Resin-composites have been used in dentistry as direct restorative materials for over fifty years ago, and meanwhile their properties have been substantially improved. Recently a new class of light-cured resin-composites known as 'bulk-fill' materials has been introduced, and has increased the practical application of resin-composites in comparison to conventional incrementally applied materials. The aim of the present research was to assess bulk-fill resin-composites in comparison to conventional materials with respect to their composition, polymeric structure properties and hygroscopic behaviour in oral and food simulating substances. A variety of bulk-fill and conventional resin-composites were tested in this study. Monomer composition of materials has been qualitatively and quantitatively determined using high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectroscopy, and their degree of conversion assessed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. It was found that the degree of conversion of the bulk-fill resin-composites was generally comparable to that of conventional materials and appeared to be governed by the type and quantity of monomers comprising the resin matrix. To evaluate the cross-link density of the polymer matrix, the extent of post-irradiation hardness development, chemical softening, and thermal stability were assessed using microhardness and thermogravimetric analysis. Materials showed variable results and it was suggested that two networks were present in the polymerized resin matrix, a primary network forming immediately after curing followed by a secondary network. The secondary network seemed to have poor cross-link density with low resistance to the degradative effects of solvents. Monomer elution from cured materials was assessed using High performance liquid chromatography over three months' storage in three different media. Elution from bulk-fill resin-composites was found to be comparable to that of conventional materials, despite their increased incremental thickness, with remarkably minimal elution taking place from two bulk-fill materials examined. Monomer elution was shown to be highly dependent on the hydrophobicity of the base monomers and the network characteristics of the resin-matrix. UDMA-BisEMA based systems appeared to be more vulnerable in organic solutions than BisGMA and BisGMA-BisEMA based systems in terms of monomer elution. Sorption and solubility were assessed after one years' storage in water and artificial saliva. Water sorption and solubility of resin-composites were material-dependent and highly affected by the filler loading and initial degree of conversion of the polymeric matrix. BisEMA and UDMA-BisEMA based polymer networks appeared to be more hydrophobic and resistant to sorption and solubility than BisGMA based systems in water based media. The bulk-fill and conventional resin-composites tested were considered stable in the long-term water storage, with the exception of one conventional flowable material.

The resin composite (RC) layering technique attempts to replicate the natural structure of teeth by using an opaque dark layer (replicating dentin) covered with a translucent layer (replicating enamel). Previous studies have confirmed that the shade of dentin and the thickness and translucency of the enamel layer are essential factors in the color of natural teeth. However, these findings have never been validated with the RC layering technique. RC layering technique provides superior esthetic results; however, the chemical composition and optical properties of RC are different than natural dentition. Hence, the color interaction between the enamel and dentin RC layers makes the color of the final restoration unpredictable. The objective of this dissertation was to determine the color interaction between the enamel and dentin layers using a unique and novel sample design: a double-layered RC with variant enamel thicknesses (0.5, 0.7, 1.0 mm) and variant dentin shades (lighter and darker shades). The study methods tested the interaction between certain shades as per manufacturers’ instructions to reproduce certain shades. Two different RC systems that are fundamentally different with regards to their shading system were tested in this study. A potential link between the color of the double layered RC samples to the VITA 3D master shade guide which has been overlooked by clinicians and researchers, have been investigated in this study. Research aims included validating the sample design we have incorporated into our studies. Furthermore, other aims investigated the double-layering techniques in comparison to their corresponding shades from the VITA classical and VITA 3D Master shade guides. The outcomes of this study are clinical recommendations on the optimal combination of dentin shades and enamel layer thicknesses to use in order to best match the color of natural teeth.

In 1995, the Swedish government recommended the discontinuation of amalgam as restorative in paediatric dentistry. Because the mercury content in amalgam constitutes an environmental hazard, its use has declined. The use of resin composites is increasing, but the polymerisation shrinkage of the material is still undesirably high, and the handling of uncured resin can cause contact dermatitis. A new restorative material has recently been developed in Sweden as an alternative to amalgam and resin composite: a calcium aluminate cement (CAC). CAC has been marketed as a ceramic direct restorative for posterior restorations (class I, II) and for class V restorations. This thesis evaluates mechanical properties and clinical durability of the calcium aluminate cement when used for class II restorations. Hardness, in vitro wear, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and surface roughness were evaluated. A scanning electron replica method was used for evaluation of the interfacial adaptation to tooth structures in vivo. The durability was studied in a 2-year intra-individually clinical follow-up of class II restorations. Major results and conclusions from the studies are as follows: • The CAC was a relatively hard material, harder than resin-modified glass ionomer cement but within the range of resin composites. The CAC wore less than resin-modified glass ionomer cement but more than resin composite. • Flexural strength of CAC was in the same range as that of zinc phosphate cement and far below that of both resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Flexural modulus of CAC was higher than both resin composite and resin-modified glass ionomer cement. The low flexural strength of CAC precludes its use in stress-bearing areas. • Surface roughness of CAC could be decreased by several polishing techniques. • For CAC restorations, interfacial adaptation was higher to dentin but lower to enamel compared with resin composite restorations. Fractures were found perpendicular to the boarders of all CAC restorations and may indicate expansion of the material. • After 2 years of clinical service, the class II CAC restorations showed an unacceptably high failure rate. Material fractures and tooth fractures were the main reasons for failure.

Background: Human salivary esterases have been shown to degrade dental resin composite restorations in vivo. Objective: To optimize in vivo protocols to recover biodegradation products and to compare the biostability of urethane-modified-bisGMA- (ubis) and bisGMA-based (bis) commercial resin composites. Methods: Class V and III composite restorations were placed in patients using adhesive and composite resin. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), plaque and a 2-minute oral rinse with 20% ethanol in saline (n=10) were collected immediately and 7-days after restoration placement. Samples were analyzed for biodegradation products using high performance liquid chromatography. The oral rinse protocol was then used to compare the bis and ubis composite resins (Z250, 3M; TPH, Dentsply) (n=58). Results and conclusions: The bisGMA composite matrix derived product, bishydroxypropoxyphenylpropane (BisHPPP) was only detected from oral rinse collected immediately after restoration placement. There was no statistical difference in the amount of bisHPPP collected from bis and ubis composite resins. This research was supported by CIHR (MOP 68947).

Background: Human salivary esterases have been shown to degrade dental resin composite restorations in vivo. Objective: To optimize in vivo protocols to recover biodegradation products and to compare the biostability of urethane-modified-bisGMA- (ubis) and bisGMA-based (bis) commercial resin composites. Methods: Class V and III composite restorations were placed in patients using adhesive and composite resin. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), plaque and a 2-minute oral rinse with 20% ethanol in saline (n=10) were collected immediately and 7-days after restoration placement. Samples were analyzed for biodegradation products using high performance liquid chromatography. The oral rinse protocol was then used to compare the bis and ubis composite resins (Z250, 3M; TPH, Dentsply) (n=58). Results and conclusions: The bisGMA composite matrix derived product, bishydroxypropoxyphenylpropane (BisHPPP) was only detected from oral rinse collected immediately after restoration placement. There was no statistical difference in the amount of bisHPPP collected from bis and ubis composite resins. This research was supported by CIHR (MOP 68947).

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No. of bitstreams: 1 contreras_scm_me_sjc.pdf: 2157978 bytes, checksum: b607b65c3fd9d6ea2847c3311b4b6805 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-01-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade de diferentes modos de foto ativação das resinas compostas bulk fill comparando com as resinas convencionais, analisando sua influência na irradiância, no grau de conversão, assim como na formação de fendas internas e marginais em restaurações classe II tipo slot vertical, após envelhecimento artificial. Cento e sessenta incisivos bovinos foram cortados e desgastados para simular dentes posteriores, nos quais foram realizados preparos classe II. Os espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o material restaurador utilizado: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TB), Admira Fusion X-tra Bulk fill (AB), Tetric N-Ceram (TC) e GrandioSO (GO). As resinas bulk fill foram inseridas em incremento único de 4 mm e nos demais grupos foi utilizada a técnica incremental oblíqua (2 mm). A foto ativação foi realizada com os aparelhos do tipo Monowave (MW) ou Polywave (PW) nos dois modos (alta intensidade continua e rampa). A medição da irradiância foi feita utilizando espectroradiômetro Patient Simulator (MARC-PS). O grau de conversão foi avaliado através da reflectância total atenuada (ATR) do espectrômetro (FTIR). As superfícies superiores das amostras foram irradiadas in loco durante 20 s. O espectro da superfície inferior foi registrado em tempo real e após 15 min da irradiação. As fendas foram avaliadas em estereomicroscópio (50x). As fendas marginais externas foram avaliadas antes e após a ciclagem termomecânica. Para fenda interna, os espécimes foram seccionados e então avaliados. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA umo e dois fatores e teste Tukey. Em relação á irradiância o aparelho LED Monowave apresentou maior valor de irradiância (1822,2 mW/cm2 - AIC; 1748,1 mW/cm2 - R); na análise do GC, o teste ANOVA dois fatores mostrou diferença significativa (p<0,05) para o fator tipo de resina. A resina TB apresentou o menor grau de conversão, e AB o maior GC. Para fenda marginal foi encontrada diferença significativa para o fator fotopolimerização e interação resina x fotopolimerização (p<0,05). Resina TC fotopolimerizada PW/AIC apresentou maior média de fenda marginal (13,94 µm) e TC fotopolimerizada MW/AIC a menor (9,59 µm). Após o envelhecimento termomecânico a resina GO fotopolimerizada PW/R apresentou maior porcentagem de aumento de fenda marginal (48,54%) e maior fenda interna quando fotopolimerizada MW/AIC (85,05 µm). Concluiu-se que o tipo fotopolimerização não influenciou no grau de conversão. As restaurações polimerizadas com o fotopolimerizador Polywave apresentaram os maiores valores de fenda marginal externa. As resinas bulk fill apresentaram menores valores de fenda marginal e interna após o envelhecimento termomecânico quando comparadas com restaurações de resinas convencionais. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different photo activation modes on irradiance, the degree of conversion and formation of internal and external gaps in class II restorations using bulk fill resins. One hundred and sixty bovine incisors were cut and worn to simulate posterior teeth, in which class II preparations were performed. The specimens were divided into four groups according to the restorative material used: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TB), Admira fusion X-tra Bulk fill (AB), Tetric N-Ceram (TC), GrandioSO (GO). The bulk fill resins were inserted in a single increment of 4 mm, and in the other groups, the incremental oblique technique was used. The photo activation was performed with a Monowave (MW) or Polywave (PW) light curing devices selecting two modes (high continuous intensity (HCI) and soft start (SS)). The irradiance measurement was performed using Patient Simulator (MARC-PS) in HCI and SS modes, for 20 s. For the degree of conversion, 2 mm and 4 mm high and 5 mm diameter molds were prepared for resin insertion directly on the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectrometer (FTIR). The upper surfaces of the samples were irradiated in situ for 20 s with the light curing apparatus in the modes (HCI) and (SS), the lower surface spectra was recorded continuously in real time and then at 15 min after irradiation. For the evaluation of the external gap each specimen was evaluated twice, one before and one after the thermomechanical cycling. For internal gap, the specimens were sectioned and evaluated using the stereomicroscope using a 50x magnification. About the irradiance, the Monowave LED showed the highest irradiance values (1822,2 mW/cm2 - HCI; 1748,1 mW/cm2 - SS), in the DC analysis, the two way ANOVA test showed significant difference (p <0.05) for the resin type. TB showed the lowest DC, with a statistical difference for AB. For the marginal gap, a significant difference was found for the photopolymerization factor and resin x photopolymerization interaction (p <0.05). TC light cured by PW/HCI showed the highest average marginal gap (13.94 μm) and TC light cured by MW / HCI revealed the lowest (9.59 μm) marginal gap. After thermomechanical aging, GO light cured by PW / SS had a higher percentage of increasing marginal gap (48.54%) and the highest internal gap when light cured by MW / HCI (85.05 μm). It was concluded that the type of photopolymerization did not influence the degree of DC. The restorations light cured by PW device showed the highest external marginal gaps. Bulk fill resins exhibited lower marginal and internal gap values after thermomechanical aging when compared with conventional resin.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2004-02-19Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:42:02Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 hidalgodeandrade_le_dr_arafo.pdf: 695382 bytes, checksum: 22a8c2dd7f2e65095f107f6a8bae0d0d (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A utilização de corantes fluorescentes tem ajudado ao estudo da penetração de sistemas adesivos na estrutura dental e alguns compósitos, bem como na avaliação da microinfiltração e fendas na interface dente restauração. No caso das resinas compostas, esta técnica pode ser útil na verificação da profundidade de polimerização e vulnerabilidade físico-química das mesmas a corantes orgânicos. Neste intuito, nos propusemos a avaliar por meio de espectroscopia de fluorescência, a difusão de um corante orgânico em resinas compostas em função dos fatores: 1. Tipo de resina, 2. Fonte de luz, 3. Tempo de polimerização e 4. Tempo de imersão no corante. Para isso, foram realizados 2 grupos experimentais de acordo com a fonte de luz: lâmpada halógena- Grupo H e sistema LEDs - Grupo L. Cada grupo foi subdividido de acordo com a resina utilizada: 1. Micropartícula (Filtek A110/ 3M), 2. Híbrida (Z100/ 3M) e 3. Compactável (P60/ 3M), onde cada subgrupo teve 2 tempos de polimerização: 40 e 60 segundos, e 3 tempos de imersão em solução de Rodamina 6G a 0,1% em etilenoglicol: 0, 24 e 48 horas. Cada subgrupo possuía 5 amostras de 4 mm de diâmetro e 4 mm de espessura. Completados os tempos de imersão, foi obtida 1 fatia de 1,5 mm de espessura de cada amostra, para traçar o perfil espacial de fluorescência e calcular o coeficiente de difusão. Os resultados mostraram que a resina híbrida obteve os menores valores de difusão quando comparada com as outras. Além disso houve uma tendência da difusão diminuir com o aumento do tempo de imersão de 24 para 48 horas, bem como com o aumento do tempo de polimerização de 40 para 60 segundos. A lâmpada halógena determinou difusão significantemente menor nos corpos de prova quando comparado com o sistema LEDs, independente do tipo de resina utilizada. Com isto, podemos concluir que a difusão de corante... . / The fluorescent markers have been used to assess the teeth and composites bonding systems penetration, microleakeage and teeth-restoration interface gaps. This markers also can be used to verify the resin deep polimenization and organic dyes susceptibility. In this work, the fluorescence spectroscopy was used to assess an organic dye difussion on composite resins, considering: 1- resin type, 2- light source, 3- polimerization time and 4- dye immersion time. The experimental groups of Halogen lamp (group H) and LEDs system (group L) were sub-divided according to resin type: 1- microfilled (FilteK A110/3M), 2- hybrid (Z100/3M) and 3- packable (P60/3M) with 40 and 60 seconds of polimerization time, three immersion times on ethylene glycol rhodamine 6G 0.1% solution: 0, 24 and 48 hours, with 5 specimens for each sub-group (4 mm of diameter and thickness). Once completed the immersion times, one 1.5 mm slice was obtained for each specimen and spatial fluorescence profile was traced to calculate a difussion coeficient. The results shown that, compared to other resins, an hybrid resin has the lowest difussion values. When the immersion time was increased of 24 to 48 hours and polimerization time of 40 to 60 seconds, a difussion decrease tendency was observed. The specimens cured by halogen lamp shown significantly lower difussion than that cured by LEDs system, independent of resin type. We can conclude that dye difussion into resin mass was influencied by the same factors that affect the polimerization, and when lower polimerization was present, more quickly will be the dye difussion.

Magister Scientiae Dentium - MSc(Dent) / The shift towards minimally invasive dentistry has meant that dental practitioners are now undertaking procedures that are conservative and preserve as much of the existing tooth structure as possible. Repairing composite is a more conservative way of managing damaged restorations when compared to their replacement. A number of different protocols for repairing composite restorations exist but there is little information as to which is the most effective method. Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect the following treatment procedures have on the shear bond strength of repaired composite: i. Five different repair protocols, ii. Two different types of repair composite materials and iii. Aging in artificial saliva prior to repairing. Materials and methods: Two hundred and forty composite cylinders of 5mm diameter and 5mm height made from Filtek Supreme XTE (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) were prepared with the aid of a silicon matrix. They were then divided into two groups: a hundred and twenty of these cylinders were aged in a solution of artificial saliva for 28 days and the remaining samples were left unchanged with no aging. All the aged and non-aged composite cylinders were then randomly allocated to six groups of twenty each corresponding to the repair protocol applied. The first group from both of the aged and non-aged samples was treated by roughening the top surface with a diamond bur followed by an application of Scotchbond 1XT (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA). The second group received a surface roughening with a diamond bur,etching with 35% phosphoric acid and application of Scotchbond 1XT. The third group received an application of Scotchbond Universal (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) and the fourth one had a single application of Tetric N-Bond Universal (Ivoclar Vivadent AG, Schaan, Liechtenstein) on its top surface. The fifth group was treated by blasting with COJET Sand (3M ESPE, St. Paul, MN, USA) particles together with an application of Scotchbond Universal. The final group was used as the control where no surface treatment was done. After the surface treatments, each of the composite samples was repaired by the addition of fresh composite in the shape of cylinders measuring 3mm in diameter and 4mm in height. This was done with the aid of a silicon matrix. Within each treatment sub-group (n=20), 10 cylinders were repaired using either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram. All two hundred and forty repaired samples were then subjected to shear bond strength testing on a Universal testing machine. Data analysis: The results of the shear bond strength tests expressed in megapascals (MPa) were recorded and analysed for the effect of three different factors under consideration. The effectiveness of the repair protocols, type of composite and aging in artificial saliva were compared using the analysis of variance. Differences within the groups were identified using a post hoc analysis. Results: The mean highest repair shear bond strength was observed when COJET Sand in conjunction with Scotchbond Universal was used to repair the aged composite blocks. There were no significant differences in the shear bond strength observed when either Filtek Supreme XTE or Tetric N-Ceram was used as the repair composites. Aging in artificial saliva led to a mean reduction of 18.08% in the repair bond strength across the six treatment groups. Conclusions: The application of a surface treatment and intermediate adhesive is crucial in improving bond strength in the composite repair interface. Repair with Filtek Supreme XTE and Tetric N-Ceram was equally effective. Aging in artificial saliva produced significantly reduced bond strength.

Resin composites have been in the dental field for over forty years. They are now thought to be the most commonly used restorative material due to their aesthetic and mechanical properties. Although resin composites have high success rates as restorations, they do not offer all properties of an ideal restorative material. The aims of this research were to characterise the effects of variation in resin composite formulation on handling, mechanical; and physical properties. In particular the influence of the size and distribution of the inorganic components was investigated through the study of experimental formulations. Packing stress and viscosity were assessed with pentrometer principle at two different temperatures (23 and 37 ºC). It was found that filler size was strongly correlated with both packing stress and viscosity. Additionally, temperature has a dominant effect on packing stress and viscosity. Micro computed tomography [μCT] was used to investigate percentage of voids [% voids] in 3D dimensions. It was found that smaller filler size incorporated less % voids. In contrast filler size and disruption had a little effect on fracture toughness of resin composites. 3D surface topography was used to investigate the surface roughness before and after tooth brush abrasion. It was found filler size had a significant influence in both gloss retention and surface roughness (smaller filler size exhibited higher surface gloss). Finally, the effect of different storage media (distilled water, Coca Cola and red wine) on colour stability and gloss were investigated. It was found that dietary habits effect discolouration of resin composite restorations with the acidic drinks caused more staining.

Orientador: Taciana Marco Ferraz Caneppele / Banca: Eduardo Bresciani / Banca: Gabriela Queiroz de Melo Monteiro / Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a efetividade de diferentes modos de foto ativação das resinas compostas bulk fill comparando com as resinas convencionais, analisando sua influência na irradiância, no grau de conversão, assim como na formação de fendas internas e marginais em restaurações classe II tipo slot vertical, após envelhecimento artificial. Cento e sessenta incisivos bovinos foram cortados e desgastados para simular dentes posteriores, nos quais foram realizados preparos classe II. Os espécimes foram divididos em quatro grupos de acordo com o material restaurador utilizado: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TB), Admira Fusion X-tra Bulk fill (AB), Tetric N-Ceram (TC) e GrandioSO (GO). As resinas bulk fill foram inseridas em incremento único de 4 mm e nos demais grupos foi utilizada a técnica incremental oblíqua (2 mm). A foto ativação foi realizada com os aparelhos do tipo Monowave (MW) ou Polywave (PW) nos dois modos (alta intensidade continua e rampa). A medição da irradiância foi feita utilizando espectroradiômetro Patient Simulator (MARC-PS). O grau de conversão foi avaliado através da reflectância total atenuada (ATR) do espectrômetro (FTIR). As superfícies superiores das amostras foram irradiadas in loco durante 20 s. O espectro da superfície inferior foi registrado em tempo real e após 15 min da irradiação. As fendas foram avaliadas em estereomicroscópio (50x). As fendas marginais externas foram avaliadas antes e após a ciclagem termomecânica. Para fenda interna, ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of different photo activation modes on irradiance, the degree of conversion and formation of internal and external gaps in class II restorations using bulk fill resins. One hundred and sixty bovine incisors were cut and worn to simulate posterior teeth, in which class II preparations were performed. The specimens were divided into four groups according to the restorative material used: Tetric N-Ceram Bulk Fill (TB), Admira fusion X-tra Bulk fill (AB), Tetric N-Ceram (TC), GrandioSO (GO). The bulk fill resins were inserted in a single increment of 4 mm, and in the other groups, the incremental oblique technique was used. The photo activation was performed with a Monowave (MW) or Polywave (PW) light curing devices selecting two modes (high continuous intensity (HCI) and soft start (SS)). The irradiance measurement was performed using Patient Simulator (MARC-PS) in HCI and SS modes, for 20 s. For the degree of conversion, 2 mm and 4 mm high and 5 mm diameter molds were prepared for resin insertion directly on the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) spectrometer (FTIR). The upper surfaces of the samples were irradiated in situ for 20 s with the light curing apparatus in the modes (HCI) and (SS), the lower surface spectra was recorded continuously in real time and then at 15 min after irradiation. For the evaluation of the external gap each specimen was evaluated twice, one before and one after the thermomechanical cycling. ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre