Thesis (Ph.D.)--Duquesne University, 2007. / Title from document title page. Abstract included in electronic submission form. Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-55; 109-116; 185-191; 290-299; 330-332).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Marshall University, 2004. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains p. xvi, 173 p. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-173).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008. / Committee Chair: Doyle, Donald; Committee Member: Bommarius, Andreas; Committee Member: Harvey, Stephen; Committee Member: Hud, Nicholas; Committee Member: Kubanek, Julia. Part of the SMARTech Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Collection.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 1999. / Spine title: Structure - function analysis of IRBP. Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-172). Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2000. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 155-179).

Τα ρετινοειδή αποτελούν μια μεγάλη οικογένεια οργανικών μορίων που μοιάζουν δομικά με τη βιταμίνη Α. Το all-trans ρετινοϊκό οξύ (atRA) είναι γνωστό πως ρυθμίζει ένα μεγάλο εύρος κυτταρικών βιολογικών διεργασιών μέσω της πρόσδεσής του και της ενεργοποίησης των υποδοχέων του, τους υποδοχείς ρετινοϊκού οξέος (RAR) και τους υποδοχείς ρειτνοειδών Χ (RXR). Κάθε κατηγορία υποδοχέων περιλαμβάνει τρία μέλη, α, β και γ. Τα ρετινοειδή χρησιμοποιούνται για τη θεραπεία πολλών ασθενειών, από την κοινή ακμή ως την οξεία προμυελωτική λευχαιμία. Η χρήση τους, παρ’ όλα αυτά, περιορίζεται εξαιτίας των σοβαρών ανεπιθύμητων ενεργειών τους, και είναι επιτακτική ανάγκη να συντεθούν ανάλογα με λιγότερες ανεπιθύμητες δράσεις. Προς αυτήν την κατεύθυνση έχουν συντεθεί πολλά ανάλογα, ανάμεσα τους και το N12-bis(all-trans-retinoyl)spermine (RA2SPM), ένα σύζευγμα δύο μορίων atRA με σπερμίνη, το οποίο συντέθηκε από την ερευνητική ομάδα του καθηγητή Δ. Παπαϊωάννου, στο Τμήμα Χημείας του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Στην παρούσα εργασία μελετήθηκε η δράση του atRA και του RA2SPM στην αγγειογένεση και την ανάπτυξη καρκινικών κυττάρων προστάτη. Το atRA ανέστειλε με δοσο-εξαρτώμενο τρόπο την αγγειογένεση στο μοντέλο της χοριοαλλαντοϊκής μεμβράνης (CAM) εμβρύου όρνιθας, παρόλο που η δράση του ήταν χαμηλότερη από αυτή που είχε δείξει παλιότερα το RA2SPM στο ίδιο σύστημα. Παρ’ όλο που το atRA προκάλεσε επαγωγή στην έκφραση του αγγειογενετικού αυξητικού παράγοντα πλειοτροπίνη (PTN) στην CAM, ανέστειλε την αλληλεπίδρασή της με τον υποδοχέα της RPTPβ/ζ, κάτι που συνάδει με μειωμένη επαγωγική δράση της PTN στην αγγειογένεση της CAM εμβρύου όρνιθας. Τα δύο ρετινοειδή μείωσαν των αριθμό των ανθρώπινων ενδοθηλιακών κυττάρων φλέβας ομφαλίου λώρου (HUVEC) και των προστατικών καρκινικών κυττάρων LNCaP και PC3, με δοσο-εξαρτώμενο τρόπο. Σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις, το RA2SPM ήταν πιο αποτελεσματικό σε σχέση με το atRA. Η δράση και των δύο ρετινοειδών στα καρκινικά κύτταρα προστάτη ήταν μεγαλύτερη από τη δράση τους στα ενδοθηλιακά κύτταρα. Αυτές οι δράσεις φαίνεται να σχετίζονται με αύξηση των επιπέδων του mRNA του ογκοκαταστατλικού γονιδίου RARβ και από τις δύο ουσίες που μελετήθηκαν. Ενδιαφέρον είναι ότι η δράση του atRA και του RA2SPM βρέθηκε να διαμεσολαβείται από τον RARα και ήταν μεγαλύτερη στα PC3 κύτταρα, τα οποία δεν εκφράζουν τον RARβ και θεωρούνται πιο επιθετικά. Στα κύτταρα που εκφράζουν τον RARβ, δηλαδή στα HUVEC και στα LNCaP, οι δύο ουσίες ήταν λιγότερο αποτελεσματικές. Τέλος, τόσο το atRA όσο και το RA2SPM μείωσαν τα επίπεδα mRNA και πρωτεΐνης της PTN, η οποία είναι γνωστό πως παίζει σημαντικό ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη των καρκινικών κυττάρων προστάτη PC3. Συμπερασματικά, τα αποτελέσματα της παρούσας εργασίας υποδεικνύουν ότι το RA2SPM φαίνεται να είναι πιο αποτελεσματικό από το atRA στην αναστολή της αγγειογένεσης και της ανάπτυξης των καρκινικών κυττάρων προστάτη. Επίσης, καταδεικνύουν τον RARα ως τον υποδοχέα μέσω του οποίου τα δύο υπό μελέτη ρετινοειδή προκαλούν αύξηση της έκφρασης του RARβ και αναστολή της ανάπτυξης των καρκινικών κυττάρων προστάτη. / Retinoids constitute a large family of organic compounds structurally related to the naturally occurring vitamin A. All-trans-retinoic acid (atRA) is known to modulate a wide range of cellular biological processes through binding to and activation of its specific receptors, retinoic acid receptors (RAR) and retinoid X receptors α, β and γ. Retinoids are being used for the treatment of various diseases, ranging from acne vulgaris to acute promyelotic leukemia. Their use however is limited due to serious adverse effects and there is a great need for analogues with minimized adverse effects. Towards this direction, many analogues are being synthesized, among which N1,N12-bis(all-trans-retinoyl)spermine (RA2SPM), a conjugate of all-trans retinoic acid with spermine, which has been synthesized by the research group of Prof. D. Papaioannou at the Dept. of Chemistry of the University of Patras. In the present work, the effect of atRA and RA2SPM on angiogenesis and prostate cancer cell growth has been studied. ATRA dose-dependently inhibited angiogenesis in the chicken embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model, although its effect was lower that the previously shown effect of RA2SPM on the same system. Although atRA increased the expression of the angiogenic growth factor pleiotrophin (PTN) in the CAM, it decreased its interaction with its receptor RPTPβ/ζ, in line with a possible decreased effect of PTN in stimulating CAM angiogenesis. Both retinoids decreased the number of human umbilical vein endothelial (HUVEC) and prostate cancer LNCaP and PC3 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. In all cases, RA2SPM was more effective and potent compared with atRA and the effect of both retinoids on prostate cancer cells was higher than their corresponding effect on endothelial cells. These effects seem to be related to an increase of the mRNA of the RARβ tumour repressing gene by both substances tested. Interestingly, the effect of atRA and RA2SPM was mediated by RARα and was higher in PC3 cells that do not express RARβ and are considered more aggressive; in cells that express RARβ, i.e. HUVEC and LNCaP, both substances were less effective. Finally, both atRA and RA2SPM decreased mRNA and protein levels of PTN, which is known to be significant for prostate cancer PC3 cell growth. These data suggest that RA2SPM seems to be more effective than atRA in decreasing angiogenesis and prostate cancer cell growth and identify RARα as the receptor through which it causes RARβ up-regulation and decrease of prostate cancer cell growth.

Ce travail est composé de trois projets. Le premier projet a pour objectif de découvrir de nouveaux métabolites de la vitamine A. Il a consisté en la synthèse d’un analogue du rétinaldéhyde, portant une fonction azoture et permettant de suivre son devenir in vivo. Le second projet a consisté en l’élaboration de la sonde ATPP permettant l’analyse de l’ensemble des métabolites aldéhydiques d’un échantillon. La sonde permet un gain de sensibilité en LS-MS². Une analyse de sa biodistribution a été faite, et montre que la sonde ATPP, après injection intrapéritonéale, est distribuée in vivo. Concernant le troisième projet, un réactif de couplage homobifonctionnel « thiol-thiol » a été élaboré. Les produits du couplage ont montré une excellente stabilité plasmatique. Le réactif a d’abord été appliqué avec succès au couplage de petites molécules, puis au couplage d’un oligonucléotide modifié et d’un peptide. / This work consists of three projects. The first project aims to discover new metabolites of vitamin A. An analog of retinaldehyde, carrying an azide function was synthesized. It would allow to follow its fate in vivo. The second project consisted in the development of a probe allowing the analysis of all the aldehyde metabolites in a sample. The probe provides sensitivity gain in LS-MS². An analysis of its biodistribution has been done, and showed the ATPP probe is distributed after an intraperitoneal injection. Concerning the third project, a homobifunctional coupling reagent "thiol-to-thiol" has been developed. The coupling products showed excellent plasma stability. The reagent was first successfully applied to the coupling of small molecules and then to the coupling of a modified oligonucleotide and a peptide.

Neuroblastoma (NB) é a forma mais indiferenciada de tumores neuroblásticos e a principal causa de morte por câncer pediátrico. Alterações epigenéticas interagem em todas as etapas do desenvolvimento do câncer, promovendo a progressão tumoral. A remodelação da cromatina é influenciada pela acetilação de histonas e a metilação de DNA. Acetiltransferases de histona (HATs), desacetilases de histonas (HDAC) e metiltransferase de DNA (DNMTs) são alvos de estratégias terapêuticas em tumores. Os retinoides agem nas vias de diferenciação celular, anti-proliferação e pró-apoptose. Nesse trabalho, é proposto que a combinação desses moduladores epigenéticos e de diferenciação em linhagens de células de NB humano é mais efetiva que os agentes isolados. Os tratamentos induziram mudanças na expressão de marcadores de diferenciação e indiferenciação, como c-Myc, β-3tubulina, NeuN e Bmi1, e alterações morfológicas nas duas linhagens celulares utilizadas, SK-N-BE(2) e SH-SY5Y. Os dados encontrados podem contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos moleculares dos moduladores retinoides e epigenéticos em NB capazes de acrescentar melhorias nas atuais estratégias terapêuticas. / Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most undifferentiated form of neuroblastic tumors and the leading cause of death from pediatric cancer. Epigenetic changes interact at all stages of cancer development, promoting tumor progression. Chromatin remodeling is influenced by histone acetylation and DNA methylation. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone deacetylases (HDAC), and DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs) are targets for therapeutic strategies in cancer. Retinoids act on cell differentiation pathways and display anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic actions. In the present research we examined the effects of combining epigenetic modulators and a retinoid receptor agonist in human NB cells. The retinoid all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with inhibitors of either histone deacetylases (HDACs) or DNA methyltransferase was more effective than any drug given alone in impairing the proliferation of SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2) NB cells. In addition, the treatments induced differential changes in the expression of differentiation markers including c-Myc, β-3tubulin, NeuN and Bmi1, and morphological changes in SK-N-BE(2) e SH-SY5Y cell lines. The data contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of retinoid modulators and epigenetic in NB able to add improvements in current therapeutic strategies.

La vitamine A et ses dérivés actifs (les rétinoïdes) sont des molécules essentielles à la vie et ce dès la période embryonnaire. Molécules de choix dans de nombreuses applications thérapeutiques, notamment dans les domaines de la dermatologie et de l’ophtalmologie, elles sont le plus couramment utilisées pour leurs propriétés pro-cicatrisantes. Malgré cette utilisation courante en clinique, les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires permettant aux rétinoïdes de promouvoir un processus de cicatrisation restent encore mal connus. Afin de mieux appréhender ces mécanismes, mais aussi afin d’élargir leur utilisation clinique à la rupture prématurée des membranes (RPM), je me suis intéressée aux propriétés pro-cicatrisantes de l’atRA (l’un des dérivés actifs de la vitamine A) sur les membranes fœtales. Alors que l’amnios et le chorion sont physiologiquement incapables d’initier un processus de cicatrisation suite à une lésion, nos résultats démontrent un effet positif de l’atRA sur la migration des cellules épithéliales amniotiques (amniocytes primaires), conduisant ainsi à une potentialisation de la cicatrisation de plus de 80% in vitro. Ce travail, complété par une analyse transcriptomique réalisée sur des membranes fœtales et des amniocytes primaires traités ou non à l’atRA, a permis d’identifier de nombreux gènes régulés par l’atRA au sein de l’amnios et des amniocytes. Parmi ces gènes, je me suis intéressée à un membre de la famille des lysyl oxydases, LOXL4, qui joue un rôle clé dans la dynamique de la matrice extracellulaire en régulant la réticulation du collagène. Une étude de régulation transcriptionnelle associée à de la promotologie ont tout d’abord permis de montrer que l’atRA induisait l’expression du gène LOXL4 de manière directe. Puis, l’inhibition de la protéine LOXL4 lors de tests de blessure (par le β-aminopropionitrile et par un siARN spécifique) nous a permis de démontrer que l’effet pro-cicatrisant de l’atRA était médié, au moins en partie, par la rétino-induction deLOXL4. Ces nouveaux éléments apportés par ce travail dans la compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires utilisés par l’atRA afin de promouvoir la cicatrisation permettent d’envisager son utilisation future dans la prise en charge clinique des ruptures prématurées. / Vitamin A and its active derivates (retinoids) are essential molecules for life from the embryonic development to the adulthood. Because of these numerous functions and especially because of their pro-healing properties, they are commonly used in clinic in dermatology and ophthalmology in particular. Despite this routine clinical use, the molecular and cellular mechanisms used by retinoids to promote a healing process remain unclear. To better understand these mechanisms, but also to expand its clinical use to the premature rupture of fetal membranes (PROM), we looked to pro-healing properties of atRA (active derivative of vitamin A) on the human fetal membranes. While amnion and chorion are unable to initiate a physiological process of healing after injury, our results demonstrate a positive effect of atRA on the migration of primary amniocytes, leading to an healing improvement of up to 80% in vitro. This work, completed by a transcriptomic analysis performed on fetal membranes and primary amniocytes treated or not with atRA, allowed the identification of many genes regulated by atRA within the amnion and the amniocytes. Among these genes, we looked to a member of the lysyl oxidase family, LOXL4, which plays a key role in the dynamic of the extracellular matrix by regulating collagen crosslinking. First, transcription and promotology experiments have shown that atRA strongly induced the expression of LOXL4 in a direct manner. Then, the inhibition of the LOXL4 protein in scratch assay experiments (using β-aminopropionitrile or a specific siRNA) allowed us to demonstrate that the pro-healing effect of atRA was mediated, at least in part, by the retinoid-induction of this gene. Besides providing new elements to understand how atRA exerts their pro-healing properties, this work proposes atRA as a promising candidate to improve the clinical management of premature rupture of the fetal membranes by promoting re-epithelialization of the amnion.

Neuroblastoma (NB) é a forma mais indiferenciada de tumores neuroblásticos e a principal causa de morte por câncer pediátrico. Alterações epigenéticas interagem em todas as etapas do desenvolvimento do câncer, promovendo a progressão tumoral. A remodelação da cromatina é influenciada pela acetilação de histonas e a metilação de DNA. Acetiltransferases de histona (HATs), desacetilases de histonas (HDAC) e metiltransferase de DNA (DNMTs) são alvos de estratégias terapêuticas em tumores. Os retinoides agem nas vias de diferenciação celular, anti-proliferação e pró-apoptose. Nesse trabalho, é proposto que a combinação desses moduladores epigenéticos e de diferenciação em linhagens de células de NB humano é mais efetiva que os agentes isolados. Os tratamentos induziram mudanças na expressão de marcadores de diferenciação e indiferenciação, como c-Myc, β-3tubulina, NeuN e Bmi1, e alterações morfológicas nas duas linhagens celulares utilizadas, SK-N-BE(2) e SH-SY5Y. Os dados encontrados podem contribuir para uma melhor compreensão dos mecanismos moleculares dos moduladores retinoides e epigenéticos em NB capazes de acrescentar melhorias nas atuais estratégias terapêuticas. / Neuroblastoma (NB) is the most undifferentiated form of neuroblastic tumors and the leading cause of death from pediatric cancer. Epigenetic changes interact at all stages of cancer development, promoting tumor progression. Chromatin remodeling is influenced by histone acetylation and DNA methylation. Histone acetyltransferases (HATs), histone deacetylases (HDAC), and DNA methyltransferase (DNMTs) are targets for therapeutic strategies in cancer. Retinoids act on cell differentiation pathways and display anti-proliferation and pro-apoptotic actions. In the present research we examined the effects of combining epigenetic modulators and a retinoid receptor agonist in human NB cells. The retinoid all trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) combined with inhibitors of either histone deacetylases (HDACs) or DNA methyltransferase was more effective than any drug given alone in impairing the proliferation of SH-SY5Y and SK-N-BE(2) NB cells. In addition, the treatments induced differential changes in the expression of differentiation markers including c-Myc, β-3tubulin, NeuN and Bmi1, and morphological changes in SK-N-BE(2) e SH-SY5Y cell lines. The data contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of retinoid modulators and epigenetic in NB able to add improvements in current therapeutic strategies.