國民閱讀力是一個國家很重要的競爭力，國民閱讀力也是一個國家最有效益的投資項目。網際網路的發達促使地球村的生活圈更為緊密，因此群體生活中的個體都要有解決問題的能力，但面對多元及瞬息萬變的資訊快速變化世代，要擁有帶得走的閱讀能力才是讓未來學子應付社會變化的基本能力。 國中生介於兒童與成人磨合期，生理上的改變也影響到心理及對知識的需求。面對十二年國教來臨，師生的互動模式也有了改變，因此教學現場的老師教、學生學單行道方式默默地修正了，而要滿足教學現場的變化就要讓國中生有更完整的資訊素養。 資訊素養的養成需要完善的配套措施做配合，硬體上可由公共圖書館與國民中學圖書館提供圖書資訊的服務；軟體上，課程教學的設計規劃及圖書資訊利用教育的教導，都是讓國中生擁有資訊素養很重要的基礎架構。國民中學圖書館主要是服務全校師生，在經費和資源上確實受限於政府資源及圖書資訊專業能力，公共圖書館主要的服務對象是全體民眾，在經費和圖書資訊專業能力相較更為充裕，配合資訊素養的螺旋性課程規劃，若能讓國民中學圖書館與公共圖書館社區資源共享，相信可以營造書香的社會及培育國中擁有帶得走的終身學習能力。 本研究探討國外的南韓、新加坡、香港三個國家，國內的台北市、新北市、高雄市三個公共圖書館，就國民中學圖書館與公共圖書館社區資源共享的狀況，透過國內外的文獻探討與基隆市的現況做對照討論，讓未來社區資源共享的規畫更為妥善。 基隆市有台灣首座的私立公共圖書館，基隆地理位置有其歷史性，但氣候潮濕多雨影響了國中生戶外活動的機會，而行政轄區位於大台北生活區的邊緣地帶，因此如何增加學生休閒活動的場所，滿足學生在資源貧乏下的閱讀需求，國民中學圖書館與公共圖書館就得承擔起責任。 研究結果發現： (1)基隆市國民中學圖書館與公共圖書館社區資源共享有40%。 (2)社區資源共享的類型主要為「與作家有約」。 (3)國民中學圖書館與公共圖書館社區資源共享的動機及需求很強烈。 最後，本研究亦提出針對國民中學圖書館與公共圖書館社區資源共享後續研究可以討論的方向與目標。 / National reading ability is a very important competitiveness of a country, and it is also a most effective investment for a country. Internet promotes global village living area more closely, so the individual should have the ability to solve problems. In order to face the diversity and rapid changes in information generation, it is nessary to have the ability of reading comprehension. Middle school students are at the run-in period between children and adults period, changes of the physical edffect psychological needs and knowledge needs. With the coming of 12-year compulsory education policy, the teacher-student interaction mode has also been changed. One way mode that teachers teach and students learn amended, and it’s necessary to cultivate the information literacy of middle school students. To improve students’ information literacy do need the coordination and cooperation between the public libraries and the national middle school libraries. Both of the libraries can provide library and information services to the students on hardware part, and provide curriculum and teaching design or library instruction on software part. And both parts are the basis of information literacy. National middle school libraries service mainly on teachers and students, so the government funding and resources are indeed limited. The main target of public libraries is the entire population, and compared to school libraries, government funding and professional capacity are abundant. If middle school libraries and public libraries can share the resources with each other, and also implement the information literacy curriculum with spiral planning at the same time, the scholarly community can be created and middle school students can be cultivated with reading comprehension ability. This study investigate the resources sharing between national middle school libraries and public libraries of overseas areas, South Korea, Singapore and Hong Kong and also three domestic areas including Taipei, New Taipei and Kaohsiung. Through the literature review of resource sharing between libraries, and compared it with the situation of keelung, a better future plan can be make. Although there is a Taiwan's first private public library in Keelung and it has historic location, the humid and rainy weather and the frontier location of Taipei City affecte the middle school students’ opportunities of outdoor activities. Therefore, national middle school libraries and public libraries have the responsibility to increase students' leisure activities places and meet the students need of reading. The results found that: (1) 40% national middle school libraries and the public libraries share community resources. (2) the main types of shared community resource is the speech of "about the writer." (3) the motivation and demand of community resources sharing between national middle school libraries and public libraries are very strong. At the end of this study, issues of the community resources sharing between national middle school libraries for follow-up study are suggested.

Information and communications technology (ICT) makes remote access to information possible. Resource sharing facilitates the provision of access to information sources not owned by an individual library. Case studies were conducted at the University of South Africa and University of Namibia libraries to explore the provision of access to information in academic libraries in southern Africa through collection development, resource sharing and acquiring remote access to electronic resources through ICT facilities. It was found that both libraries have recently adapted their collection development policies to accommodate electronic resources although their budgets did not increase accordingly. The recruitment of ICT knowledgeable staff tends to be a problem at both libraries. Resources are shared via interlending and document supply with Unisa Library as a model in southern Africa. Both libraries add their holdings to the national bibliographies and Sabinet and are members of GAELIC. However, the UNAM library is a passive partner. A consortium within Namibia’s borders is suggested to improve resource sharing. / Information Science / M. A. (Information Science)

The aim of the research was to investigate the current state of scientific and technological (S&T) information service provision in Thailand with a focus on its role of supporting research and development. The ultimate goal of the research was to develop a service model(s) which could aid the modernisation of the S&T information service. The information policies and strategic management at national and institutional levels were examined together with present and future roles in service provision and barriers to S&T information development. The research framework was constructed on the basis of theoretical models of the provision and management of effective information services. The institutions which participated in this research included 46 academic and special libraries in Thailand, hereafter called S&T information centres, and two funding agencies. The data were collected using a variety of research tools, employing both quantitative and qualitative methods, namely, questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus groups. The questionnaires were distributed to five groups of respondents: executives, managers, librarians or staff, end-users, and executives or policy-makers of funding agencies. Two hundred and eighty-nine questionnaires were sent by post to 45 S&T information centres and two funding agencies whilst 703 questionnaires were also distributed to end-users. Interviews were performed with 55 executives and library managers. Three focus groups were organised on different topics, with a total of 36 participants. The major findings showed that national information policy in relation to S&T information was still relatively ineffective with roles and responsibilities of stakeholders not explicitly identified. In general, the results showed that institutional information policies exist but weak communication between executives, managers, and staff caused problems with implementation and interpretation. Most S&T centres were found to have strategic plans. The focus of these were on issues of integrated ICT infrastructure, acquisition of electronic resources, service improvement, communication with users and feedback, user education, cost effective use of resources, E-library transition and knowledge sharing. The development of resource sharing via computerised networks was considered to be paramount; progress to date was thought to be slow due to a lack of policies at national and institutional levels. Users' information literacy was still found to be an issue, particularly in respect of making effective use of electronic resources. The thesis provided recommendations for a national network for S&T information provision to be designed and managed by a hosting provider.

L'Internet des objets (IoT) fait référence à la croissance continue des réseaux d'objets du quotidien qui s'interconnectent entre eux ou avec d'autres systèmes Internet via les capteurs sans fil qui y sont attachés. L'IoT promet un futur où des milliards de terminaux intelligents seront connectés et gérés via une gamme de réseaux de communication et de serveurs basés dans le cloud, permettant ainsi l'apparition d'un large spectre d’applications de surveillance et de contrôle. Les communications machine-à-machine (M2M), également connues sous le nom de “Machine-Type-Communication” (MTC) par les réseaux cellulaires, constituent une technologie clé permettant d'activer partiellement l'IoT. Les communications M2M sont un nouveau paradigme qui facilite la connectivité omniprésente entre une myriade de dispositifs sans ou avec intervention humaine limitée. La demande croissante de connectivité a mis au défi les opérateurs de réseau à concevoir de nouveaux algorithmes d'allocation de ressources radio pour gérer l'échelle massive des communications MTC.Contrairement aux technologies d'accès radio traditionnelles, adaptées aux communications usuelles, dites de humain-à-humain (H2H), l'objectif de cette thèse est de développer de nouvelles techniques de partage de ressources radio efficaces et adaptatives pour les MTC dans un scénario de coexistence H2H/M2M. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, notre première contribution consiste en la proposition d'un système d'accès multiple adapté pour résoudre à la fois les problèmes liés à la rareté des ressources radio, à la scalabilité et à la surcharge de la station de base (BS). À cette fin, nous proposons de décomposer les opérations de communication en les groupant. Ainsi, les MTC correspondent à des communications locales en liaison montante entre des dispositifs connus sous le nom de “Machine-Type-Device” (MTD), et un cluster head appelé “Machine-Type- Head” (MTH). Nous examinons ainsi la nécessité d'agréger la technologie M2M et le “dispositif-à-dispositif” (D2D), considéré comme composante majeure des réseaux cellulaires évolutifs du futur. Nous modélisons le problème de partage de ressources radio entre les MTDs et les utilisateurs H2H sous la forme d’un graphe biparti et développons un algorithme de partage de ressources radio pour MTC basé sur les graphes afin d’atténuer les interférences co-canal et donc améliorer l'efficacité du réseau. En outre, une solution semi-distribuée de faible complexité est développée pour atténuer la surcharge de communication d'une solution centralisée que nous proposons également. Ensuite, dans une deuxième contribution de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à examiner comment les dispositifs M2M peuvent partager les ressources radio disponibles sans pour autant dégrader les performances des applications H2H. Par conséquent, nous proposons un système de partage de ressources efficace en terme de spectre et de puissance. Nous introduisons à l'algorithme de partage de ressources radio basé sur les graphes une fonction adaptative de contrôle de puissance utilisant l'un des deux mécanismes suivants : un contrôleur proportionnel intégral dérivé (PID) et la logique floue. Enfin, comme troisième contribution de cette thèse, nous développons un système de partage de ressources radio efficace en terme de puissance et entièrement distribué pour les MTC. Nous utilisons la théorie des jeux et modélisons le problème de partage de ressources par un jeu hybride où les dispositifs M2M rivalisent pour les ressources radio et basculent de façon opportuniste entre un jeu non-coopératif et un jeu coopératif. Une évaluation des performances des solutions dérivées dans le contexte des réseaux LTE est menée. Les résultats des simulations montrent que les solutions proposées ont un impact significatif sur la maximisation de l'efficacité de l'utilisation du spectre, l'atténuation de l'effet négatif sur les services H2H et la prolongation de la durée de vie des batteries des MTDs / The Internet-of-Things (IoT) refers to the ever-growing network of everyday objects that interconnect to each other or to other Internet-enabled systems via wireless sensors attached to them. IoT envisions a future where billions of smart devices will be connected and managed through a range of communication networks and cloud-based servers, enabling a variety of monitoring and control applications. Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications supported by cellular networks, also known as Machine-Type-Communications (MTC) acts as a key technology for partially enabling IoT. M2M communications is a new technology paradigm that facilitates the ubiquitous connectivity between a myriad of devices without requiring human intervention. The surge in the demand for connectivity has further challenged network operators to design novel radio resource allocation algorithms at affordable costs to handle the massive scale of MTC.Different from current radio access technologies tailored to traditional Human- to-Human (H2H) communications, the goal of this thesis is to provide novel efficient and adaptive radio resource sharing schemes for MTC under a H2H/M2M coexistence scenario. We first provide a suitable multiple access scheme to address the joint spectrum scarcity, scalability and Base Station (BS) overload issues. Toward this end, we design a group-based operation where MTC corresponds to local uplink communications between Machine-Type-Devices (MTDs), which represent a specific type of devices that do not rely on the presence of a human interface, and a Machine-Type-Head (MTH). This latter plays the role of a cluster head that relays the information to the BS. We thus address the need to aggregate M2M and Device-to-Device (D2D) technology, as one of the major components of the future evolving cellular networks. Having said that, we first propose in this thesis to model the radio resource sharing problem between MTDs and H2H users as a bipartite graph and develop a novel interference-aware graph-based radio resource sharing algorithm for MTC so as to mitigate the co-channel interference and thus enhance network efficiency. Moreover, low-complexity semi-distributed solution is investigated to alleviate the communication overhead of a centralized solution that we propose as well. Then, as a second contribution, we examine how M2M devices can share the available radio resources in cellular networks with no or limited impact on existing H2H services. Consequently, we propose a joint spectrally and power efficient radio resource sharing scheme. Convinced by the strength of the bipartite graph modeling for the resource sharing problem between H2H users and M2M devices, we empower the graph-based radio resource sharing algorithm with a novel adaptive power control feature using one of two following mechanisms: the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller and the fuzzy logic. Finally, in our third contribution of this thesis, we develop a power efficient and fully-distributed radio resource sharing framework for MTC underlying cellular networks. We use game theory and model the resource sharing problem as an efficient hybrid-game where M2M devices compete for radio resources and switch opportunistically, as M2M devices are selfish in nature, between non-cooperative and cooperative games. The different derived solutions are extended to existing cellular networks, and extensive simulation studies in the context of LTE are conducted. The various simulation results show that the proposed solutions can significantly increase the efficiency of the spectrum usage, mitigate the negative effect on H2H services and save the battery life of M2M devices

Notre travail se situe dans le contexte de partage de réseau mobile actif, ou un nombre d'opérateurs partagent leur accès radio, afin de former un système multi-technologie multi-opérateur. Le but de notre étude est de montrer les avantages de la coopération entre les opérateurs, principalement en ce qui concerne les revenus. De plus, nous cherchons des stratégies pour surpasser les conséquences négatives du partage des ressources, surtout celles touchant la performance des réseaux des opérateurs coopérants. Nous avons montré que les bénéfices de la coopération dépendent fortement du choix de partenaires, la tarification de service ( cout de transfert) entre les partenaires, et combien un opérateur partage de ses ressources. Notre travail consiste, en premier temps, à proposer un algorithme de sélection d'accès applicable dans un réseau multi-opérateurs. Cet algorithme devrait garantir la satisfaction en QoS de l'utilisateur et celle en profit de son opérateur d'accès à l'Internet. Ainsi, un algorithme adoptant une décision hybride, NP-BPA (Nearest Performance and Best Profit Algorithm), est proposé. En deuxième temps, nous étudions la tarification de service entre les opérateurs partenaires, précisément le coût de transfert d'un utilisateur. Ce dernier paye juste le prix du service que son opérateur d'accès à l'Internet détermine, il est inconscient du transfert. Les modèles de tarification proposés relient le coût de transfert d'un opérateur au prix adopté pour le service des clients. Le premier modèle, ACAG (As Client As Guest), suggère que le coût de transfert d'un opérateur soit égal à son prix de service. Le deuxième modèle, MIWC (Maximum Income When Cooperating), suggère que les coûts de transfert des opérateurs coopérants soient identiques, et égaux au prix de service le plus élevé des partenaires. Et, le troisième modèle, MCWC (Minimum Cost When Cooperating), suggère que les coûts de transfert des opérateurs coopérants soient identiques et égaux au plus petit prix de service des partenaires. La décision du meilleur modèle à adopter lors de la coopération, intervient une interaction entre les différents partenaires. Nous avons modélisé cette interaction à l'aide de la théorie de jeux. Nous avons exploité un jeu Stackelberg à deux niveaux, TPA (Transaction Pricing and Access Selection), où les opérateurs de service agissent comme Leaders et les opérateurs d'accès à l'Internet des utilisateurs à transférer agissent comme Followers. Finalement, nous avons considéré le mode d'accès hybride pour la coopération. Ce mode d'accès est proposé comme solution surtout pour les opérateurs partageant la plus grande capacité. La performance du réseau de ces opérateurs est relativement affaiblie suite à la coopération. Nous avons vérifié que le pourcentage de blocage diminue quand l'opérateur, ayant une capacité élevée, réduit le pourcentage de ressources partagées. Pour un même pourcentage de partage, le profit d'un opérateur diffère avec le modèle de tarification adopté. Ainsi, une bonne décision doit être prise, concernant le pourcentage de partage et le modèle de tarification, tout en tenant compte de l'effet de cette décision sur les autres partenaires du système. C'est pourquoi que nous avons proposé un nouvel jeu séquentiel à deux niveaux, afin de modéliser l'interaction entre les opérateurs, pour le partage de ressources et la tarification du coût de transfert. / We consider a roaming-based infrastructure sharing system, where multiple operators share their radio access in a multi-operator environment. Indeed, when the home operator of a user is unable to satisfy its constraints, because of lack of resources or QoS, a transaction event is triggered. It consists in transferring the considered user to another operator in order to access the service. Moreover, when there are more than two operators sharing their access, the user transfer process includes an access selection decision in order to choose the best operator for service. Furthermore, when a user is transferred, its home operator must pay some transaction cost as cooperation fees for the new service operator. This transaction is seamless to the user. Therefore, the inter-operators sharing agreement set for cooperation must include three important issues: the selection decision algorithm, the transaction cost pricing scenario, and the percentage of resources shared by each operator. In the first part, we introduce our selection decision algorithm in a multi-operator environment, NP-BPA (Nearest Performance and Best Profit Algorithm). It is based on a multi-criteria cost function which groups the different parameters that enable a satisfying selection decision, for the operators and users. In the second part, we study the transaction cost. We find rational that an operator sets its transaction cost as a function of its service price. We consider a sharing system of three partners, interacting to decide the best transaction cost. Taking into account that the service of a guest user may affect the probability of acceptance of a client, an operator looks for preserving the expected revenue from its client. Therefore, we propose the first pricing scenario, ACAG (As Client As Guest) that aims to set the transaction cost of an operator equal to its service price. However, every operator seeks to maximize its revenue; therefore it is expected to set a higher transaction cost. How much higher? This must respect the sharing agreement between different partners and the service prices they adopt. To be optimistic, we propose a second pricing scenario MIWC (Max In When Cooperating). With this scenario all partners agree to have a transaction cost equal to the highest service price announced in the system. But, this scenario may cause losses in some cases where an operator setting a low service price performs a lot of transactions. To be fair, we propose a third pricing scenario MCWC (Min Cost When Cooperating). With this scenario all partners agree to have a transaction cost equal to the lowest service price announced in the system. In order to decide the best pricing scenario to adopt in the sharing system, a two stage Stackelberg game, TPA (Transaction Pricing and Access Selection) game, is formulated. In this game, the operators are the players; the service operators are the leaders and the home operator of a transferred user is a follower. In the third part, we consider a three operator sharing system with hybrid access mode. In this system partners decide to share a restricted amount of their capacity. We show how the sharing factor affects the blocking rates and affect the global profits. Further, the achieved profit does not depend only on the sharing factor, but also on the adopted pricing scenario. Therefore an economic framework based on game theoretical analysis is proposed. It models the interaction between the sharing system operators for resource sharing and pricing, in addition to the access selection. A sequential game is formulated, where the players are the operators. In the first stage, the sharing partners decide the proportion of resources they will share and the transaction pricing scenario in order to maximize their own profits. In the second stage, the home operator of a transferred user selects the suitable service operator. A bi-level optimization problem is solved and equilibrium is found.

Many Americans lack the skills required to use public access computers and the Internet at public libraries (PLs). Staff members of a PL in the Midwestern United States provide basic computer training to support patrons' Internet and public access computer use. However, adult patrons who are beyond the basic skills level and those with sensory-disabilities are underserved. The purpose of this qualitative single-case study was to understand how an academic library's information literacy e-resource affected the PL's adult patrons' learning based on the perceptions of adult patrons at a PL. Kling's social informatics served as the study's conceptual framework and the research questions centered on how academic library's e-resource affected the participants' learning. Purposive homogeneous sampling was used to identify 10 participants over the age of 18 who were patrons at the target site. Data were collected using observations, semi structured interviews, and document review. The data were analyzed using coding and structural analysis. Themes supporting the findings of an academic e-resource affecting the participants' learning included standards-based e-resource sharing across library types, digital exclusion, digital inclusion, change, and innovation. A white paper was developed including a summary of the findings and the recommendation that library leaders adopt the academic library's e-resource system to improve access and to support individuals who have sensory disabilities as well as patrons beyond the basic skills level at the study site. The implications for social change include enhanced e-services and the potential expansion of the patron base to include underserved stakeholders within the urban PL community.

本研究的研究目的有六，首先，探討國民小學與社區資源共享的理論基礎；其二，研究臺北市國民小學與社區資源共享的情形；其三，瞭解臺北市國民小學與社區資源共享的相關作法；其四，分析學校行政人員、教師和社區人士對臺北市國民小學與社區資源共享的看法；其五，探析臺北市國民小學與社區資源共享的困難所在；其六，綜合研究發現，提出對臺北市國民小學與社區資源共享的建議。為達此研究目的，本研究進行相關文獻探討，並針對臺北市公立國民小學所屬社區進行訪談和問卷調查。 在資料分析上，訪談的資料以描述性方式記錄，問卷和調查表主要以次數百分比、卡方考驗和Cochran Q 考驗進行分析。經研究結果與分析發現： （一）系統理論、實用主義以及教育社會學為國民小學與社區資源共享之理論基礎。 （二）臺北市國民小學與社區資源共享之情形：1.國小使用社區資源方面，最常使用的「人的資源」為家長，「事的資源」為節慶活動，「物的資源」為自然環境；2.社區使用國小資源方面，最常使用的「人的資源」為學校行政人員、「事的資源」為運動會、「物的資源」為操場；3.就目前而言，學校與社區資源共享情形普遍，頻率頗高。 （三）臺北市國民小學與社區資源共享之相關作法：1.相關作法包括社區家庭教育、田園教學、建構校園與學區安全、校園開放和學校日等；2.多數學校人員和社區人士對資源共享相關政策持肯定意見多；3.多數學校人員贊成校園開放，而校園髒亂、資源受損、安全考量和經費問題是校園開放最大的問題；4.學校推行校園開放政策時，以不影響學校運作為原則。 （四）學校人員和社區人士對國民小學與社區資源共享之看法：1.不同的教育界服務年資對「國小與社區資源共享的情形感到滿意」的看法有顯著差異；2.多數填答者一致認為國小的校務經營與社區的發展具有非常密切的關係、國小與社區資源共享非常重要、可以發展學校和社區獨特的特色、增加彼此的認同與和諧、促進學校社區化與社區學校化、可以拓展學生的多元學習經驗、促進社區人士終身學習等等；3.資源共享的缺點在學校安全問題、學校環境和設備維護問題、增加學校人力和財力負擔、家長干擾學校運作。 （五）臺北市國民小學與社區資源共享之困難和可行方法：1.學校方面的困難包括「學校經費有限」、「資源共享會對學校運作造成干擾」、「資源共享導致學校資源受損」；2.教師方面的困難包括「教師工作繁重，沒有時間配合」、「教師對所在社區的資源不瞭解」、「教師本身無意願」；3.學生方面的困難包括「學生安全的顧慮」、「班級人數過多，導致動員困難」、「學生參與意願低」；4.社區方面的困難包括「社區無法提供有系統的資源」、「家長仍有智育掛帥的觀念」、「社區缺乏參與管道和方法」；5.可行方法為建立雙方資源資料庫、成立專責聯繫單位、有關機關應倡導資源共享的理念和作法、制訂相關法令規定，另外，舉辦活動則是促進學校和社區資源共享和交流互動最好的方式。 研究者根據文獻探討和本研究的發現，提出以下建議： （一）對上級主管教育機關的建議：1.訂定更明確的相關法令規定；2.宣導資源共享的理念和作法；3.編列預算，給予經費補助。 （二）對學校的建議：1.建立校內共識，以提升配合意願，並訂定詳細的資源共享規定；2.建立學校資源資料庫；3.成立專責聯繫單位、運用現有組織、或在各處室成立委員會負責聯繫推行；4.善用家長資源與社區保持聯繫。 （三）對社區的建議：1.成立專責聯繫單位或運用現有組織負責推行；2.建立社區資源資料庫；3.運用各種管道與學校保持聯繫；4.提升社區居民的公德心。 （四）對未來研究的建議：1.在研究對象方面，可以擴大研究對象的範圍至臺北縣市、或全國的國民小學，此外，也可研究國民中學或其他層級的學校與社區資源共享的情形。2.在研究內容方面可針對資源共享對學校效能的影響，或對學生學習效果的影響等，進行更進一步的探討。

國立臺灣圖書館於2012年12月啟用「視障電子資源整合查詢系統」，為視障資源整合開啟合作的開端，為瞭解臺灣地區提供視障資源服務的公共圖書館、大學圖書館及私立視障機構間之資源分享意向，本研究採取質性研究方法，以立意選擇視障資源服務較具規模者，共12個單位，以訪談方式進行研究調查。最後提出4個面向的研究建議，作為相關機構訂定計畫及服務之參考。 研究結果分為三個面向分述如下： 一、我國視障資源書目採集中式聯合目錄方式提供 (一)視障電子資源整合查詢系統：對機構而言，可避免重覆購買及重覆 製作，但需考量製作書籍所產生的時間差問題。對讀者來說，增加 了搜尋館藏的途徑，但是在介面上需要更加親和。 (二)視障機構參與視障資源館藏書目共享的意向與困難 1.訪談的12所機構均表示願意參與書目共享和合作：認為書目共享已可 滿足視障者找尋資料的需求，以及各館都有共識不重覆製作及錄製書 籍。 2.整合所遭遇的困難，是技術層面、心理層面及對整合所抱持的期待的 問題。 (1)書目的提供能以API方式介接，而API的經費能獲得補助。 (2)資源少的館希望盡快成立合作組織增加服務資源。 (3)館藏多的單位要求績效與回饋。 二、資源共享與館際互借 (一)電子全文難以共享，需要單一認證機制；實體書借用以瞽者文件方 式進行較有效率。 (二)訂定合作組織的目標、意義、角色與功能。 三、視障資源合作共享模式的建立：書目資源採用集中式，服務採用分 散式，專責圖書館需建立輔導機制 (一)書目資源採用集中式，服務採用分散式較為可行。 (二)視障資源的製作與錄製有其專業性，盲用電腦的不斷發展，二者都 需要專責圖書館的輔導與支援。 / National Taiwan Library launched Visual Impairment Information System in December 2012 which started the integration of visual impairment resources. To realize the intension of resources sharing in the public libraries, university libraries and private organizations which have alternative formats materials available in Taiwan. The study adopt qualitative interview research method, and choose 12 units which provide services to visually impaired people with quite scale. The study gets results in three aspects: I. Bibliographies of visually impaired materials are offered by centralized union catalog. 1.Visual Impairment Information System: First, it can be not to buy and produce materials in duplicate with respect to organizations. But timing of producing alternative materials is still need to be considered. Second, there is another way to find materials, but the interface of the system should be more friendly with respect to readers. 2.The intensions and difficulties of sharing and cooperation of visually impaired organizations. (1)12 units have the same responses of willing to participate in the cooperation: The need can be satisfied with bibliographical sharing when visually impaired people find materials. Every organization has the same opinion not to produce and to record books in duplicate. (2)There are three aspects of difficulties of sharing and cooperation: systematic, mental and expectant difficulties. 1)Bibliographies can be connected and accessed by API program, and the library designate provides the cost of API program. 2)The organization with less resources hope to cooperate as soon as possible to increase resources for available. 3)The organization with rich resources demand for performance, achievement and feedback. II. Resources sharing and interlibrary loan 1.Electronic full-text materials are hard to share, and access the materials with single authentication. 2.Providing home delivery service of print materials in alternative formats and audio books will have been more efficient. 3.Formulate the goals, meanings, roles and functions of cooperated organizations. III. The model of sharing and cooperation in visually impaired resources 1.Centralized union catalog and distributed services are recommended. 2.Producing materials in alternative formats is professional. Blind-used computers are developing continuously. Library designate should give advice, assistance and supports.

Information and communications technology (ICT) makes remote access to information possible. Resource sharing facilitates the provision of access to information sources not owned by an individual library. Case studies were conducted at the University of South Africa and University of Namibia libraries to explore the provision of access to information in academic libraries in southern Africa through collection development, resource sharing and acquiring remote access to electronic resources through ICT facilities. It was found that both libraries have recently adapted their collection development policies to accommodate electronic resources although their budgets did not increase accordingly. The recruitment of ICT knowledgeable staff tends to be a problem at both libraries. Resources are shared via interlending and document supply with Unisa Library as a model in southern Africa. Both libraries add their holdings to the national bibliographies and Sabinet and are members of GAELIC. However, the UNAM library is a passive partner. A consortium within Namibia’s borders is suggested to improve resource sharing. / Information Science / M. A. (Information Science)

<div>Self-organization in a multi-robot system is a spontaneous process where some form of overall order arises from local interactions between robots in an initially disordered system. Cooperative coordination strategies for self-organization promote teamwork to complete a task while increasing the total utility of the system. In this dissertation, we apply prosocial behavioral concepts such as altruism and cooperation in multi-robot systems and investigate their effects on overall system performance on given tasks. We stress the significance of this research in long-term applications involving minimal to no human supervision, where self-sustainability of the multi-robot group is of utmost importance for the success of the mission at hand and system re-usability in the future.</div><div><br></div><div>For part of the research, we take bio-inspiration of cooperation from the huddling behavior of Emperor Penguins in the Antarctic which allows them to share body heat and survive one of the harshest environments on Earth as a group. A cyclic energy sharing concept is proposed for a convoying structured multi-robot group inspired from penguin movement dynamics in a huddle with carefully placed induction coils to facilitate directional energy sharing with neighbors and a position shuffling algorithm, allowing long-term survival of the convoy as a group in the field. Simulation results validate that the cyclic process allows individuals an equal opportunity to be at the center of the group identified as the most energy conserving position, and as a result robot groups were able to travel over 4 times the distance during convoying with the proposed method without any robot failing as opposed to without the shuffling and energy sharing process. </div><div><br></div><div>An artificial potential based Adaptive Inter-agent Spacing (AIS) control law is also proposed for efficient energy distribution in an unstructured multi-robot group aimed at long-term survivability goals in the field. By design, as an altruistic behavior higher energy bearing robots are dispersed throughout the group based on their individual energy levels to counter skewed initial distributions for faster group energy equilibrium attainment. Inspired by multi-huddle merging and splitting behavior of Emperor Penguins, a clustering and sequential merging based systematic energy equilibrium attainment method is also proposed as a supplement to the AIS controller. The proposed system ensures that high energy bearing agents are not over crowded by low energy bearing agents. The AIS controller proposed for the unstructured energy sharing and distribution process yielded 55%, 42%, 23% and 33% performance improvements in equilibrium attainment convergence time for skewed, bi-modal, normal and random initial agent resource level distributions respectively on a 2D plane using the proposed energy distribution method over the control method of no adaptive spacing. Scalability analysis for both energy sharing concepts confirmed their application with consistently improved performances different sized groups of robots. Applicability of the AIS controller as a generalized resource distribution method under certain constraints is also discussed to establish its significance in various multi-robot applications.</div><div><br></div><div>A concept of group based survival from damaging directional external stimuli is also adapted from the Emperor Penguin huddling phenomenon where individuals on the damaging stimuli side continuously relocate to the leeward side of the group following the group boundary using Gaussian Processes Machine Learning based global health-loss rate minima estimations in a distributed manner. The method relies on cooperation from all robots where individuals take turns being sheltered by the group from the damaging external stimuli. The distributed global health loss rate minima estimation allowed the development of two settling conditions. The global health loss rate minima settling method yielded 12.6%, 5.3%, 16.7% and 14.2% improvement in average robot health over the control case of no relocation, while an optimized health loss rate minima settling method further improved on the global health loss rate settling method by 3.9%, 1.9%, 1.7% and 0.6% for robot group sizes 26, 35, 70 and 107 respectively.</div><div><br></div><div>As a direct application case study of collaboration in multi-robot systems, a distributed shape formation strategy is proposed where robots act as beacons to help neighbors settle in a prescribed formation by local signaling. The process is completely distributed in nature and does not require any external control due to the cooperation between robots. Beacon robots looking for a robot to settle as a neighbor and continue the shape formation process, generates a surface gradient throughout the formed shape that allow robots to determine the direction of the structure forming frontier along the dynamically changing structure surface and eventually reach the closest beacon. Simulation experiments validate complex shape formation in 2D and 3D using the proposed method. The importance of group collaboration is emphasized in this case study without which the shape formation process would not be possible, without a centralized control scheme directing individual agents to specific positions in the structure. </div><div> </div><div>As the final application case study, a collaborative multi-agent transportation strategy is proposed for unknown objects with irregular shape and uneven weight distribution. Although, the proposed system is robust to single robot object transportation, the proposed methodology of transport is focused on robots regulating their effort while pushing objects from an identified pushing location hoping other robots support the object moment on the other end of the center of mass to prevent unintended rotation and create an efficient path of the object to the goal. The design of the object transportation strategy takes cooperation cues from human behaviors when coordinating pushing of heavy objects from two ends. Collaboration is achieved when pushing agents can regulate their effort with one another to maintain an efficient path for the object towards the set goal. Numerous experiments of pushing simple shapes such as disks and rectangular boxes and complex arbitrary shapes with increasing number of robots validate the significance and effectiveness of the proposed method. Detailed robustness studies of changing weight of objects during transportation portrayed the importance of cooperation in multi-agent systems in countering unintended drift effects of the object and maintain a steady efficient path to the goal. </div><div><br></div><div>Each case study is presented independent of one another with the Penguin huddling based self-organizations in response to internal and external stimuli focused on fundamental self-organization methods, and the structure formation and object transportation strategies focused on cooperation in specific applications. All case studies are validated by relevant simulation and experiments to establish the effectiveness of altruistic and cooperative behaviors in multi-robot systems.</div>