Introdução Análise da qualidade da água do reservatório Billings, situado na região Metropolitana de São Paulo, em decorrência do bombeamento de água proveniente de duas estações de Flotação experimentais, situadas no rio Pinheiros. Objetivo Analisar parâmetros de qualidade da água revertida para o reservatório Billings, sob o aspecto de poluição e toxicidade, objetivando a utilização deste reservatório para reúso recreacional e também para geração de energia na Usina Henry Borden em Cubatão. Metodologia Para a pesquisa quantitativa foram utilizados dados secundários, coletados ao longo de 22 de agosto de 2007 a 31 de maio de 2008, sendo este o período de funcionamento do sistema de flotação, nos pontos de amostragem convencionais e também nos pontos com monitoramento contínuo, em locais previamente estabelecidos. Resultados A análise indicou que o primeiro ponto de monitoramento dentro da represa sofre os efeitos diretos do bombeamento, o que não se constata nos pontos mais distantes do corpo central do reservatório. Apontou também a presença de alguns contaminantes importantes como chumbo e clorofórmio na água, em quantidade acima do permitido na legislação. Conclusão - A utilização do reservatório para reúso recreacional com contato primário está contra indicada e o bombeamento das águas para geração de energia pode ser mantido, uma vez que a qualidade de água para esta aplicação deverá ter baixa quantidade de sólidos, que são removidos pela flotação. Recomendações - Realização de estudos que contemplem a análise conjunta da influência dos benefícios oriundos do Programa de Despoluição do Tietê, em implantação pela Companhia de Saneamento Básico de São Paulo, e também do sistema de tratamento por flotação. Ajustes operacionais e adequações no sistema de flotação. Mapeamento e identificação de fontes de lançamento de esgotos diretamente no corpo da represa, e eliminação destas emissões clandestinas. Controle rigoroso da ocupação de áreas no entorno da Billings. / Introduction - A quality assessment of the water pumped from two experimental floating plants on the Pinheiros River into the Billings Reservoir, located in the Sao Paulo Metropolitan Region. Objective: To analyze quality parameters of the water pumped into the Billings Reservoir, scrutinizing both pollution and toxicity; with focus on the recreational use of the reservoir as well as generating energy at the Henry Borden Plant in the city of Cubatão. Methodology For the quantitative research, secondary data was collected from August 22, 2007 to May 31, 2008 the functioning period of the flotation systems. The data was gathered in conventional sampling points as well as pre-established continuous monitoring sampling points. Results - The assessment has indicated that the first monitoring point inside the reservoir is affected by the pumping, however, this fact does not occur in distant points located in the reservoirs central body. Some important pollutants such as lead and chloroform showed levels above allowed by law. Conclusion Primary contact for Recreational reuse is not indicated for this reservoir; however, the water pumping for energy generation can be kept, since the water for this application must have low quantities of solids. Recommendation Development of studies that assess both the resulting benefits of the Tiete River Clean-Up Project, implemented by The Sanitation Company of The State of Sao Paulo (SABESP), as well as Flotation Treatment System; Operational adjustments on Flotation System; Identify and eliminate underhand sewage discharged into the reservoir; Strict control of the occupied areas surrounding the Billings reservoir.

O intenso crescimento populacional associado à demanda excessiva de água, principalmente em grandes centros urbanos, tem comprometido de forma significativa os recursos hídricos tornando-os escassos em muitas regiões. Frente a este cenário a adoção de medidas que proporcionem a conservação da água nas diversas atividades nas quais ela é utilizada é de grande relevância. Neste contexto, medidas como o uso racional e a prática do reúso de água são opções que devem ser consideradas para combater a escassez induzida. No caso do reúso de água é possível utilizar efluentes, tratados ou não, como fonte alternativa às demandas para usos menos restritivos, preservando a água de melhor qualidade para aplicações mais nobres, como o consumo humano. Assim, neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade técnica da utilização de efluentes secundários submetidos ao tratamento complementar por membranas de ultrafiltração, do tipo fibra oca, para atendimento de demandas não potáveis em sistemas aeroportuários. O estudo foi desenvolvido através da operação de uma unidade piloto de membranas, instalada na saída do sistema de esgotamento sanitário do Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo/Guarulhos Governador André Franco Montoro. Por meio de ensaios específicos as condições ótimas de operação foram estabelecidas, pressão de 0,9 bar (90 kPa), frequência de retrolavagem de 40 minutos e frequência de limpeza de 200 h, sendo que a taxa de recuperação de água no sistema permaneceu em torno de 70%. O desempenho do sistema em relação à remoção de contaminantes foi avaliado verificando-se as porcentagens de remoção de Cor, Turbidez, DBO5,20, DQO, Carbono Orgânico Dissolvido, Absorbância de radiação UV (254 nm) e Coliformes Termotolerantes, obtendo-se remoções de 89%, 99%, 70%, 78%, 80%, 36% e 100%, respectivamente. Com base nos resultados das análises foi possível concluir que a água produzida pelo sistema de membranas apresenta potencial para atender aos seguintes usos não potáveis: irrigação de áreas verdes, descargas em bacias sanitárias e mictórios, lavagem de pitas e reserva para combate a incêndios. Como a água produzida pelo sistema de membranas apresentou concentrações elevadas de Nitrogênio Amoniacal, Fosfato e Matéria Orgânica recomenda-se um estudo mais detalhado da estação de tratamento biológico, antes de utilizar para atender a esse fim. / The excessive demand for water associated with intense population growth, principally in large urban centers, has significantly compromised water resources and transformed the situation in many regions to a scarcity status. Faced with this scenario, it is of great relevance to adopt measures that promote the conservation of water, through various activities and uses. In this context, rational water use and water reuse are measures that should be considered to tackle the induced shortage. In the case of water reuse, it is possible to use effluents, treated or untreated, as an alternate source for uses that have less stringent quality standards. This in turn, preserves the higher quality water for more demanding water uses, such as human consumption. In this study, we evaluated the technical feasibility of the use of secondary effluents, subjected to ultrafiltration membrane treatment (hollow fiber), to meet the non-potable demands of airport systems. The study was conducted with a pilot plant membrane, installed and operated at the sewage system discharge at the International Airport of São Paulo/Guarulhos Governor André Franco Montoro. Specific tests were conducted to establish optimum operation conditions: 0.9 bar (90 kPa) of pressure, a backwash frequency of 40 minutes, a cleaning frequency of 200 hours, and a recovery rate maintained around 70%. The system performance with respect to contaminant removal was evaluated by determining the percent removal of color, turbidity, BOD5, 20, COD, dissolved organic carbon, UV Absorbance (254 nm), and coliform, which yielded removals of 89%, 99%, 70%, 78%, 80%, 36%, and 100%, respectively. Based on analysis results, it was concluded that the water produced by the membrane system has the potential to supply the following non-potable uses: irrigation of green areas, discharges in toilets and urinals, floor washing, and firefighting reserves. As the water produced by the membrane system had high concentrations of ammoniacal nitrogen, phosphate, and organic matter, a more detailed study is recommended before using the effluent in cooling towers.

Context:The interface development is increasing in complexity and applications with a lot of functionalities that are reliable, understandable and easy to use have to be developed. To be able to compete, the time-to-market has to be short and cost effective. The development process is important and there are a lot of aspects that can be improved. The needs of the development and the knowledge among the developers are key factors. Here code reuse, standardization and the usability of the development tool plays an important role which could have a lot of positive impact on the development process and the quality of the final product. Objectives: A framework for describing important properties for HMI development tools is presented. A representative collection of two development tools are selected, described and based on the experiences from the case study its applicability is mapped to the evaluation framework. Methods: Interviews were made with HMI developers to get information from the field. Following that, a case study of two different development tools were made to highlight the pros and cons of each tool. Results: The properties presented in the evaluation framework are that the toolkit should be open for multiple platforms, accessible for the developer, it should support custom templates, require non-extensive coding knowledge and be reusable. The evaluated frameworks shows that it is hard to meet all the demands. Conclusions: To find a well suited development toolkit is not an easy task. The choice should be made depending on the needs of the HMI applications and the available development resources. / Sammanhang: Human-Machine-Interface (HMI) utvecklingen ökar i komplexitet och behovet av att snabbt producera funktionella, intuitiva och lättanvända applikationer ökar. Det finns flera aspekter som kan öka effektiviteten av utvecklingen och det är viktigt att veta vilka behov som ställs på applikationerna och vilka begränsningar som finns bland utvecklarna. Återanvändning av kod, standardisering och hur användarvänligt utvecklingsverktyget är är viktiga faktorer som påverkar utveckling och slutproduktens kvalité. Mål: Att jämföra olika HMI utvecklingsverktyg baserat på olika kriterier som, efter intervjuer, visade sig var viktiga. Två representativa utvecklingsverktyg har valts för utvärderingen. Metod: Intervjuer hölls för att höra om erfarenheter från HMI-utveckling. Efter det så gjordes en fall studie av två olika utvecklingsverktyg för att utvärdera deras för och nackdelar. Resultat: Intervjuerna resulterade i att flera viktiga kategorier kunde tas fram. De visade att utvecklingsverktyget bör kunna användas för att utveckla applikationer för flera plattformar, vara lättillgängligt för utvecklare, tillåta egna mallar och designer, inte kräva mycket programmering och att komponenter ska kunna återanvändas. Fallstudien visade att det är svårt att till fullo uppfylla alla krav. Slutsats: Det går inte att hitta ett utvecklings verktyg som är bäst i alla situationer. Det är därför viktigt att man tar hänsyn till vad man vill utveckla och vilken kunskap som finns tillgänglig och väljer ett utvecklingsverktyg som passar behoven.

Today's information society is facing constant new challenges, one of which is how the public sector gives out information to their citizens. Sweden has long been a pioneer when it comes to openness and transparency. According to a study by the European Commission, Sweden is a well-functioning digital society, while the digital transparency and the openness to the public sector is still lower than other countries. The problem is that Sweden's public sector has not kept up with developments regarding the work with open data over the years and it has taken place in a decentralized manner. Timothy Berners-Lee, a British computer engineer and founder of the World Wide Web, advocates open linked data and addresses data owners to release their data as soon as possible, regardless of format. This study is based on Timothy's theory of open data and contains a literature study, a survey and a proof-of-concept model. The purpose of this study is to make a technical analysis of open data in Sweden’s public organizations and to be able to present a situational picture, as there are few technical studies about it. According to this study Timothy's theory is fully applicable in Sweden and there are several factors that the public sector should take notice of in the event of publication of data on the Internet. The technical potential for Sweden to comply with the EU-directive already exists and the biggest pitfalls have been the lack of knowledge from certain authorities and certain legal obstacles. The Swedish government needs to do a larger national effort to centralize the work with open data in order to turn Sweden into a leading country in terms of digital transparency and openness once again. / Dagens informationssamhälle står inför ständigt nya utmaningar, en av dessa är hur offentlig sektor ger ut information till medborgare. Sverige har länge varit ett föregångsland när det gäller öppenhet och transparens. Enligt en undersökning från Europeiska kommissionen är Sverige ett välutvecklat digitalt land, medan den digitala transparensen och insynen hos den offentliga sektorn fortfarande är lägre än hos andra länder. Problemet är att Sveriges offentliga sektor inte har följt med i utvecklingen gällande öppna data och arbetet har under åren skett på ett decentraliserat sätt. Timothy Berners-Lee, en engelsk dataingenjör och grundare till World Wide Web, förespråkar öppna länkad data och syftar till att dataägare ska frisläppa deras datalöpande, oavsett format. Denna studie baseras på Timothys teori gällande öppna data och har genomförts med hjälp av en litteraturstudie, enkätundersökning och en proof-of-concept modell. Syftet med studien är att göra en teknisk analys av öppna data i Sverige för att kunna presentera status för detta i en nulägesbild då det finns väldigt få konkreta studier om det. Enligt denna studie är Timothys teori fullt applicerbar i Sverige och det finns flertalet faktorer den offentliga sektorn bör ta i anspråk vid publicering av data för vidareutnyttjande på Internet. Den tekniska potentialen för Sverige att uppfylla EU-direktivet finns redan och de största fallgroparna är kunskapsbrist eller juridiska hinder. Styrande organ i Sverige behöver göra en större nationell satsning för att centralisera arbetet med öppna data så landet återigen kan bli ett föregångsland när det gäller digital transparens och öppenhet.

Bromide and nitrogen are wastewater effluent constituents that have raised concern for their potential to affect disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation at drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) downstream of wastewater discharges. Despite the toxicity of brominated and nitrogenous DBPs, wastewater treatment does not usually remove bromide and nitrogen prior to discharge. Bromide is a conservative chemical and thus is not removed from surface waters via natural transformations after being released, although it may be diluted. Nitrogen is biologically reactive; it can be transformed and removed by bacteria in the environment and in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). While this nitrogen cycling may reduce impacts on downstream DWTPs, it also produces nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas, as a byproduct. Thus, interaction with the environment alters the potential impact of bromide and nitrogen on drinking water systems. The objective of this work was to examine the impacts of nitrogen and bromide present in wastewater effluent on DBP formation at downstream DWTPs, within the context of current and possible future DBP regulations. Three major conclusions were reached. First, within Southwestern Pennsylvania, an area where surface water bromide concentrations have increased due to fossil fuel extraction-based wastewater discharge, no statistically significant improvement in species-specific risk was observed over the past 20 years, despite decreasing TTHM levels. Second, nitrogen treatment decisions at WWTPs influence the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), an unregulated but toxic DBP, at downstream DWTPs in areas of high de facto reuse (DFR). More plants using nitrifying wastewater treatment resulted in significantly lower NDMA detection rates and concentrations observed at chloraminating DWTPs located downstream. Third, the current approach to estimating national emissions of N2O related to wastewater treatment may underestimate emissions by an order of magnitude. Further, nitrogen removal at wastewater treatment plants reduces total N2O emissions attributable to wastewater treatment by reducing the N2O that would be generated in receiving surface waters. Thus, in both cases, impacts of WWTPs on downstream DWTP DBPs were observable. While natural cycling may remove nitrogen from surface water, in-plant removal of nitrogen prevents large amounts of N2O emissions.

There is no consensus on why Ezekiel 20 differs so strongly from the other historical traditions and texts known from the Torah. Are the authors simply purposefully selective in their reuse of earlier ‘historical' material, or do they offer a synopsis of all the material available to them, inadvertently preserving a particular stage in the development of the pentateuchal material? Or, more likely, is the answer somewhere in between? It is these questions that the present study begins to answer. Part One offers an analysis of the general linguistic influences of the priestly, Holiness, and deuteronomic corpora on Ezekiel 20, demonstrating that the impact of all three has been overstated. Part Two, the core of the study, examines in detail four texts of the Torah which share a statistically significant number and type of locutions with Ezekiel 20: Numbers 13-14; Exodus 6.2-8; Exodus 31.12-17; and Leviticus 26. Across these texts, both unilateral and bilateral literary reuse of or by Ezekiel 20 is established, and the ramifications for the composition and rhetoric of both the Torah texts and Ezekiel 20 is explored in detail. Part Three synthesises these findings, confirming that, and describing how, Ezekiel 20 compositionally interacts with the priestly and Holiness writings, offering insight into the extent and nature of a stratified, likely independent P. Three prevailing models of the composition of the Torah are then examined for points of continuity and discontinuity with this picture, with the result that none of them are able to account for all of the data collected herein. In sum, it is no longer sufficient to consider the literary dependencies between Ezekiel 20 and the priestly or Holiness material, let alone Ezekiel and the Torah, as mono-directional.

Abstract The objective of this study is to demonstrate an ecological and economic recovery process, which was developed and implemented at Stora Enso Oyj Fine Paper Oulu mill during the period 2000 to 2002. The ECO plant recovers the material called ECO pigment from the effluent treatment sludge and it can be used as a filler in multicoated fine paper production for art printing purposes. The ECO plant process consists of the following process stages. First, there is a separating phase for the recoverable material from fibres and other rejects, which is done with a wire washer. Then the fractionating of the recoverable material is performed with two-stage centrifugal cleaners. Chemical treatment with peracetic acid is used as a preservative and to increase the brightness of the ECO pigment a little. Then the recoverable material is stored in the pigment storage area and dosed to the paper machines as a filler. The rejects from the ECO plant are thickened in belt filter presses and then transferred to the bark storage area, where they are mixed with bark and combusted in a solid fuel boiler. The majority of the particles of the recovered ECO pigment were less than 45 μm; this size of particle accounted for 96.4% (on average) according to the studies made between June and December 2002. The use of ECO pigment is not found to cause more web defect problems on the base paper than before, according to the studies of the number of total web defects with the achieved particle size distribution and because the microbe content has been controlled. There are three sources from which the ash content of the base paper is composed after the start-up of the ECO plant, i.e. the broke, the virgin filler and ECO pigment. Therefore the use of ECO pigment partly decreases the need to use virgin filler. The ECO pigment was tested in the coating colour in pilot tests, and based on these results it could be used in the coating colour. The dry solid content of the ECO pigment has to be increased from the present level for the coating application.

How do we introduce new buildings in complex urban environments? Urbanist Jan Gehl (2010:97) argues that rapid developments in building technologies, social and economical sciences have resulted in an unprecedented amount of urban areas transforming into stand alone buildings. This phenomenon describes the shifting focus of architectural ideals from masterfully detailed buildings nested in an urban context to monstrous rapidly-erected ‘visionary’ districts. The voids of the city, generally disregarded and under appreciated in the greater context of Pretoria CBD, are taken as the containers of contextually relevant informants which can be extracted and utilised in a contextual response to site. Due to the vague nature of these empty spaces, they provide opportunities for new processes to unfold. By treating unprogrammed and ancillary space with the same importance as programmed space, the architecture does not stand alone, but exists in a symbiotic relationship with its surroundings, achieving a truly contextual response. The objective of the thesis is to identify the emergent processes which are occurring on the site on the corner of Paul Kruger and Struben Street - a void rooted in the gaps of existing institutions. Once identified, these processes are then extrapolated and transformed to be utilised as tools for catalytic changes, resisting a strategic approach to regeneration. The result of the contextual understanding is realised in the design of an urban place of education, borrowing from existing processes and providing an enriching layer to the urban environment. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / Unrestricted

Though constructed less than 60 years ago, the Berrals building, situated in the Tshwane Inner City has been identified as a place of historical and national significance. Its importance can be attributed to the designer, Wynand Smit of the architectural firm Smit and Viljoen, who contributed to the establishment of Pretoria Regionalism in the Transvaal (Gerneke 1998:216) and the fact that the building is one of only a few remaining examples of the Brazilian influence on Pretoria Regionalism during the 1950’s. At this point in time the structure is in dire need of an intervention due to its deteriorating state. The strong modern heritage of the building required recognition in the proposed intervention and a study of modern principles and its regional mutations became paramount in determining a suitable design intervention. The study functions as a tool to determine which components of the building, as a modern icon, requires preserving, as well as what the design approach will need to consider in terms of interacting with the modern structure when a suitable new program is inserted into the building. Copyright 2008, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bezuidenhout, L 2008, Urban [i]scape : information centre, MInt(Prof) dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-11262008-222534 / > C137/eo / Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Architecture / unrestricted

The thesis challenges how the existing fabric can be adapted and transformed to generate similar benefits to that of a new construction. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Architecture / unrestricted