Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:41:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 luvizotto_ram_dr_botfm.pdf: 1198793 bytes, checksum: 382632d84e62659b419cf0c7556d0905 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Obesidade, uma alteração do estado nutricional, é definida como um acúmulo excessivo ou anormal de tecido adiposo que pode deteriorar a saúde. O tecido adiposo participa ativamente na regulação de energia corporal. As células adiposas produzem várias substâncias biologicamente ativas, as adipocinas, com diferentes funções fisiológicas. A disfunção dos adipócitos, como ocorre na obesidade, pode alterar a liberação de adipocinas, como leptina, resistina e adiponectina. A restrição calórica afeta a regulação da expressão gênica do tecido adiposo, normalizando as alterações das adipocinas causadas pela obesidade; entretanto, este mecanismo ainda é pouco conhecido. Sabe-se que resistina, adiponectina, leptina e hormônios tireoidianos estão envolvidos na regulação do balanço energético. Entretanto, não é bem estabelecido os efeitos do hipertireoidismo sobre as adipocinas em ratos obesos e obesos submetidos à restrição calórica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência de diferentes doses de triiodotironina (T3) sobre a concentração sérica e expressão gênica de leptina, resistina e adiponectina em animais obesos e obesos submetidos à restrição calórica. Para isto, foram utilizados ratos Wistar machos separados inicialmente em controle (C) e obeso (OB). Os animais C receberam dieta padrão e os OB receberam dieta hipercalórica por 20 semanas. Após o período de indução de obesidade, os animais OB foram randomizados em grupo obeso (OB), obeso com dose de 5 μg de T3/100g de peso do animal (OS1), obeso com dose de 25 μg de T3/100g de peso do animal (OS2), obeso submetido à restrição calórica (RC), RC com dose de 5 μg de T3/100g de peso do animal (RS1) e RC com dose de 25 μg de T3/100g de peso do animal (RS2). Os grupos restritos receberam 75% do... / Obesity, an alteration of the nutritional state, is defined as an excessive or abnormal accumulation of adipose tissue that can cause health to deteriorate. Adipose tissue actively participates in the regulation of bodily energy. Adipose cells produce several biologically active substances, including adipokines, with different physiological functions. Dysfunction of adipocytes, as occurs in obesity, can alter the release of adipokines such as leptin, resistin and adiponectin. Calorie restriction affects the regulation of gene expression of adipose tissue, normalizing the alterations of adipokines caused by obesity; however, this mechanism remains poorly understood. It is known that resistin, adiponectin, leptin and thyroidal hormones are involved in the regulation of energetic balance. However, the effects of hyperthyroidism on adipokines in obese rats, submitted and not submitted to calorie restriction, are not well established. The present study aimed to analyze the influence of different doses of triiodothyronine (T3) on the serum concentration and gene expression of leptin, resistin and adiponectin in obese animals, submitted and not submitted to calorie restriction. Were used male Wistar rats initially separated into control (C) and obese (OB) groups. The C animals received control diet while OB received hypercaloric diet for 20 weeks. After the obesity-induction period the OB animals were randomly divided into obese (OB), obese with 5 μg dose of T3/100g animal body weight (OS1), obese with 25 μg dose of T3/100g body weight (OS2), obese submitted to calorie restriction (CR), CR with 5 μg dose of T3/100g body weight (RS1) and CR with 25 μg does of T3/100g body weight (RS2). The restricted groups received 75% of control group food consumption for 8 weeks. After this period, animals OS1, OS2, RS1 and ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the economic-historical development of the Swedish restriction system against alcohol abuse. It has been of interest to examine how it was designed and then implemented during the period of 1919–1955. The study includes a discussion on how the restrictions affected women's opportunities to acquire alcohol, based on gender norms. Therefore, the thesis has been strengthened by a gender-based analysis. The material that has been studied for the purpose is real decisions by the government for men and women who have applied for the right of purchasing alcohol. This paper has found that men were more often granted their applications, and because women had more difficult conditions. The reason seems to be that gender norms ruled higher than the formal rights.   Key words: economic history, gender, alcohol, restriction system

Orientador: Patrícia Aline Boer / Banca: Carlos Alan Candido Dias Junior / Banca: Patricia Simone Leite Vilamaior / Resumo: Introdução. Estudos anteriores mostram que a restrição proteica gestacional é responsável pela redução do número de néfrons e hipertensão arterial. O aumento da pressão arterial leva a uma hiperfiltração glomerular e consequentemente ruptura da barreira de filtração, com início do quadro de glomeruloesclerose. Além disso, evidências destacam as consequências da dieta hiperlipídica sobre a morfologia e distúrbios funcionais renais. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da sobrecarga calórica por dieta hiperlipídica sobre a função e morfologia renal em ratos submetidos à restrição proteica gestacional. Método. Após confirmação da prenhez as ratas foram divididos em 2 grupos, sendo grupo NP (normal protein - 17% de caseína na gestação) e grupo LP (low protein - 6% de caseína durante a gestação). Após nascimento a prole de ratos machos foi mantida com ração normal, sendo que da 8ª até a 13ª semana de vida essa prole foi submetida à dieta hiperlipídica (grupos LPH e NPH) ou ração padrão para roedores (grupo LPN e NPN). Foram realizadas análises da função renal, aferição da pressão arterial, imunohistoquímica, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e análise bioquímica do perfil lipídico. Resultados. O índice de adiposidade estava reduzido em LPN e aumentado nos grupos NPH e LPH. Observamos aumento da concentração de colesterol total em NPH e LPH, e aumento de colesterol LDL em LPH. A pressão arterial estava significativamente aumentada nos animais do grupo LPH na 10ª e 12ª semana de vida, comparado aos outros grupos no mesmo período. A menor excreção urinária de sódio foi observada nos grupos tratados, enquanto os animais NPH e LPN apresentaram aumento da acidificação urinária de forma tempo-dependente da dieta hiperlipídica. Os grupos LPN, NPH e LPH mostraram um aumento da expressão de AT1r, fator de transformação do crescimento beta (TGFβ-1), colágeno ... / Abstract: Background. Prior studies show that maternal protein-restricted offspring (LP) have pronounced reduction of nephron number and arterial hypertension associated with unchanged glomerular filtration rate and enhanced glomerular area that may be related with glomerular hyperfiltration/overflow and account for the glomerular filtration barrier breakdown and early glomerulosclerosis. Additionally, evidence is emerging that highlights the far-reaching consequences of high fat diet (HFD) on kidney morphology and function disorders. The present study aims to evaluate the effect of HFD on renal function and morphology in LP rats. Methods. Maternal protein-restricted offspring (LP, 6% casein) and normal protein intake rats (NP, 17% casein) were submitted to ingestion of HFD (LPH and NPH, respectively) or standard chow to rodents (LPN and NPN) from 8th to 13th of age. Renal Function, systemic arterial pressure, immunohistochemistry and scanning electron microscopy were performed and biochemical serum parameters analyzed. Results. The body adiposity and mass were reduced in LPN which in turn, increased in NPH and LPH groups. Striking increased in total cholesterol was observed in NPH and LPH, and increased LDL in LPH. The blood pressure was significant increase in LPH groups from the 10th and 12th week of life compared to the other groups. A reduced urinary excretion of sodium was observed in low-protein treated rats while NPH and LPH animals presented an increased urinary acidification in time-dependent fashion. The LPN, NPH and LPH groups showed an increased expression of AT1r, transforming growth factor (TGFβ-1), collagen and fibronectin. By ultraestructural analysis we found a pronounced enfacement of foot process in treated groups and HFD-treated offspring showed wear-out of podocytes by rupture of cell membranes. In parallel all treated rats present a significant urinary protein excretion. Conclusion. In conclusion, from our present ... / Mestre

The eukaryotic ribosome is a large molecular machine consisting of ~80 ribosomal proteins and 4 rRNAs. The 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits are assembled in the nucleolus by ~200 helper proteins then shipped into the cytoplasm or to the endoplasmic reticulum where protein translation takes place. Eventually ribosomes are removed from the cytoplasm and recycled through ribophagy, however, very is little is known about ribosomal protein exchange after assembly but before ribophagy. Using kinetic turnover measurements of ribosomal proteins and rRNA in vivo we determined ribosomal protein replacement rates are diverse suggesting ribosomal components may be replaced without destruction of the entire ribosome. Measurements from ad libitum fed and dietary restricted mice provide strong evidence that RPL10 exchanges rates are dramatically different between AL and DR while synthesis and degradation do not change. RPL10 turnover can be described using a two-pool kinetic model, which may be applied to many ribosomal proteins.

This research was conducted to test the hypothesis that parenteralarginine supplementation is effective in enhancing birth weights of intrauterinegrowth restricted (IUGR) fetuses. Underfed and prolific ewes were used asexperimental models. The first study characterized the pharmacokinetics ofarginine and citrulline and assessed the potential of citrulline to serve as aprecursor for enhancing arginine availability in fetal and maternal plasma. Sixlate pregnant ewes and their fetuses were instrumented to access arterial andvenous circulations. Intravenous boluses of 155 mol of L-arginine-HCl or Lcitrullineper kg body weight were administered to each ewe. Administration ofcitrulline was more effective than arginine in achieving a sustained increase inconcentrations of arginine in maternal and fetal blood. Accordingly, theclearance rate of citrulline was lower and its biological half-life in maternal bloodgreater, when compared with arginine. The second experiment determined ifadministration of arginine to underfed ewes is effective in ameliorating orpreventing IUGR. Ewes were fed either 100% or 50% of the National ResearchCouncil recommended nutrient requirements for pregnant sheep. Between Day60 of pregnancy and parturition control-fed ewes received saline solution and underfed ewes received either saline solution or L-arginine-HCl solution (155mol of arginine/kg body weight) intravenously three times daily (n=5 / treatmentgroup). Birth weights of lambs were lower in saline-infused underfed ewes.There was no difference in birth weights of lambs from control-fed and argininetreatedunderfed ewes. The third experiment determined whether administrationof arginine could improve survival rates of lambs and enhance fetal growth inewes carrying multiple fetuses. Between Days 100 and 121 of pregnancy, ewesreceived an intravenous infusion of either saline solution (n= 14) or L-arginine-HCl solution (345 mol of arginine/kg body weight, n=20) three times daily.Parenteral administration of arginine increased the percentage of lambs bornalive and enhanced the birth weights of quadruplets. Collectively, these resultsindicate that 1) parenteral administration of arginine improves pregnancyoutcomes in underfed and prolific ewes; and 2) the use of arginine or citrullinemay have important implications for the design of an effective treatment forpreventing or ameliorating IUGR in mammals.

We argue that there is a crucial difference between determiner and adverbial quantification. Following Herburger [2000] and von Fintel [1994], we assume that determiner quantifiers quantify over individuals and adverbial quantifiers over eventualities. While it is usually assumed that the semantics of sentences with determiner quantifiers and those with adverbial quantifiers basically come out the same, we will show by way of new data that quantification over events is more restricted than quantification over individuals. This is because eventualities in contrast to individuals have to be located in time which is done using contextual information according to a pragmatic resolution strategy. If the contextual information and the tense information given in the respective sentence contradict each other, the sentence is uninterpretable. We conclude that this is the reason why in these cases adverbial quantification, i.e. quantification over eventualities, is impossible whereas quantification over individuals is fine.

In this study the focus is set on parental rules for digital gaming and Internet use. First a review of the field is presented followed by analyses of adolescents’ media use and parental strategies for regulation. Data was derived from a Swedish survey of parents—Predominantly mothers—of adolescents aged 9-16 complemented with data from a separate survey of adolescents aged 9-16. Analyses are presented using gamma coefficients for bivariate correlations and linear regression models for multivariate analyses. We conclude that parents in this study are involved in their adolescents’ gaming and Internet by restricting access to these media. Boys and young adolescents are controlled more than girls and older adolescents. Mothers made use of restrictive mediation more than fathers. Parents harbour quite negative views on gaming which might interfere with a more active role of parents in mediating their children’s gaming

Epidemiological studies have shown that human adults have a higher chance of developing various metabolic disorders, such as type II diabetes and hypertension, due to maternal under nutrition. The concept that conditions encountered in early development can have far reaching implications for an individual’s adult life is known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. In vitro studies have shown that if the amino acid leucine is not available at a high enough concentration the embryo will not exhibit normal trophectoderm protrusive activity which precedes implantation. The amino acid transport system System B0,+ is the main gateway into these cells for leucine but its expression at the transcription level has never been shown in preimplantation blastocysts. We investigated System B0,+ expression in preimplantation blastocysts from dams fed a control versus a low-protein isocaloric diet (18% and 9% casein, respectively). Using RT-PCR to detect the System B0,+ transcript, ATB0,+, we found that indeed there is expression of this amino acid transporter in the pre-implantation rat blastocyst. Due to the gender-specific nature of many DOHaD phenomena, the blastocysts were sexed using gender specific primers and a nested PCR approach. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) results show no significant difference in ATB0,+ expression in blastocysts taken from dams fed either diet (9% n= 56, 18% n = 52; 7 dams from each diet group). Furthermore, separating the data by gender reveals no significant difference in expression. However, while not significant, there does appear to be a trend in the protein restricted blastocysts towards increased transcription of ATB0,+, suggesting System B0,+ may be responding at the transcription level to the diet. This could be part of the predictive adaptive response leading to a reprogrammed phenotype as described by the DOHaD hypothesis. Further work is needed to elucidate System B0,+’s role in developmental programming.

Epidemiological studies have shown that human adults have a higher chance of developing various metabolic disorders, such as type II diabetes and hypertension, due to maternal under nutrition. The concept that conditions encountered in early development can have far reaching implications for an individual’s adult life is known as the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. In vitro studies have shown that if the amino acid leucine is not available at a high enough concentration the embryo will not exhibit normal trophectoderm protrusive activity which precedes implantation. The amino acid transport system System B0,+ is the main gateway into these cells for leucine but its expression at the transcription level has never been shown in preimplantation blastocysts. We investigated System B0,+ expression in preimplantation blastocysts from dams fed a control versus a low-protein isocaloric diet (18% and 9% casein, respectively). Using RT-PCR to detect the System B0,+ transcript, ATB0,+, we found that indeed there is expression of this amino acid transporter in the pre-implantation rat blastocyst. Due to the gender-specific nature of many DOHaD phenomena, the blastocysts were sexed using gender specific primers and a nested PCR approach. Quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR) results show no significant difference in ATB0,+ expression in blastocysts taken from dams fed either diet (9% n= 56, 18% n = 52; 7 dams from each diet group). Furthermore, separating the data by gender reveals no significant difference in expression. However, while not significant, there does appear to be a trend in the protein restricted blastocysts towards increased transcription of ATB0,+, suggesting System B0,+ may be responding at the transcription level to the diet. This could be part of the predictive adaptive response leading to a reprogrammed phenotype as described by the DOHaD hypothesis. Further work is needed to elucidate System B0,+’s role in developmental programming.

This research was conducted to test the hypothesis that parenteralarginine supplementation is effective in enhancing birth weights of intrauterinegrowth restricted (IUGR) fetuses. Underfed and prolific ewes were used asexperimental models. The first study characterized the pharmacokinetics ofarginine and citrulline and assessed the potential of citrulline to serve as aprecursor for enhancing arginine availability in fetal and maternal plasma. Sixlate pregnant ewes and their fetuses were instrumented to access arterial andvenous circulations. Intravenous boluses of 155 mol of L-arginine-HCl or Lcitrullineper kg body weight were administered to each ewe. Administration ofcitrulline was more effective than arginine in achieving a sustained increase inconcentrations of arginine in maternal and fetal blood. Accordingly, theclearance rate of citrulline was lower and its biological half-life in maternal bloodgreater, when compared with arginine. The second experiment determined ifadministration of arginine to underfed ewes is effective in ameliorating orpreventing IUGR. Ewes were fed either 100% or 50% of the National ResearchCouncil recommended nutrient requirements for pregnant sheep. Between Day60 of pregnancy and parturition control-fed ewes received saline solution and underfed ewes received either saline solution or L-arginine-HCl solution (155mol of arginine/kg body weight) intravenously three times daily (n=5 / treatmentgroup). Birth weights of lambs were lower in saline-infused underfed ewes.There was no difference in birth weights of lambs from control-fed and argininetreatedunderfed ewes. The third experiment determined whether administrationof arginine could improve survival rates of lambs and enhance fetal growth inewes carrying multiple fetuses. Between Days 100 and 121 of pregnancy, ewesreceived an intravenous infusion of either saline solution (n= 14) or L-arginine-HCl solution (345 mol of arginine/kg body weight, n=20) three times daily.Parenteral administration of arginine increased the percentage of lambs bornalive and enhanced the birth weights of quadruplets. Collectively, these resultsindicate that 1) parenteral administration of arginine improves pregnancyoutcomes in underfed and prolific ewes; and 2) the use of arginine or citrullinemay have important implications for the design of an effective treatment forpreventing or ameliorating IUGR in mammals.