There are four million voluntary attritions a month in the US. Many of these people choses to become freelance consultants (gig workers) working through digital gig platforms for better work-life balance. At the same time organizations requires a more flexible access to skills and competences to cope with an ever more dynamic business environment. This trend is also apparent in Europe. As people with the necessary skills and abilities is increasingly found on digital gig platforms, organizations must turn to these platforms to find needed competence. The act of hiring these digital gig workers through digital gig platforms are called crowdsourcing. The risks of crowdsourcing have mostly been studied from the perspective of gig workers and platform operator and there is a lack of understanding regarding the risk with crowdsourcing from the perspective of hiring organizations.       Our aim is to understand what risks organizations perceive with digital gig platforms and digital gig workers, and how organizations could mitigate the perceived risks by using a risk management framework. We conducted a qualitative case study around crowdsourcing as a process. Seven semi-structured interviews with mangers in organizations of various seize and industries were made. These interviews were supplemented with a document study of digital gig platform policies as these policies can reflect common concerns expressed by hiring organizations. Findings shows that there are several perceived organizational risks in crowdsourcing digital gig workers from digital gig platforms. The perceived risks can be categorized as HR, financial, market, operational, technological and supply chain types of risk. These types of risks can be either internal, external, or voluntary risks. The discussion revolves around where the different perceived organizational risks would fit within a risk management framework. The risks can be connected to all components of existing risk management frameworks. Our risk management model of crowdsourcing can be used as a heuristic tool for practitioners and contributes to theory by creating understanding of the risks with crowdsourcing from the perspective of organizations.

Text in English / This study explores the phenomenon of auditor switching. The purpose of this study is to further contribute to the auditor switching literature by examining the reasons client companies in South Africa switch auditors, where the topic has not previously been studied and following a period of rapid and significant change in the auditing profession. Using previous literature as a foundation, forty-four variables that contribute to auditor switching are presented and tested based on empirical data elicited by means of a questionnaire survey of sample companies that experienced auditor switching during the period 1 January 1998 to 30 June 1999 as obtained from Practitioners in the KwaZulu-Natal Region. The factors motivating auditor switching were based on a questionnaire response of seventy-five companies (response rate 67% ). The empirical study also tested whether or not the switch variables thus identified are statistically related to auditor switching. The findings of this study revealed that audit fees are both the most frequently cited reason for switching auditors and found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance. Dissatisfaction over the overall quality of services provided by the auditor, lack of communication including the lack of responsiveness to client needs, poor working relationship with audit partner followed as switch factors but were not found to be statistically significant at 0. 05 level. The findings of this study revealed that two other variables, namely, management change and the need for group auditor rationalisation, appear to be significantly related to auditor switching at the 0.05 1evel of significance. / Auditing / M. Comm. (Auditing)

In terms of section 186(1)(e) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 constructive dismissal occurs where an employee terminated a contract of employment with or without notice because the employer made continued employment intolerable. Work stress is becoming more and more imminent in the workplace. Some employees feel that the amount of work stress also makes their continued employment intolerable, and then they claim constructive dismissal. This raises the question whether the courts should apply the same tests they apply in constructive dismissal cases as well as in cases where the employee resigns because of work stress. But, if the same tests that are used to determine if there has been a constructive dismissal are used in a case where an employee resigns because of work stress, a real danger exists because then it can lead to the misuse of a claim of constructive dismissal by employees who cannot handle a minimum amount of work stress. Over the years the courts have indicated that they apply an objective test in cases of constructive dismissal. This leads to the argument whether subjectivity should play a role, and whether one should look at the subjective perspective of both the employer and the employee. This research looks at numerous court decisions, from both the South African legal system as well as the United Kingdom legal system, in order to determine which tests the South African courts need to apply when they are confronted with a constructive dismissal claim where the employee resigned due to work stress. Constructive dismissal – resignation – work stress – stress due to an excessive workload – work stress and employee wellness – stress based claims. / Thesis (LL.M. (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

Cette thèse reconstruit et analysent les trajectoires professionnelles des professeurs d'université de l'enseignement supérieur privé à Porto Alegre et de la région métropolitaine qui ont connu la démission de leur carrière universitaire. Il s'agit d'une étude explicative dont l'échantillon, pas probabilistes et intentionnel, se compose de 16 enseignants qui ont travaillé dans des établissements privés d'enseignement supérieur. Les données montre que: le développement de la carrière académique de l'influence positive des trajectoires professionnelles; à haute titrage, de doctorat ou une maîtrise, le temps combiné de l'expérience universitaire, a été essentiel pour le sort des professionnels de chemin vertueux à l'intérieur et en dehors de l'industrie universitaires, les enseignants licenciés, avec moins d'expérience et pas un autre emploi ou de travail, a moins bien les destinations pour ceux qui ont un degré plus élevé de l'employabilité, a démissionné de ressembler à eux-mêmes les processus dans la forme et les motifs, essentiellement des raisons économiques et politiques, la recherche de professeurs permanents dans des établissements conduit à la formation de ghettos institutions qui sont mus par des intérêts politiques, des réseaux de contacts professionnels aidé les enseignants licenciés à se réinsérer plus rapidement sur le marché du travail, la famille a servi de principal affectif, social et économique. Data analysis suggère que le licenciement des enseignants dans les trajectoires professionnelles provoquer une rupture dans les liens de confiance et le sens de la carrière académique, qui influent sur la virtuosité de sa destination. Il indique aussi qu'elles sont affectées par des facteurs, principalement, d'une cycliques, structurels et politiques et que l'action des enseignants n'est pas une réponse suffisante pour changer et commencer à trouver que les obstacles à leur performance professionnelle / Essa tese reconstitui e analisa as trajetórias profissionais dos professores universitários do ensino superior privado de Porto Alegre e Região Metropolitana que passaram pela experiência da demissão nas suas carreiras acadêmicas. Trata-se de um estudo explicativo cuja amostra, não probabilística intencional, é constituída de 16 docentes que atuaram em instituições de ensino superior privado. A análise dos dados mostra que: o desenvolvimento da carreira acadêmica influencia de maneira positiva as trajetórias profissionais; a alta titulação, doutorado ou mestrado, aliada ao tempo de experiência acadêmica, mostrou-se essencial para o destino virtuoso das trajetórias profissionais dentro e fora do setor acadêmico; os professores demitidos, com menor experiência e sem alternativas de emprego ou trabalho, apresentaram destinos menos virtuosos que aqueles com maior grau de empregabilidade; os processos demissionais são similares quanto à forma e razões alegadas, predominando motivos econômicos e critérios políticos; a busca da permanência nas instituições leva os docentes à formação de guetos institucionais que são movidos por interesses políticos; redes de contatos profissionais auxiliaram os professores demitidos a se reinserirem mais rapidamente no mercado de trabalho; a família atuou como o principal suporte afetivo, social e econômico. A análise dos dados sugere que a demissão nas trajetórias profissionais dos professores ocasiona uma ruptura nos laços de confiança e no significado da carreira acadêmica, influenciando a virtuosidade do seu destino. Indica também que estas são impactadas por fatores, predominantemente, de ordem conjuntural, estrutural e política e que a ação dos docentes não é uma resposta suficiente às transformações e entraves que passam a encontrar na sua atuação profissional. / This thesis reconstructs and analyzes the professional trajectories of university teachers of private higher education in Porto Alegre and the metropolitan area that lived the demission experience on yours academic careers. It is an explanatory study whose sample, no probabilistic and intentional, consists of 16 teachers who worked in private institutions of higher education. The data analysis shows that: the development of the academic career of a positive influence the professional trajectories; at high titration, doctoral or master's degree, combined time of the academic experience, was essential for the fate of the virtuous path professionals within and outside the industry academic, the teachers dismissed, with less experience and no alternative employment or work, had less righteous destinations for those with a higher degree of employability, resigned resemble the processes are similar in shape and reasons, mainly economic reasons and political criteria, the search for permanent teachers in institutions leads to the formation of ghettos institutions that are driven by political interests, networks of professional contacts helped the teachers dismissed to reintegrate more quickly in the labor market, the family served as the main emotional, social and economic. Data analysis suggests that the dismissal of teachers in professional trajectories cause a rupture in ties of trust and the meaning of the academic career, influencing the virtuosity of its destination. It also indicates that they are affected by factors, primarily, of a conjunctural, structural and politic and that the action of teachers is not a sufficient response to change and begin to find that barriers in their professional performance.

In terms of section 186(1)(e) of the Labour Relations Act 66 of 1995 constructive dismissal occurs where an employee terminated a contract of employment with or without notice because the employer made continued employment intolerable. Work stress is becoming more and more imminent in the workplace. Some employees feel that the amount of work stress also makes their continued employment intolerable, and then they claim constructive dismissal. This raises the question whether the courts should apply the same tests they apply in constructive dismissal cases as well as in cases where the employee resigns because of work stress. But, if the same tests that are used to determine if there has been a constructive dismissal are used in a case where an employee resigns because of work stress, a real danger exists because then it can lead to the misuse of a claim of constructive dismissal by employees who cannot handle a minimum amount of work stress. Over the years the courts have indicated that they apply an objective test in cases of constructive dismissal. This leads to the argument whether subjectivity should play a role, and whether one should look at the subjective perspective of both the employer and the employee. This research looks at numerous court decisions, from both the South African legal system as well as the United Kingdom legal system, in order to determine which tests the South African courts need to apply when they are confronted with a constructive dismissal claim where the employee resigned due to work stress. Constructive dismissal – resignation – work stress – stress due to an excessive workload – work stress and employee wellness – stress based claims. / Thesis (LL.M. (Labour Law))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011

Univ., Diss u.d.T.: Bühler, Caroline: Berufliche Identität im Wandel--Bern, 2004.

Cette thèse reconstruit et analysent les trajectoires professionnelles des professeurs d'université de l'enseignement supérieur privé à Porto Alegre et de la région métropolitaine qui ont connu la démission de leur carrière universitaire. Il s'agit d'une étude explicative dont l'échantillon, pas probabilistes et intentionnel, se compose de 16 enseignants qui ont travaillé dans des établissements privés d'enseignement supérieur. Les données montre que: le développement de la carrière académique de l'influence positive des trajectoires professionnelles; à haute titrage, de doctorat ou une maîtrise, le temps combiné de l'expérience universitaire, a été essentiel pour le sort des professionnels de chemin vertueux à l'intérieur et en dehors de l'industrie universitaires, les enseignants licenciés, avec moins d'expérience et pas un autre emploi ou de travail, a moins bien les destinations pour ceux qui ont un degré plus élevé de l'employabilité, a démissionné de ressembler à eux-mêmes les processus dans la forme et les motifs, essentiellement des raisons économiques et politiques, la recherche de professeurs permanents dans des établissements conduit à la formation de ghettos institutions qui sont mus par des intérêts politiques, des réseaux de contacts professionnels aidé les enseignants licenciés à se réinsérer plus rapidement sur le marché du travail, la famille a servi de principal affectif, social et économique. Data analysis suggère que le licenciement des enseignants dans les trajectoires professionnelles provoquer une rupture dans les liens de confiance et le sens de la carrière académique, qui influent sur la virtuosité de sa destination. Il indique aussi qu'elles sont affectées par des facteurs, principalement, d'une cycliques, structurels et politiques et que l'action des enseignants n'est pas une réponse suffisante pour changer et commencer à trouver que les obstacles à leur performance professionnelle / Essa tese reconstitui e analisa as trajetórias profissionais dos professores universitários do ensino superior privado de Porto Alegre e Região Metropolitana que passaram pela experiência da demissão nas suas carreiras acadêmicas. Trata-se de um estudo explicativo cuja amostra, não probabilística intencional, é constituída de 16 docentes que atuaram em instituições de ensino superior privado. A análise dos dados mostra que: o desenvolvimento da carreira acadêmica influencia de maneira positiva as trajetórias profissionais; a alta titulação, doutorado ou mestrado, aliada ao tempo de experiência acadêmica, mostrou-se essencial para o destino virtuoso das trajetórias profissionais dentro e fora do setor acadêmico; os professores demitidos, com menor experiência e sem alternativas de emprego ou trabalho, apresentaram destinos menos virtuosos que aqueles com maior grau de empregabilidade; os processos demissionais são similares quanto à forma e razões alegadas, predominando motivos econômicos e critérios políticos; a busca da permanência nas instituições leva os docentes à formação de guetos institucionais que são movidos por interesses políticos; redes de contatos profissionais auxiliaram os professores demitidos a se reinserirem mais rapidamente no mercado de trabalho; a família atuou como o principal suporte afetivo, social e econômico. A análise dos dados sugere que a demissão nas trajetórias profissionais dos professores ocasiona uma ruptura nos laços de confiança e no significado da carreira acadêmica, influenciando a virtuosidade do seu destino. Indica também que estas são impactadas por fatores, predominantemente, de ordem conjuntural, estrutural e política e que a ação dos docentes não é uma resposta suficiente às transformações e entraves que passam a encontrar na sua atuação profissional. / This thesis reconstructs and analyzes the professional trajectories of university teachers of private higher education in Porto Alegre and the metropolitan area that lived the demission experience on yours academic careers. It is an explanatory study whose sample, no probabilistic and intentional, consists of 16 teachers who worked in private institutions of higher education. The data analysis shows that: the development of the academic career of a positive influence the professional trajectories; at high titration, doctoral or master's degree, combined time of the academic experience, was essential for the fate of the virtuous path professionals within and outside the industry academic, the teachers dismissed, with less experience and no alternative employment or work, had less righteous destinations for those with a higher degree of employability, resigned resemble the processes are similar in shape and reasons, mainly economic reasons and political criteria, the search for permanent teachers in institutions leads to the formation of ghettos institutions that are driven by political interests, networks of professional contacts helped the teachers dismissed to reintegrate more quickly in the labor market, the family served as the main emotional, social and economic. Data analysis suggests that the dismissal of teachers in professional trajectories cause a rupture in ties of trust and the meaning of the academic career, influencing the virtuosity of its destination. It also indicates that they are affected by factors, primarily, of a conjunctural, structural and politic and that the action of teachers is not a sufficient response to change and begin to find that barriers in their professional performance.

Cette thèse reconstruit et analysent les trajectoires professionnelles des professeurs d'université de l'enseignement supérieur privé à Porto Alegre et de la région métropolitaine qui ont connu la démission de leur carrière universitaire. Il s'agit d'une étude explicative dont l'échantillon, pas probabilistes et intentionnel, se compose de 16 enseignants qui ont travaillé dans des établissements privés d'enseignement supérieur. Les données montre que: le développement de la carrière académique de l'influence positive des trajectoires professionnelles; à haute titrage, de doctorat ou une maîtrise, le temps combiné de l'expérience universitaire, a été essentiel pour le sort des professionnels de chemin vertueux à l'intérieur et en dehors de l'industrie universitaires, les enseignants licenciés, avec moins d'expérience et pas un autre emploi ou de travail, a moins bien les destinations pour ceux qui ont un degré plus élevé de l'employabilité, a démissionné de ressembler à eux-mêmes les processus dans la forme et les motifs, essentiellement des raisons économiques et politiques, la recherche de professeurs permanents dans des établissements conduit à la formation de ghettos institutions qui sont mus par des intérêts politiques, des réseaux de contacts professionnels aidé les enseignants licenciés à se réinsérer plus rapidement sur le marché du travail, la famille a servi de principal affectif, social et économique. Data analysis suggère que le licenciement des enseignants dans les trajectoires professionnelles provoquer une rupture dans les liens de confiance et le sens de la carrière académique, qui influent sur la virtuosité de sa destination. Il indique aussi qu'elles sont affectées par des facteurs, principalement, d'une cycliques, structurels et politiques et que l'action des enseignants n'est pas une réponse suffisante pour changer et commencer à trouver que les obstacles à leur performance professionnelle / Essa tese reconstitui e analisa as trajetórias profissionais dos professores universitários do ensino superior privado de Porto Alegre e Região Metropolitana que passaram pela experiência da demissão nas suas carreiras acadêmicas. Trata-se de um estudo explicativo cuja amostra, não probabilística intencional, é constituída de 16 docentes que atuaram em instituições de ensino superior privado. A análise dos dados mostra que: o desenvolvimento da carreira acadêmica influencia de maneira positiva as trajetórias profissionais; a alta titulação, doutorado ou mestrado, aliada ao tempo de experiência acadêmica, mostrou-se essencial para o destino virtuoso das trajetórias profissionais dentro e fora do setor acadêmico; os professores demitidos, com menor experiência e sem alternativas de emprego ou trabalho, apresentaram destinos menos virtuosos que aqueles com maior grau de empregabilidade; os processos demissionais são similares quanto à forma e razões alegadas, predominando motivos econômicos e critérios políticos; a busca da permanência nas instituições leva os docentes à formação de guetos institucionais que são movidos por interesses políticos; redes de contatos profissionais auxiliaram os professores demitidos a se reinserirem mais rapidamente no mercado de trabalho; a família atuou como o principal suporte afetivo, social e econômico. A análise dos dados sugere que a demissão nas trajetórias profissionais dos professores ocasiona uma ruptura nos laços de confiança e no significado da carreira acadêmica, influenciando a virtuosidade do seu destino. Indica também que estas são impactadas por fatores, predominantemente, de ordem conjuntural, estrutural e política e que a ação dos docentes não é uma resposta suficiente às transformações e entraves que passam a encontrar na sua atuação profissional. / This thesis reconstructs and analyzes the professional trajectories of university teachers of private higher education in Porto Alegre and the metropolitan area that lived the demission experience on yours academic careers. It is an explanatory study whose sample, no probabilistic and intentional, consists of 16 teachers who worked in private institutions of higher education. The data analysis shows that: the development of the academic career of a positive influence the professional trajectories; at high titration, doctoral or master's degree, combined time of the academic experience, was essential for the fate of the virtuous path professionals within and outside the industry academic, the teachers dismissed, with less experience and no alternative employment or work, had less righteous destinations for those with a higher degree of employability, resigned resemble the processes are similar in shape and reasons, mainly economic reasons and political criteria, the search for permanent teachers in institutions leads to the formation of ghettos institutions that are driven by political interests, networks of professional contacts helped the teachers dismissed to reintegrate more quickly in the labor market, the family served as the main emotional, social and economic. Data analysis suggests that the dismissal of teachers in professional trajectories cause a rupture in ties of trust and the meaning of the academic career, influencing the virtuosity of its destination. It also indicates that they are affected by factors, primarily, of a conjunctural, structural and politic and that the action of teachers is not a sufficient response to change and begin to find that barriers in their professional performance.

Text in English / This study explores the phenomenon of auditor switching. The purpose of this study is to further contribute to the auditor switching literature by examining the reasons client companies in South Africa switch auditors, where the topic has not previously been studied and following a period of rapid and significant change in the auditing profession. Using previous literature as a foundation, forty-four variables that contribute to auditor switching are presented and tested based on empirical data elicited by means of a questionnaire survey of sample companies that experienced auditor switching during the period 1 January 1998 to 30 June 1999 as obtained from Practitioners in the KwaZulu-Natal Region. The factors motivating auditor switching were based on a questionnaire response of seventy-five companies (response rate 67% ). The empirical study also tested whether or not the switch variables thus identified are statistically related to auditor switching. The findings of this study revealed that audit fees are both the most frequently cited reason for switching auditors and found to be statistically significant at the 0.05 level of significance. Dissatisfaction over the overall quality of services provided by the auditor, lack of communication including the lack of responsiveness to client needs, poor working relationship with audit partner followed as switch factors but were not found to be statistically significant at 0. 05 level. The findings of this study revealed that two other variables, namely, management change and the need for group auditor rationalisation, appear to be significantly related to auditor switching at the 0.05 1evel of significance. / Auditing / M. Comm. (Auditing)

Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Human Resource Management in the Faculty of Commerce at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013 / The researcher decided to replicate an existing study by Rahman, Naqvi and Ramay (2008) titled “Measuring Turnover Intention: A Study of IT Professionals in Pakistan”. The study was applied to new situations in order to determine generalisability to different subjects, age groups, races, locations, cultures or any such variables. The replicated study builds on the original study, by making it relevant today and applying it to a large business within the South African Telecommunications industry. Reducing employee turnover is both strategic and very important in ensuring that an organisation remains profitable. Therefore the main objective of this study is to analyse and verify whether job satisfaction, organisational commitment and perceived alternative job opportunities are correlated with turnover intention. Employee turnover has become a serious management problem for the participating company due to the financial and moral impact on its degree of competitiveness and sustainability prospects. Today, organisations are finding it difficult to retain employees. Many skilled professionals are leaving, which results in the loss of knowledge systems and discontinuity for the Telecommunications industry. Thus, employee turnover demands management’s attention to do whatever it can to retain skilled employees. A quantitative research design using a survey was employed in the study. A survey is defined as “a method for gathering information from a sample of individuals” (Scheuren, 2004: 9). A sample was chosen from a population of employees who are working for the participating company, within the Telecommunications industry. The population is N = 401 (unit of analysis), which is the number of people employed at the participating company, where the researcher is currently employed. The General Job Satisfaction Survey (JDS) developed by Hackman and Oldman (Cook & Rice, 2003: 37) was used to measure both JS and PAJO. Hypothesis 1 addressed the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (PPMCC) between job satisfaction and turnover intention was r = 0.812 with a p-value = 0.714*, indicating that the correlation is positive but not significant. The Organisational Commitment Questionnaire (revised) (OCQ) developed by Meyer and Allen (2005: 73) was used to measure employee commitment. Hypothesis 2 addressed the relationship between organisational commitment and turnover intention. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between organisational commitment and turnover intention was r = 0.572 with a p-value = 0.065*, indicating a positive but not significant correlation. Hypothesis 3 addressed the relationship between perceived alternative job opportunities and turnover intentions. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient between perceived alternative employment opportunities and turnover intention was r = 0.953 with a p-value = 0.081*, indicating a positive but not significant correlation. It can be concluded that the correlation between the dependent variable and independent variables in the replicated study was positive but not significant which is consistent with the original study conducted by Rahman et al. (2008). The results reveal that in order for the participating organisation to be competitive in the 21st century a firm grip needs to be taken on reducing turnover intentions. Even though the correlation between the variables was not significant it supports previous studies that have found a significant correlation between job satisfaction, organisational commitment, perceived alternative job opportunity and its association with turnover intention. The replicated study will be presented to the participating organisation in an attempt to add value. The audience are managing executives and heads of departments, who are people that can make a difference within their respective divisions. When there is buy-in from top management, this will ensure that the need and urgency for retaining critical skills is filtered down to the lower levels. It will benefit the participating organisation that has a philosophy of wanting to continuously improve. It is recommended to the management of the participating company to pursue a retention strategy highlighting commitment and job satisfaction to obtain a committed and satisfied workforce through application of suitable human resource policies. These include training, career planning and advancement opportunities, employee participation and compensation plans to reduce employee turnover intention (Rahman et al., 2008: 79). By building a company’s business model around job satisfaction, organisational commitment and perceived alternative job opportunities, morale can be increased and commitment can be strengthened. When employees are satisfied they do not have the need to look for work elsewhere, which will contribute to a successful and competitive organisation.