O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar e modelar a Arquitetura do Plano Preferencial Integrado de Recursos para o Setor Elétrico, no contexto do planejamento energético atual. O Plano Preferencial Integrado é uma coletânea sistêmica de recursos energéticos obtidos por meio de um processo integrado de planejamento, ao longo do tempo e da geografia, denominado Planejamento Integrado de Recursos Energéticos (PIR). Utilizam-se metodologias do Inventário Energoambiental, da Listagem e do Peneiramento de Recursos Energéticos, do Cômputo e Valoração de Recursos Energéticos, da Análise de Custos Completos, englobando custos internos e externos, da Previsão da Demanda e da Integração de Recursos, ponto em que efetivamente se inicia a construção do Plano. A validação do modelo é realizada no estudo de caso aplicado na Região Administrativa de Araçatuba, no oeste do estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Por fim, apresentam-se considerações sobre esse plano preferencial e estabelece-se a proposta de uma metodologia alternativa de planejamento energético para o setor elétrico, visando o desenvolvimento sustentável por meio de uma imbricação entre energia, meio ambiente e sociedade, com seu balanço equilibrado de importâncias. / The objective of the study is to define and model the Architecture of Integrated Energy Resources Preferential Plan for the Power Sector, in the context of current energy planning. The Integrated Energy Resources Preferential Plan is a systemic compilation of energy resources obtained through an integrated energy planning over the time and geography, called Integrated Resource Planning (IRP). The plan is developed using the methodology of Environmental and Energy Inventory; Listing and Drafting of Energy Resources; Calculation and Valuation of Energy Resources Full Potentials, Full Cost Analysis, Demand Forecasting and Resources Integration, after which the construction of plan effectively starts. The model validation is performed in the case study applied in Araçatuba Administrative Region, in the western state of São Paulo, Brazil. Finally, the IRP Preferred Plan is reviewed and a proposal for an alternative methodology for energy planning for the power sector is presented aiming at sustainable development through a complete overview among energy, environment and society, with its balanced importance.

This dissertation examines how the U.S. Forest Service implements and uses public involvement during the agency's planning processes as mandated by the National Environmental Policy Act. Focused from the perspective of the agency personnel leading the process, this study is informed by both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Chapters two and three report the results of a web-based survey completed by 489 Forest Service employees. Chapter two shows that these employees most commonly view public involvement as a means for obtaining substantive information that could be used to improve the management decision. Chapter two also reveals that agency personnel who view public involvement as only a procedural requirement tend to achieve less positive process outcomes, but those who explicitly create opportunities for interactive dialogue with the public tend to achieve more positive outcomes, including more positive perceptions of the public involvement process and agency-public relationships. Chapter three shows that agency employees commonly believe more public influence should and does happen during the earlier stages of the planning process, but that agency employees also desire more public influence throughout the process. Chapter four uses qualitative interviews with 16 of the survey respondents to build upon the insights from chapter three. By exploring what may be constraining public influence from occurring at the desired levels, chapter four describes how agency personnel can impact how much public influence happens. The final chapter highlights the importance of looking beyond the specific public involvement technique employed during the process to the nature of the agency-public interactions. Agency personnel who are willing to engage in extra effort to translate public values into substantive management concerns generally achieve more desirable forms of public influence. They also help satisfy the public's desires to communicate their visions for the management of the National Forests. Key barriers include heavy workloads, negative views of the public, and over-reliance on minimum procedural requirements. Conversely, strong normative beliefs about the positive role of the public in agency planning, leadership commitment, and a recognition of the discretion afforded planning personnel can lead to higher levels of desired public influence. / Ph. D.

Water resource management is a multifaceted issue that becomes more complex when considering multiple nations’ interdependence upon a single shared transboundary river basin. With over 200 transboundary river basins worldwide shared by two or more countries, it is important to develop tools to allow riparian countries to cooperatively manage these shared and often limited water resources. Cooperative game theory provides tools for determining if cooperation can exist across jurisdictional boundaries through a suite of mathematical tools that measure the benefits of cooperation among basin stakeholders. Cooperative game theory is also useful for transboundary negotiation because it provides a range of solutions which will satisfy all players in the game and provides methods to fairly and equitably allocate the gains of that cooperation to all participating stakeholders, if that cooperation is shown to be possible. This dissertation applies cooperative game theory concepts to the Rio Grande/Bravo basin in North America as a case study. The Rio Grande/Bravo forms the 1,200 km border between the United States and Mexico. A comprehensive water resources planning model was developed for the basin including the major water users, water related infrastructure including reservoirs, and water policy logic related to the bi-national water sharing agreements. The water planning model is used to calculate the characteristic functions for the cooperative game analysis. For the Water Demand Reduction Game, the largest agricultural users, District 005, District 025 and the Texas Watermaster Section below Falcon were defined individual players. The cooperative analysis was between the individual players rather than the countries. In addition to the cooperative analysis, performance measures for water deliveries were calculated to determine if water delivery was improved to each player under the cooperative game. The results show that the amount of additional water to the downstream players may not be large enough to induce cooperation. The small amount of increase in water deliveries is related to the large system losses as the water travels downstream over a long distance and a division of water under the 1944 Treaty between the United States and Mexico. / text

Les ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) sont incontournables dans les systèmes d'information des sociétés industrielles: ils jouent un rôle crucial pour automatiser et suivre leurs processus afin d'améliorer leur compétitivité. Un ERP est un logiciel générique qui est utilisé par plusieurs sociétés industrielles ayant des besoins et des processus différents. C'est pourquoi de nombreux paramètres permettent d'adapter le fonctionnement du système aux besoins d'une société. Le déploiement d'un ERP, qui vise à paramétrer le système en fonction des besoins collectés, est donc une tâche complexe qui requiert une profonde expertise du système mais aussi du métier de l'entreprise industrielle. Infologic est une société qui développe et installe son propre ERP appelé Copilote. La difficulté liée au déploiement de Copilote dans une société industrielle est un réel frein pour la croissance d'Infologic et réduire la complexité du paramétrage de Copilote est un enjeu vital pour Infologic. C'est pourquoi nous avons étudié le processus de déploiement de Copilote et particulièrement la phase de paramétrage du système. Nous proposons une approche visant à extraire, depuis l'ensemble des paramétrages existants, un catalogue de paramétrages correspondant à des besoins fonctionnels précédemment rencontrés afin de les réutiliser lors des prochains déploiements de Copilote. Nous proposons d’utiliser la programmation par contraintes pour cela, afin de pouvoir facilement personnaliser les solutions calculées en ajoutant des contraintes et des critères d’optimisation variés. Nous introduisons de nouveaux modèles à base de contraintes pour résoudre des problèmes de clustering conceptuel, ainsi qu'une contrainte globale pour le problème de couverture exacte avec plusieurs algorithmes de propagation. Nous montrons qu'elle permet de modéliser facilement des problèmes de clustering conceptuel, et de les résoudre plus efficacement que les approches déclaratives de l’état de l’art. / Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are essential for industrial companies to automatize and monitor their business processes in order to boost their competitiveness. ERP systems are generic software designed to serve a large variety of companies with different business processes. Therefore, they have many configuration options to support various business processes used in different companies. The implementation process of an ERP system consists in assigning values to ERP parameters according to the company requirements: It determines the exact operations and processes supported by the system in the specific company. Infologic is a French company that develops and integrates their own ERP system called Copilote. It has thousands of parameters that are used to adapt it as precisely as possible to customer requirements. However, this flexibility makes the implementation of Copilote a time consuming task that requires a deep knowledge of its functionalities and parameters. Reducing the complexity of the implementation of Copilote is a critical issue for Infologic who needs to integrate efficiently new system integrators to meet the demand of new customers. In this thesis, we study the implementation process of Copilote in order to understand the main issues encountered by Infologic. We propose a new approach for extracting a catalog of configuration parts from existing configurations of Copilote, and each configuration part is associated with the business requirement it fulfills in order to reuse it for next implementations of Copilote. To this aim, we propose to use constraint programming (CP) to easily integrate feedbacks of experts by means of new constraints or criteria. We introduce new CP models to solve conceptual clustering problems and a new global constraint for the exact cover problem with several propagation algorithms. We show it allows to model easily conceptual clustering problems and to solve it more efficiently thant existing delcarative approaches.

O suprimento - produção, transmissão, distribuição - e uso da energia é essencial na busca do desenvolvimento sustentado -DS-. As necessidades de uma visão completa (DS, Energia e Meio Ambiente) do problema e dos métodos de avaliação que ponderem completa e complementarmente os aspectos técnicos, sócio-ambientais, sócio-econômicos e sócio-políticos envolvidos, requerem modificações na forma tradicional de estudar e planejar a questão energética. Pelo que as abordagens, metodologias e técnicas de planejamento do setor elétrico devem incorporar aspectos globais e particulares (convencionais e não), enfatizar alternativas não tradicionais, e permitir participação dos envolvidos-interessados, de uma forma ou outra, no processo. O PIR (Planejamento Integrado de Recursos) diferencia-se do planejamento tradicional na classe e na abrangência dos recursos considerados, na participação real dos proprietários e não proprietários dos recursos, dos organismos envolvidos no plano de recursos, e nos critérios da seleção das alternativas. Este trabalho apresenta a importante etapa de estabelecimento de fundamentos e uma primeira etapa de implementação de processos e estudos relativos ao PIR, desenvolvidas no ambiente do GEPEA (Grupo de Energia do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo).No sentido de enfocar o PIRse-PIR para o setor elétrico- (ou PIR indistintamente), como um processo contínuo e elaborado com base no DS. Pelo que também se faz uma análise do meio ambiente e da energia como um todo, porém sempre centrado na EE (Energia Elétrica). Apresentando ainda, como suporte da análise, o estado atual do planejamento do setor elétrico em geral e em particular do Brasil. Apresenta-se ainda como fundamentos estabelecidos e colhidos ao longo do tempo, uma série de atividades desenvolvidas no período, que permitem estabelecer uma linha de pesquisa específica (o PIR) e a sua aplicabilidade, inclusive fora do ambiente regulamentar. Neste sentido, destacam-se (quase seqüencialmente) atividades como: EE para o DS; CONSERVUSP (conservação de energia na USP); etapa atual do PIRMPP (Planejamento Integrado de Recursos para a Região do Médio Paranapanema); e o SAGe (Sistema de Análise Geo-energético); dentre outros. Finalmente, incluem-se considerações sobre o PIR na atualidade, e ainda propostas esquemáticas em torno de um possível PIR genérico no Brasil. / Energy supply and use - production, T&D -, is essential for attaining the sustainable development -SD-. The needs of an integrated vision (SD, Energy and the Environment) of the problem; and of developing methodologies that holistic and completely weight the technical, environmental, socioeconomical, and sociopolitical aspects involved, require modifications in the traditional way of studying and planning (the energy system). Due to that, the planning approach, methodologies and technics of the electrical sector need to incorporate global and specific aspects (conventional or not), underline non traditional alternatives, and to permit the stakeholders participation in the process. The IRP (Integrated Resource Planning) is different from the traditional planning in the type and scope of the considered resources, in the real participation of stakeholders (owners and not owners of the resources), in the organisms involved on the resource plan, and in the criteria to select the options. This work presents the important step of establishing the fundamentals and a first step of implementing processes and studies related to the IRP in the GEPEA’s (Group of Energy of PEA -Department of Electrical Energy and Automation Engineering) environment. This in the sense of focusing IRPes -IRP of electrical sector - (or IRP indistinctly), both as a continuous process and developed with basis in the SD concepts. Consequently, it presents energy and environmental analyses as a whole, but centered in the EE (Electrical Energy). Introducing also, as a support of the analysis, the present statement of the electrical sector planning ingeneral, and in the particular, the Brazilian one. In addition, it is shown, like fundamentals, a series of activities developed during the completion of this work, that permit to establish one specific line of research (the IRP), including the proposal of the IRP out of the regulator and/or regulation environment. Therefore (in the same sequential manner) activities such as: EE for de SD; CONSERVUSP (energy conservation in the USP); present stage of the PIRMPP (integrated resource planning for the Paranapanema region); and including the SAGe (geoenergy analysis system); among others, are emphasized. Finally the work includes some considerations on the present IRP world situation and presents a schematic proposal around a possible Brazilian IRP.

O suprimento - produção, transmissão, distribuição - e uso da energia é essencial na busca do desenvolvimento sustentado -DS-. As necessidades de uma visão completa (DS, Energia e Meio Ambiente) do problema e dos métodos de avaliação que ponderem completa e complementarmente os aspectos técnicos, sócio-ambientais, sócio-econômicos e sócio-políticos envolvidos, requerem modificações na forma tradicional de estudar e planejar a questão energética. Pelo que as abordagens, metodologias e técnicas de planejamento do setor elétrico devem incorporar aspectos globais e particulares (convencionais e não), enfatizar alternativas não tradicionais, e permitir participação dos envolvidos-interessados, de uma forma ou outra, no processo. O PIR (Planejamento Integrado de Recursos) diferencia-se do planejamento tradicional na classe e na abrangência dos recursos considerados, na participação real dos proprietários e não proprietários dos recursos, dos organismos envolvidos no plano de recursos, e nos critérios da seleção das alternativas. Este trabalho apresenta a importante etapa de estabelecimento de fundamentos e uma primeira etapa de implementação de processos e estudos relativos ao PIR, desenvolvidas no ambiente do GEPEA (Grupo de Energia do Departamento de Engenharia de Energia e Automação Elétricas da Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo).No sentido de enfocar o PIRse-PIR para o setor elétrico- (ou PIR indistintamente), como um processo contínuo e elaborado com base no DS. Pelo que também se faz uma análise do meio ambiente e da energia como um todo, porém sempre centrado na EE (Energia Elétrica). Apresentando ainda, como suporte da análise, o estado atual do planejamento do setor elétrico em geral e em particular do Brasil. Apresenta-se ainda como fundamentos estabelecidos e colhidos ao longo do tempo, uma série de atividades desenvolvidas no período, que permitem estabelecer uma linha de pesquisa específica (o PIR) e a sua aplicabilidade, inclusive fora do ambiente regulamentar. Neste sentido, destacam-se (quase seqüencialmente) atividades como: EE para o DS; CONSERVUSP (conservação de energia na USP); etapa atual do PIRMPP (Planejamento Integrado de Recursos para a Região do Médio Paranapanema); e o SAGe (Sistema de Análise Geo-energético); dentre outros. Finalmente, incluem-se considerações sobre o PIR na atualidade, e ainda propostas esquemáticas em torno de um possível PIR genérico no Brasil. / Energy supply and use - production, T&D -, is essential for attaining the sustainable development -SD-. The needs of an integrated vision (SD, Energy and the Environment) of the problem; and of developing methodologies that holistic and completely weight the technical, environmental, socioeconomical, and sociopolitical aspects involved, require modifications in the traditional way of studying and planning (the energy system). Due to that, the planning approach, methodologies and technics of the electrical sector need to incorporate global and specific aspects (conventional or not), underline non traditional alternatives, and to permit the stakeholders participation in the process. The IRP (Integrated Resource Planning) is different from the traditional planning in the type and scope of the considered resources, in the real participation of stakeholders (owners and not owners of the resources), in the organisms involved on the resource plan, and in the criteria to select the options. This work presents the important step of establishing the fundamentals and a first step of implementing processes and studies related to the IRP in the GEPEA’s (Group of Energy of PEA -Department of Electrical Energy and Automation Engineering) environment. This in the sense of focusing IRPes -IRP of electrical sector - (or IRP indistinctly), both as a continuous process and developed with basis in the SD concepts. Consequently, it presents energy and environmental analyses as a whole, but centered in the EE (Electrical Energy). Introducing also, as a support of the analysis, the present statement of the electrical sector planning ingeneral, and in the particular, the Brazilian one. In addition, it is shown, like fundamentals, a series of activities developed during the completion of this work, that permit to establish one specific line of research (the IRP), including the proposal of the IRP out of the regulator and/or regulation environment. Therefore (in the same sequential manner) activities such as: EE for de SD; CONSERVUSP (energy conservation in the USP); present stage of the PIRMPP (integrated resource planning for the Paranapanema region); and including the SAGe (geoenergy analysis system); among others, are emphasized. Finally the work includes some considerations on the present IRP world situation and presents a schematic proposal around a possible Brazilian IRP.

O objetivo desta tese é construir um modelo de composição de carteiras de recursos energéticos dentro do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos Energéticos (PIR), aplicável em uma determinada região ou país. Este modelo inclui as etapas de definição do espaço geográfico de estudo, o mapeamento de recursos, a caracterização dos recursos energéticos existentes e sua valoração. Após estas etapas, é feita a composição de carteiras energéticas, seguida pela construção de cenários e análise de riscos e incertezas para a definição da carteira preferencial dos recursos energéticos da região. Como ferramentas de apoio, são adaptados modelos matemáticos aplicados em sistemas financeiros para a seleção e análise de carteiras de investimentos, modelos para a avaliação de riscos e incertezas, o software de Planejamento de Alternativas Energéticas de Longo Alcance (LEAP) para a criação de cenários e previsão da demanda energética e o software Decision Lens (DL) para o ranqueamento e a alocação de recursos financeiros dos recursos energéticos dentro da carteira definida, considerando as dimensões técnico-econômico, ambiental, social e política. A caracterização dos recursos energéticos envolve o levantamento das características socioeconômicas, ambientais, o perfil dos envolvidos e interessados do setor energético, a listagem de recursos energéticos locais (hídricos, eólicos, solares, nucleares, biomassa, geotérmicas, células a combustíveis dentre outros). Também são levantadas características construtivas das tecnologias existentes e que podem ser incorporadas na matriz energética da região em estudo. O processo de avaliação dos potenciais energéticos envolve o cálculo dos potenciais energéticos teóricos de cada recurso energético existente na região. Após a avaliação dos potenciais, faz-se a priorização ou ranqueamento destes recursos através de critérios pré-definidos, em duas avaliações diferentes: Avaliação Determinística dos Custos Completos (ADCC) e Avaliação Holística dos Custos Completos (AHCC). Para gerar ambos os rankings utiliza-se o software Decision Lens (DL) baseado no método do Processo de Análise Hierárquico (PAH). O cruzamento das avaliações resulta em ranking geral dos recursos energéticos, utilizado posteriormente para a construção de carteiras dos recursos energéticos. Na valoração dos recursos energéticos, consideram-se atributos ambientais, sociais, técnico-econômicos e políticos, que podem afetar a formação de carteiras eficientes dentro do PIR a longo prazo. O resultado do processo de valoração é o potencial energético realizável da região em estudo. Para este potencial, aplica-se o modelo analítico de formação de carteiras de recursos energéticos. Neste são considerados o ranking, o volume de investimentos, os atributos ambientais (emissões), sociais (IDH, número de empregos, ocupação de solo), políticos (incentivos governamentais, impostos) e todos os parâmetros técnicoeconômicos relacionados às tecnologias selecionadas para o aproveitamento de cada recurso energético. Com a incorporação destas variáveis no modelo, faz-se simulações para a obtenção de carteiras ótimas para a construção do Plano Preferencial dentro do Planejamento Integrado dos Recursos Energéticos. / The main objective of this thesis is to establish a model to guide the composition of energy resources portfolios in the process of the Integrated Resources Planning (IRP) in a region or a country. This includes steps such as the definition of the geographical space of study, mapping of resources, characterization of existing energy resources, and valuation of energy resources. After these steps, the portfolios are formed, followed by the construction of scenarios, and the analysis of risks and uncertainties for the definition of the preferential portfolio of energy resources in the region. Supporting tools based on mathematical models used in financial systems are adapted to the selection and analysis of investment portfolios, models for the evaluation of risks and uncertainties, the Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning Software (LEAP) to create energy demand scenarios and the Decision Lens Software (DL) to rank and allocate financial resources of energy resources within a defined portfolio, considering the technical-economic, environmental, social and political dimensions. The energy resources characterization involves the removal of socioeconomic characteristics, environmental, the profile of those involved and interested in the energy sector, the listing of local energy resources (water, wind, solar, nuclear, geothermal, biomass, fuel cells among other). Constructive features have also been raised of existing technologies and that can be incorporated into the energy matrix of the region under study. The process of energy potential evaluation involves the calculation of theoretical potential energy of each existing energy resource in the region. After the assessment of potential, it was ranking resources through pre-established criteria in two different assessments: Full costs Deterministic Evaluation (ADCC) and Holistic Assessment of Full Costs (AHCC). To generate both rankings, it was used the software Decision Lens (DL) based on the method of Tiered Analysis process (PAH). With both assessment results, it is build the overall ranking of energy resources, used to build an energy resources portfolio. In the valuation of energy resources, environmental, social, technical economic and political attributes are considered to the resources valuation that may affect the portfolio selection within the IRP in the long term. The result of the valuation process is the disposable energy potential of the region in the study. Using the information above, finally, it was applied an analytical portfolio selection model of energy resources. It considered the ranking, the volume of investments, the environmental attributes (emission), social (IDH, number of jobs, occupation of land), political (Government incentives, taxes) and all the parameters related to the technical-economical selected technologies for the enjoyment of each energy resource. With the incorporation of these variables in the model, simulations for obtaining optimal portfolios for the construction of the Preferred Plan within the IERP.

O objetivo desta tese é construir um modelo de composição de carteiras de recursos energéticos dentro do Planejamento Integrado de Recursos Energéticos (PIR), aplicável em uma determinada região ou país. Este modelo inclui as etapas de definição do espaço geográfico de estudo, o mapeamento de recursos, a caracterização dos recursos energéticos existentes e sua valoração. Após estas etapas, é feita a composição de carteiras energéticas, seguida pela construção de cenários e análise de riscos e incertezas para a definição da carteira preferencial dos recursos energéticos da região. Como ferramentas de apoio, são adaptados modelos matemáticos aplicados em sistemas financeiros para a seleção e análise de carteiras de investimentos, modelos para a avaliação de riscos e incertezas, o software de Planejamento de Alternativas Energéticas de Longo Alcance (LEAP) para a criação de cenários e previsão da demanda energética e o software Decision Lens (DL) para o ranqueamento e a alocação de recursos financeiros dos recursos energéticos dentro da carteira definida, considerando as dimensões técnico-econômico, ambiental, social e política. A caracterização dos recursos energéticos envolve o levantamento das características socioeconômicas, ambientais, o perfil dos envolvidos e interessados do setor energético, a listagem de recursos energéticos locais (hídricos, eólicos, solares, nucleares, biomassa, geotérmicas, células a combustíveis dentre outros). Também são levantadas características construtivas das tecnologias existentes e que podem ser incorporadas na matriz energética da região em estudo. O processo de avaliação dos potenciais energéticos envolve o cálculo dos potenciais energéticos teóricos de cada recurso energético existente na região. Após a avaliação dos potenciais, faz-se a priorização ou ranqueamento destes recursos através de critérios pré-definidos, em duas avaliações diferentes: Avaliação Determinística dos Custos Completos (ADCC) e Avaliação Holística dos Custos Completos (AHCC). Para gerar ambos os rankings utiliza-se o software Decision Lens (DL) baseado no método do Processo de Análise Hierárquico (PAH). O cruzamento das avaliações resulta em ranking geral dos recursos energéticos, utilizado posteriormente para a construção de carteiras dos recursos energéticos. Na valoração dos recursos energéticos, consideram-se atributos ambientais, sociais, técnico-econômicos e políticos, que podem afetar a formação de carteiras eficientes dentro do PIR a longo prazo. O resultado do processo de valoração é o potencial energético realizável da região em estudo. Para este potencial, aplica-se o modelo analítico de formação de carteiras de recursos energéticos. Neste são considerados o ranking, o volume de investimentos, os atributos ambientais (emissões), sociais (IDH, número de empregos, ocupação de solo), políticos (incentivos governamentais, impostos) e todos os parâmetros técnicoeconômicos relacionados às tecnologias selecionadas para o aproveitamento de cada recurso energético. Com a incorporação destas variáveis no modelo, faz-se simulações para a obtenção de carteiras ótimas para a construção do Plano Preferencial dentro do Planejamento Integrado dos Recursos Energéticos. / The main objective of this thesis is to establish a model to guide the composition of energy resources portfolios in the process of the Integrated Resources Planning (IRP) in a region or a country. This includes steps such as the definition of the geographical space of study, mapping of resources, characterization of existing energy resources, and valuation of energy resources. After these steps, the portfolios are formed, followed by the construction of scenarios, and the analysis of risks and uncertainties for the definition of the preferential portfolio of energy resources in the region. Supporting tools based on mathematical models used in financial systems are adapted to the selection and analysis of investment portfolios, models for the evaluation of risks and uncertainties, the Long Range Energy Alternatives Planning Software (LEAP) to create energy demand scenarios and the Decision Lens Software (DL) to rank and allocate financial resources of energy resources within a defined portfolio, considering the technical-economic, environmental, social and political dimensions. The energy resources characterization involves the removal of socioeconomic characteristics, environmental, the profile of those involved and interested in the energy sector, the listing of local energy resources (water, wind, solar, nuclear, geothermal, biomass, fuel cells among other). Constructive features have also been raised of existing technologies and that can be incorporated into the energy matrix of the region under study. The process of energy potential evaluation involves the calculation of theoretical potential energy of each existing energy resource in the region. After the assessment of potential, it was ranking resources through pre-established criteria in two different assessments: Full costs Deterministic Evaluation (ADCC) and Holistic Assessment of Full Costs (AHCC). To generate both rankings, it was used the software Decision Lens (DL) based on the method of Tiered Analysis process (PAH). With both assessment results, it is build the overall ranking of energy resources, used to build an energy resources portfolio. In the valuation of energy resources, environmental, social, technical economic and political attributes are considered to the resources valuation that may affect the portfolio selection within the IRP in the long term. The result of the valuation process is the disposable energy potential of the region in the study. Using the information above, finally, it was applied an analytical portfolio selection model of energy resources. It considered the ranking, the volume of investments, the environmental attributes (emission), social (IDH, number of jobs, occupation of land), political (Government incentives, taxes) and all the parameters related to the technical-economical selected technologies for the enjoyment of each energy resource. With the incorporation of these variables in the model, simulations for obtaining optimal portfolios for the construction of the Preferred Plan within the IERP.

Organizations experience challenges despite efforts to increase productivity through implementing large-scale enterprise systems. Leaders of local government institutions do not understand how to achieve expected and desired benefits from the implementation of enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems. Lack of alignment between social and technical elements in ERP implementation depresses organizational productivity. The purpose of this quantitative correlational study was to examine whether social and technical elements increase use and productivity in ERP implementation. The research questions addressed the relationship between ERP and organizational efficiency, cross-functional communication, information sharing, ease of ERP use, and ERP usefulness. Sociotechnical systems theory provided the theoretical basis for the study. Data were collected from online surveys completed by 61 ERP users and analyzed using Wilcoxon matched pairs statistics and Spearman's correlation coefficient. Findings indicated a positive significant relationship between ERP and information sharing, a positive significant relationship between ERP system quality and ease of ERP use, and a positive significant relationship between ERP system quality and organizational productivity. Findings may be used by local government leaders, technology managers, and chief information officers to ensure ERP sustainability and increase productivity.

企業經營的全球化、競爭日趨激烈以及資訊科技進步神速，企業整體資源規劃（Enterprise Resources Planning, ERP）系統在硬體設備配合，企業有所需求的情形下順勢而起，提供符合企業對管理資訊的要求，加強企業的競爭力。 對以代工以及國際貿易為主要業務的台灣企業而言，目前已逐漸地由傳統產業進化至國際化、資本密集、技術密集。在這樣的競爭環境下，如何提升企業環境的整合程度，以更有效率的經營企業、降低經營成本、提昇競爭力等，是經營團隊最關注的焦點。在這股導入ERP系統的浪潮中，吾人可以發現ERP系統最強大的功能在於資訊產出的即時性以及整合性。但不可諱言的是，隨著ERP系統的功能愈形強大，會計領域許多相關的功能皆被ERP系統取代，或謂整合，或者是導致性質的改變。 本研究擬針對國內企業在導入ERP系統之後，會計相關領域在企業之中所扮演的角色以及功能之轉變情形加以探討。 本研究所探討的會計相關領域係指下列三個領域： 1.財務會計 2.管理會計 3.內部稽核 在此三個領域中，研究在下列二個問題於ERP系統導入前後之變化狀況，以瞭解會計相關領域在ERP環境下，其功能之變化情形： 1.在企業導入ERP系統的環境下，會計相關領域角色是否有任何轉變？若有所轉變，其轉變方向又為何？ 2.在企業導入ERP系統的環境下，會計相關領域資訊的產出以及運用是否有任何變動？若有所轉變，又是如何轉變？ 本研究規劃以個案研究與問卷調查併行的方式，來瞭解企業導入ERP系統之後，對於會計相關領域的影響為何。於個案研究部份，係以國內已導入ERP系統之一服務業者以及一製造業者作為研究對象。問卷調查部分則是由二家國外以及一家國內ERP系統廠商之管理顧問，從中各選取廿名管理顧問，使用問卷調查方式，取得對於國內企業導入ERP系統後，對會計相關領域影響現象較為廣泛的瞭解。 根據本研究結果顯示，在企業導入ERP系統之後，財務會計領域已經發生重大改變，管理會計領域正在改變之中，而內部稽核領域目前尚未有所轉變。 / Comply with enterprise to conduct globalization、more violent competition and information technology rapid advancement, Enterprise Resources Planning (ERP) system spread quickly under the more powerful hardware and enterprise demand. ERP provide management information that fit in with enterprise demand and enhance enterprise competition ability. For enterprises which main business is OEM and international trade in Taiwan, begin to move from traditional industry to internationalization、capital-intensive and technique-intensive industry gradually。Under such environment, it’s important to promote integration degree in an enterprise, for operating business more efficiency、operating cost reduction and improving competition ability. We can discover the most powerful function of ERP system is integration and on time of information output. The purpose of the study is to research the change of role and function in accounting domain after domestic enterprise using ERP system. The research method that I used is case study in a service company and a manufacturing company and survey for consultant of ERP system company. The study that confer accounting domain include： 1.Financial Accounting 2.Management Accounting 3.Internal auditing For this three domain, research the change of following two questions after enterprise used ERP system. It’s to understand the changing situation of accounting domain function under ERP environment. 1.The role of accounting domain change or not under ERP environment? If there is any conversion, which direction will it be? 2.The information output and using change or not under ERP environment? If there is any conversion, which direction will it be? According to the result of the study, financial accounting has been changed significantly , and management accounting was changing and internal auditing doesn’t have any change under the ERP environment.