedan intervjuades experter för att samla in deras åsikter om biokol och en PESTEL analys (Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Environmental &amp; Legal) användes. Nästa steg i metoden var att kvantifiera potentialen av restprodukter inom jordbrukssektorn. Detta steg kompletterades med en fallstudie som fokuserade på biokolproduktion från rester från oljepalmer och sedan beräknades utsläppen som binds i biokol. Till sist utvärderades projektets genomförbarhet genom en teknoekonomisk analys som identifierade viktigaste drivkrafterna bakom kostnaderna. Resultaten diskuterades med hjälp av en SWOT analys (Strength, Weaknesses, and Opportunities &amp; Threats). Experter och forskningsresultat om biokol i Colombia anger att det finns stor potential nom jordbrukssektor där biokol skulle kunna användas för jordförbättring, medan utsläppsminskningar endast anses vara en ytterligare fördel. År 2021 Colombias jordbrukssektor producerade nästan 73 millioner tonne av jordbruksprodukter och restprodukter från jordbruket kan användas för produktion av biokol. För varje ton biokol som produceras undviks ungefär 1 till 2,2 tonne koldioxid. Litteraturen och studiebesöket bekräftade att största framsteget inom produktion och användning av biokol i Colombia händer inom oljepalmssektorn. Palmkärnor, fibrer och tomma fruktknippar är restprodukterna som kan användas för att producera biokol. En ton av dessa tre typer av oljepalmsrester ger cirka 60 kg biokol. Resultaten visar att det inte finns en marknad för biokol i Colombia. Höga investeringskostnader, transport-och råvarukostnader är främsta hindarna som identifierades. En pyrolysanläggning med avancerad teknik kostar cirka 330 000 US-dollar, medan en pyrolysanläggning med grundläggande teknik kostar cirka 100 US -dollar. Skatter på inkomster från biokolsförsäljning kan ha en negativ effekt på genomförbarhet. Studien uppskattas ett pris för biokol med hjälp av en break-even-analys och visar att cirka 200 till 1.000 USD per tonne biokol vore ett möjligt prisintervall. Prisvariationerna förklaras av tekniken som används för produktion, tillgång på biomassa som råvara och varierande intäkter från biokolförsäljning.