Taiwan had natural advantage of geographical conditions plus adopting the strategy of developing container center in 1970 and also was developed and operated achievement very well in past 20 years for prevailing in containerization. As global business environment and information technology grow rapidly, Enterprise Resources Planning¡]ERP¡^system develops quickly under enterprise demand. ERP provides management information that fits enterprise demand and enhances enterprise competition ability .With this methodology, the ERP adopting organizations can more easily and systematically implement the ERP package. In addition, the experience provides greater insight for misfit solving confronted in the case, and thereby reduce the risk of ERP implementation. The main purpose of this study is to probe into the proper structure, evaluation model, expectation and the implementation process of ERP. The results of this study can provide some thoughts for managers who will make decisions about the implementation of ERP system.

Esta tese apresenta a metodologia de cômputo e valoração de potenciais completos de recursos energéticos no âmbito do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos. A metodologia é genérica a diferentes tipos de recursos dos lados de oferta e demanda - e flexível a fim de permitir sua aplicação em diferentes regiões. A etapa de cômputo e valoração de potenciais é de suma importância no processo de planejamento integrado de recursos e sua metodologia consiste na transformação de informações prévias relativas às dimensões de análise em potenciais completos. Para tanto, são confeccionados algoritmos de cômputo e valoração, capazes de converter o conteúdo qualitativo ou relativo de cada atributo em valores absolutos ou diagnósticos quantitativos. Estes potenciais alimentam as etapas subsequentes do PIR tais como o Ranqueamento de Recursos e o Plano Preferencial Integrado de Recursos. O Planejamento Integrado de Recursos Energéticos é, por natureza, uma metodologia de análise de implementação de recursos energéticos com base em seus potenciais holísticos, de acordo com variáveis espaciais e temporais. Para tanto, a metodologia do PIR parte de um conjunto de recursos energéticos disponíveis e aponta dentre estes quais devem ser preferencialmente aproveitados em um dado cenário, de modo a orientar a busca pela satisfação das necessidades energéticas dos diversos atores envolvidos. Esta implantação de recursos pode tanto ser regulamentada ou induzida pela atração de investimentos e políticas públicas. O PIR diferencia-se do planejamento energético tradicional no que se refere à atenção dada a recursos do lado da demanda como alternativas factíveis de atendimento à demanda energética ao lado das opções do lado da oferta -, e à ponderação equilibrada da análise destes recursos sob óticas sociais, ambientais e políticas, ao lado de parâmetros técnicos e econômicos. Esta análise holística insere em cada dimensão os diversos aspectos dos impactos associados a cada recurso energético, ou seja, busca contabilizar tanto os custos internos e tangíveis de empreendimentos energéticos, quanto custos externos marginalizados de análises técnico-econômicas. A metodologia de cômputo e valoração de recursos energéticos é validada em Estudo de Caso com base em informações colhidas na Região Administrativa de Araçatuba. Quatro recursos energéticos foram escolhidos para o estudo de caso: pequenas centrais hidrelétricas e sistemas de cogeração a biomassa do lado da oferta e a implantação de sistemas de aquecimento solar de água e a substituição de lâmpadas incandescentes por iluminação fluorescente do lado da demanda. Toda a informação referente a esses recursos foi processada pelos algoritmos de valoração e resultou em potenciais completos nas quatro dimensões de análise, dispostos em matrizes de valoração. Estas matrizes alimentarão as etapas subsequentes do planejamento integrado de recursos - os processos de ranqueamento de recursos e formulação de plano preferencial integrado de recursos. / This thesis presents a methodology for the accounting and valuation of energy resources full potentials, within the Integrated Resource Planning (IRP). The methodology is generic to different types of resources in both supply and demand sides and flexible as to allow its application in different regions. The calculation and assessment of potentials is of paramount importance in the energy planning process and its methodology consists of converting preliminary information from all areas of analysis into full potentials. For this purpose, algorithms are designed to convert the qualitative content of each attribute in figures or quantifiable diagnostics. These potentials fuel the subsequent steps of the IRP - such as the resource ranking and the Integrated Preferential Plan. The Integrated Resources Planning is by nature a methodology for the assessment of energy resources based on their holistic potential, according to space and time variables. Therefore, the IRP methodology starts from a set of available energy resources and among these indicates the ones which should preferably be utilized in a given scenario in order to guide the demands of different involved stakeholders. The deployment of resources can be either regulated or induced by public policies and investment attraction. The IRP differs from traditional energy planning with regard to attention given to demand-side resources as feasible alternatives energy to meet energy demand - along the options on the supply side - and the balanced consideration of the analysis of these resources through a social, environmental and political lens, alongside technical and economic parameters. This holistic analysis inserts in each dimension the various aspects of the impacts associated with each energy resource, that is, seeks to account both tangible and internal costs of energy enterprises and the external costs marginalized from technical-economic analysis. The method for the calculation and valuation of energy resources is validated by a case study based on information collected in the Administrative Region of Araçatuba in the state of São Paulo. Four energy resources were chosen in the case study: small hydro plants and sugarcane biomass cogeneration on the supply side and installation of solar heating and replacement of incandescent lighting for fluorescent lamps on the demand side. All the data concerning these resources was processed by the valuation algorithms and resulted in full potentials in all four analysis dimensions, displayed in valuation matrixes. These matrixes will be able to feed the subsequent steps of the integrated resources planning - the processes of resource ranking and the formulation of the integrated preferential plan.

Esta tese apresenta a metodologia de cômputo e valoração de potenciais completos de recursos energéticos no âmbito do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos. A metodologia é genérica a diferentes tipos de recursos dos lados de oferta e demanda - e flexível a fim de permitir sua aplicação em diferentes regiões. A etapa de cômputo e valoração de potenciais é de suma importância no processo de planejamento integrado de recursos e sua metodologia consiste na transformação de informações prévias relativas às dimensões de análise em potenciais completos. Para tanto, são confeccionados algoritmos de cômputo e valoração, capazes de converter o conteúdo qualitativo ou relativo de cada atributo em valores absolutos ou diagnósticos quantitativos. Estes potenciais alimentam as etapas subsequentes do PIR tais como o Ranqueamento de Recursos e o Plano Preferencial Integrado de Recursos. O Planejamento Integrado de Recursos Energéticos é, por natureza, uma metodologia de análise de implementação de recursos energéticos com base em seus potenciais holísticos, de acordo com variáveis espaciais e temporais. Para tanto, a metodologia do PIR parte de um conjunto de recursos energéticos disponíveis e aponta dentre estes quais devem ser preferencialmente aproveitados em um dado cenário, de modo a orientar a busca pela satisfação das necessidades energéticas dos diversos atores envolvidos. Esta implantação de recursos pode tanto ser regulamentada ou induzida pela atração de investimentos e políticas públicas. O PIR diferencia-se do planejamento energético tradicional no que se refere à atenção dada a recursos do lado da demanda como alternativas factíveis de atendimento à demanda energética ao lado das opções do lado da oferta -, e à ponderação equilibrada da análise destes recursos sob óticas sociais, ambientais e políticas, ao lado de parâmetros técnicos e econômicos. Esta análise holística insere em cada dimensão os diversos aspectos dos impactos associados a cada recurso energético, ou seja, busca contabilizar tanto os custos internos e tangíveis de empreendimentos energéticos, quanto custos externos marginalizados de análises técnico-econômicas. A metodologia de cômputo e valoração de recursos energéticos é validada em Estudo de Caso com base em informações colhidas na Região Administrativa de Araçatuba. Quatro recursos energéticos foram escolhidos para o estudo de caso: pequenas centrais hidrelétricas e sistemas de cogeração a biomassa do lado da oferta e a implantação de sistemas de aquecimento solar de água e a substituição de lâmpadas incandescentes por iluminação fluorescente do lado da demanda. Toda a informação referente a esses recursos foi processada pelos algoritmos de valoração e resultou em potenciais completos nas quatro dimensões de análise, dispostos em matrizes de valoração. Estas matrizes alimentarão as etapas subsequentes do planejamento integrado de recursos - os processos de ranqueamento de recursos e formulação de plano preferencial integrado de recursos. / This thesis presents a methodology for the accounting and valuation of energy resources full potentials, within the Integrated Resource Planning (IRP). The methodology is generic to different types of resources in both supply and demand sides and flexible as to allow its application in different regions. The calculation and assessment of potentials is of paramount importance in the energy planning process and its methodology consists of converting preliminary information from all areas of analysis into full potentials. For this purpose, algorithms are designed to convert the qualitative content of each attribute in figures or quantifiable diagnostics. These potentials fuel the subsequent steps of the IRP - such as the resource ranking and the Integrated Preferential Plan. The Integrated Resources Planning is by nature a methodology for the assessment of energy resources based on their holistic potential, according to space and time variables. Therefore, the IRP methodology starts from a set of available energy resources and among these indicates the ones which should preferably be utilized in a given scenario in order to guide the demands of different involved stakeholders. The deployment of resources can be either regulated or induced by public policies and investment attraction. The IRP differs from traditional energy planning with regard to attention given to demand-side resources as feasible alternatives energy to meet energy demand - along the options on the supply side - and the balanced consideration of the analysis of these resources through a social, environmental and political lens, alongside technical and economic parameters. This holistic analysis inserts in each dimension the various aspects of the impacts associated with each energy resource, that is, seeks to account both tangible and internal costs of energy enterprises and the external costs marginalized from technical-economic analysis. The method for the calculation and valuation of energy resources is validated by a case study based on information collected in the Administrative Region of Araçatuba in the state of São Paulo. Four energy resources were chosen in the case study: small hydro plants and sugarcane biomass cogeneration on the supply side and installation of solar heating and replacement of incandescent lighting for fluorescent lamps on the demand side. All the data concerning these resources was processed by the valuation algorithms and resulted in full potentials in all four analysis dimensions, displayed in valuation matrixes. These matrixes will be able to feed the subsequent steps of the integrated resources planning - the processes of resource ranking and the formulation of the integrated preferential plan.

The energy-planning involves finding a set of sources and conversion devices so as to meet the energy requirements/demands of all the activities in an optimal manner. This could occur at centralized or decentralized level. The current pattern of commercial energy oriented development, particularly focused on fossil fuels and centralized electricity, has resulted in inequities, external debt and environmental degradation. The current status is largely a result of adoption of centralized energy planning (CEP), which ignores the energy needs of rural areas and the poor and has further contributed to environmental degradation due to fossil fuel consumption and forest degradation. CEP does not pay attention to the variations in socio-economic and ecological factors of a region, which influence success of any intervention. Decentralized energy planning (DEP) provides an opportunity to address the energy needs of poor as well as promote efficient utilization of resources. The DEP mechanism takes into account various available resources and demands in a region. DEP, in the Indian context, could be at several scales namely district, block, panchayats (cluster of villages) and village level. Energy planning at the village level is the lowest level of the application of decentralized planning principle. A village constitutes a cluster of households with distinct geographic boundary consisting of settlement, agricultural land, water bodies and any other land category, in most parts of India. Further, the village level plans must be prepared within the limits set by a panchayat, a block or a district level plans, for the sum total of various village plans must correspond to a panchayat (local council), block (or taluka), or district level plan. A panchayat is the lowest administrative unit consisting of a cluster of villages and an elected body to administer developmental activities. A block (or taluka) consists of a cluster of panchayats and a district consists of a cluster of blocks. The main hypothesis for this study is that centralized energy planning has lead to excessive dependence on fossil fuels and import of petroleum, leading to concerns on environment and energy security and finally neglect of the energy needs of the rural communities and poor in particular. DEP could meet the local energy needs particularly in rural areas, protect environment and promote a self reliant and sustainable energy path. In this study, methodology for adopting energy planning from grassroot or village to district level is explored. The study adopts and compares the DEP approach of moving from village (Ungra), to panchayat (Yedavani), to block (Kunigal) and finally to district (Tumkur) level. Aims and objectives of research . • To review energy planning approaches adopted in India . • To evaluate models and methods for DEP at different scales; Village, Panchayat, District and State levels . • To develop a sustainable and decentralized energy planning approach . • To analyze the sustainable decentralized planning approach using multiple objective goal programming model and develop sustainable energy mix for meeting energy needs at village, panchayat, block and district level . • To assess the implications of sustainable and decentralized energy planning from the context of socio-economic and environmental concerns. The central theme of the research work is to prepare an optimized area-based decentralized energy plan to meet the energy needs, incorporating all potential alternate energy sources and end-use devices at least-cost to the economy and environment. One of the environmental goals addressed is to minimize or avoid CO2 emissions to address climate change. Study area selected for DEP is Tumkur district of Karnataka state, India and the DEP is carried out for the year 2005 and 2020. Advanced operation research technique, goal programming, is used to solve the large and complicated energy system problem having multiple conflicting goals.

The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) uses a Water Availability Modeling System (WAM) to support long-term regional and statewide water resources planning and management. The water availability studies are based on the modeling capabilities of the Water Rights Analysis Package (WRAP). This research improves the understanding of decision support tools for short-term river basin management. Current reservoir storage levels must be considered to assess short-term frequencies and reliabilities. Conditional reliability modeling (CRM) is used to assess the likelihood of meeting targets for instream flow, reservoir storage, water supply diversion and hydroelectric power generation in the near future (next month to next several years), conditioned upon preceding storage. This study uses data for the Brazos River Basin from the TCEQ WAM System to assess key complexities of water supply reliability analysis in general and conditional reliability modeling in particular. These complexities include uncertainties associated with river basin hydrology, estimating yield-reliability relationships for individual reservoirs and multiple reservoir systems, conventional long-term planning versus short-term adaptive management and other modeling and analysis issues. The modeling capabilities of WRAP were expanded to support near real-time operation of dams under various stream flow conditions. The sensitivity to changes in modeling options is assessed for short and long-term simulations. Traditional and newly developed methodologies for estimating firm yields and water supply reliabilities are evaluated. Guidelines are developed regarding the practical application of firm yield analyses and conditional reliability modeling. Important applications of this research include real-time decision support during drought and routinely recurring operational planning activities. A case study of the drought of 2009 uses the CRM features of WRAP for these applications.

Located in this technology island, not only because of large global IT products but also due to product relationship between industrial characteristics, business models need to change in response to raise the necessary decisions to respond more quickly. Therefore need to review internal auxiliary production resources, such as:collaboration with the organization of the mobilization, equipment and information systems support; but unfortunately in the past often used in information systems into the methodology of "process oriented", this method has become standardized work considerable help, but the allocation of resources to response or re-engineering the organization become very rigid and difficult but flexible rapid reaction with the corporate policy, so we need a rapid reaction response to organizational decision-making methodology of doing things. This research adopts enterprise architecture method to construct the service-oriented manufacturing resource planning management model (SOMRPMM). By this methodology, "service-oriented" is used to replace the traditional "process-oriented" planning. From the very beginning of manufacturing resource planning, the services, operations, and task behaviors are all clearly defined as to meet the realm of structure-behavior coalescence (SBC). Policy makers can create cost-effective coordination of resource allocation, adjusting the organizational changes to enhance the implementation of reengineering and organizational learning.

There are a lot of complicated factors affecting the success of an Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) project. These factors can be divided into controllable and uncontrollable ones. For instance, the schedule management, the allocating resources and the method of implementation are controllable. Once the ERP system and vendor are decided and unchangeable, the ERP itself will become the uncontrollable factor. Unless we abandon the ERP project and restart it again, otherwise the project must proceed and go on continuously. If ERP system is suitable for the enterprise, the degree of customization can be reduced. However the customization is the most significant factor that delays implementation schedule and increase more cost than budget. If the functions of ERP system do not fit the requirements of an enterprise it will cause the extreme large degree of customization. To select an adequate ERP system fit for company¡¦s functions is the first step towards the success of ERP project, and further improve the performances of enterprise with ERP system. The most important key is to choose an industry-specified ERP system and to implement it actively, but little research focuses on it. This study emphasizes the concept of an industry-specified ERP system, using flat steel industry as the research object and considering the process of implementation of ERP system. We take account of the major dimensions and critical modules of ERP system during the selection period. This paper expects to provide flat steel industry an objective method for selection of critical functions and needed modules. It can help flat steel industry choose the most applicable ERP system effectively, and increase the probability to implement ERP successfully. Finally, some suggestions were provided for ERP system vendors to consider the requirements of different types of industries, especially the flat steel industry.

Systematic conservation assessments are spatially-explicit techniques for prioritising areas for the implementation of conservation action. There has been considerable reference in the peer-reviewed literature as to the usefulness of these tools, which appear to be primarily used by academics for theoretical research. A literature review and author survey reveals the peer-reviewed literature is largely theoretical, although conservation action results more frequently than reported. The effectiveness of these interventions is generally described as only ‘fairly effective’. This general trend, coupled with previous personal failures in translating systematic conservation assessments into effective conservation action triggered an explicit process of social learning implemented as action research. It examined the workings of the Subtropical Thicket Ecosystem Planning (STEP) project, which included development of a systematic conservation assessment. Systematic conservations assessments simply provide information on where action should be implemented, and so are only useful if situated within broader operational models for conservation planning. Most operational models presented in the peer-reviewed literature are primarily focused upon the testing ecological data, not upon the delivery of conservation action. A new operational model for conservation planning is presented which more accurately reflects the ‘real-world’ process of conservation planning. An implementation strategy is an essential complement to a systematic conservation assessment. It describes how specific, explicitly-stated goals will be achieved, who is accountable for undertaking these activities, and the resources required. As the Implementation Specialist for the STEP Project, I co-lead the collaborative development of an implementation strategy with stakeholders that aimed to mobilise resources towards achieving common goals. Whilst the development and initial uptake of the strategy was good, subsequent implementation has flounder. The reasons for this are explored. The ultimate pragmatic goal of a conservation planning process is the establishment of effective social learning institutions. These develop common visions, mobilise collective action, and adaptively learn and refine their conservation activities. Thicket Forum is one xi such institution established through the STEP Project. My involvement with Thicket Forum since 2004 in implementing an adaptive learning approach facilitates collaboration between land managers, government and research organisations. Systematic conservation assessments evolved in response to the ad hoc way in which protected areas were implemented, leaving unrepresentative, biased protected area networks. Most research is theoretical and without an intimate understanding of the social-ecological system of a planning region, notably opportunities and constraints for implementing conservation action. Highlighting the importance of an approach which is flexible, not only in space, but in time, which can capitalise upon implementation opportunities, is important for stemming the myth that opportunism is the nemesis of systematic conservation assessments. To this end, conservation planners have been slow to include factors influencing effective implementation in systematic conservation assessments. Many studies which identify candidate protected area networks, first, fail to identify the specific instrument(s) to be applied, and second, assume all intact land is available. Having mapped the willingness of land managers in the Albany District, South Africa, to sell their land, it is demonstrated the majority of targets fail to be achieved because land managers will not sell. Knowing this, the current focus of gathering ever-more ecological data is misplaced. Human, social and economic factors influence target achievement, efficiency and spatial configuration of priority areas. Selecting important areas for conservation, particularly at the local-scale, requires the mapping of factors which define opportunities for conservation. Land manager willingness to collaborate and participate, entrepreneurial orientation, conservation knowledge, social capital, and local champions were applied using a method of hierarchical clustering to identify land managers who represent conservation opportunities for private land conservation initiatives.

Information technology (IT) plays an important role in the daily operation of the modem business organization. The implications for, and influences on organizational structure from the deployment of IT have long been recognized. One of the most important, recent innovations, in the world of information technology, has been the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. Because of its wide reach, sophistication and highly integrated nature, it is potentially far more powerful and advanced than any of its predecessors, and thus has the potential to greatly influence organizational practices and design. However, the understanding of the organizational impact of IT in general, and ERP in particular, is rather limited. Due to the shortcomings of past studies, no clear consensus has been reached with respects to the structural impact of IT Moreover, though there 4ave been a large number of studies focusing on the implementation of EPR, very few empirical works have explicitly and systematically explored the influence of ERP on a range of different structural dimensions. This study aims to fill these gaps in the literature, and in so doing, generate a more comprehensive understanding of the organizational impacts of ERP To this end, it adopted a mixed method in order to deliver a more balanced and richer set of conclusions. The outcomes of the quantitative data analysis confirmed the general influences of ERP on a range of different structural dimensions. More specifically, it has been shown that the deployment of ERP can lead to a flatter, more decentralized, more standardized and a more tightly integrated organizational structure. Furthermore, the qualitative data provided meaningful insight into the structural impact of ERP, in Chinese context. In addition,, the various analyses found important associations amongst the corporate strategy, organizational structure, ERP deployment and organizational flexibility constructs, and in so doing, demonstrated that the relationship between ERP deployment and organizational structure is not independent of its organizational context. Indeed, it is shown that the results of this study provide support for the 'configurational' view of organizational strategy and behaviour. Finally, this study's results have been strengthened by modelling the technological artefact using a more balanced set of measures than had been employed in previous studies. Indeed, it was demonstrated that the use of ERP success, rather than the scale of its adoption, to model the independent variable, was a more effective indicator of changes to structural design, and ultimately also to the realization of organizational flexibility.

This study investigated the current practices of strategic human resources planning (SHRP) at large industrial and service companies in the United States and compared these practices with Walker's Four Stages of Human Resources planning model. The data for this study were collected from 130 industrial companies and 117 service companies listed in Fortune directories of the largest 500 industrial and largest 500 service companies in the United States. The study investigated also the impact of internal and external environmental factors on these companies' practices of SHRP. MANOVA, Factor Analysis, and Percentile Analysis were used as prime statistical methods in this study. Environmental factors studied were found to explain 78 per cent of the variances among large American companies. No significant difference was found between industrial and service companies in their SHRP practices. Significant improvements have taken place in large United States business corporations' practices of SHRP since the introduction of Walker's model (1974). These improvements took place in human resources information systems, forecasting human resource needs, human resource planning and development, and evaluation of SHRP projects, but the improvements were unbalanced. The improvements in corporate-centered SHRP activities were greater than the improvements in employee-centered SHRP activities. The reasons for unbalanced developments were explained and future directions were predicted. The findings of this study were compared to the findings of many recent studies in SHRP fields and future directions of the developments of SHRP were discussed. The conclusions of this study suggested that United States corporations are in need of balanced development in both employee-centered and corporate-centered SHRP. American companies are in need of advanced models to shape their practice in SHRP fields. Walker's model has been evaluated as the best available model. The study showed that mediumsized companies in the United States will benefit from SHRP and that they are able to pay the cost of SHRP projects. Several implications and recommendations for future studies and for business and educational institutions are listed.