Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technologae: Chemical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY 2014 / Most softdrink industries in developing countries are moving towards wastewater reuse or recycling. Water and wastewater reutilization, costs of treatment and disposal guidelines, remain the most critical factors for the development of sustainable water use for softdrink industries. Wastewater reuse or recycle has potential in the softdrink industry, depending on the wastewater characteristics’ concentration and volume. During this study, an integrated laboratory scale anaerobic/aerobic sidestream membrane bioreactor (MBR) system was used for treating softdrink industry wastewater (SDIW). The aim was to evaluate the system’s performance, and identify potential opportunities to recycle the water, and therefore reduce freshwater intake and minimise wastewater production. The objectives were to: evaluate: 1) treatment efficiencies for the individual stages; 2) biogas production in the anaerobic stage; and 3) the overall performance of the integrated system under different operating conditions. The SDIW used in this study was classified as medium to high strength wastewater with a total chemical oxygen demand (CODt) ranging between 2 242 and 11 717 mg/L and a biological oxygen demand (BOD) of up to 1 150 mg/L. The major pollutants in the SDIW were caustic soda; dissolved sugars, namely fructose (1 071 mg/L) and sucrose (6 900 mg/L); with the pH ranging between 6.1 and 12. The SDIW was characterized by total suspended solids (TSS) of 66 mg/L, as well as fats, oils and greases (FOG) of 40 mg/L. The maximum turbidity and colour was 65.3 NTU and 42 mg Pt/L, respectively. All the physiochemical properties and inorganic parameters were within the within the City of Cape Town’s (CCT’s) industrial wastewater quality discharge standards by-law (South Africa, 2006). Excluding the total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) with maximum values were 1 050 mg/L and 1 483 μS/cm, respectively. Anaerobic pre-treatment of this SDIW was studied using a laboratory-scale expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor maintained at mesophilic temperature of between 35 to 37˚C. An organic loading rate (OLR), upflow velocity (Vup) and hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 10.9 kg COD/m3d, 0.85 m/h and ~11.8 h, respectively, resulting in COD treatment efficiencies of up to 93% CODt. An increase in nitrate (NO3-) in the EGSB product stream was an indication of an anaerobic ammonium (NH4+) oxidation (ANAMMOX) process. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of SDIW in the EGSB resulted in biogas production with methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen (N2), and oxygen (O2), concentrations of up to 70%, 11%, 14.8%, and 4.1%, respectively. At the OLR and Vup of 10.9 kg COD/m3d and 0.85 m/h, respectively, the EGSB produced 16.7 L/d of biogas. The EGSB anaerobic pre-treatment resulted in stable treatment efficiencies for the removal of organic constituents, as well as biogas production without adding an external carbon source. The MBR post-treatment satisfactorily operated at a feed flowrate of up to 33.7 L/d, OLR of 2.3 and 3.1 kg COD/m3d for the anoxic and aerobic zones, respectively, and an HRT of approximately 0.41 h for both zones. The average CODt removal achieved was 86%. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration of 2.1 mg/L in the anoxic zone combined with an aeration rate and DO concentration of 11.8 L/min and 5.7 mg/L, in the aerobic zone resulted in NH4+; NO3-; and orthophosphate (PO43-), removal rates up to 90%; 55% and 39%, respectively. However, the MBR post-treatment did not decrease the orthophosphate concentration to within the SANS 241:2011 drinking water standards. The integrated EGSB-MBR treatment for SDIW was able to achieve an overall CODt removal efficiency of up to 94%. Although the MBR performance was successful the EC, TDS, PO43-, and colour concentrations in the ultrafiltration (UF) permeate did not meet the CCT’s industrial wastewater standards by-law (2006) as well as the SANS’ drinking water standards 241:2011 and required further treatment for reuse.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Technology: Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology 2014 / This thesis focuses on the design, development and real-time simulation of a robust nonlinear networked control for the dissolved oxygen concentration as part of the wastewater distributed systems. This concept differs from previous methods of wastewater control in the sense that the controller and the wastewater treatment plants are separated by a wide geographical distance and exchange data through a communication medium. The communication network introduced between the controller and the DO process creates imperfections during its operation, as time delays which are an object of investigation in the thesis. Due to the communication network imperfections, new control strategies that take cognisance of the network imperfections in the process of the controller design are needed to provide adequate robustness for the DO process control system. This thesis first investigates the effects of constant and random network induced time delays and the effects of controller parameters on the DO process behaviour with a view to using the obtained information to design an appropriate controller for the networked closed loop system. On the basis of the above information, a Smith predictor delay compensation controller is developed in the thesis to eliminate the deadtime, provide robustness and improve the performance of the DO process. Two approaches are adopted in the design of the Smith predictor compensation scheme. The first is the transfer function approach that allows a linearized model of the DO process to be described in the frequency domain. The second one is the nonlinear linearising approach in the time domain. Simulation results reveal that the developed Smith predictor controllers out-performed the nonlinear linearising controller designed for the DO process without time delays by compensating for the network imperfections and maintaining the DO concentration within a desired acceptable level. The transfer function approach of designing the Smith predictor is found to perform better under small time delays but the performance deteriorates under large time delays and disturbances. It is also found to respond faster than the nonlinear approach. The nonlinear feedback linearisig approach is slower in response time but out-performs the transfer function approach in providing robustness and performance for the DO process under large time delays and disturbances. The developed Smith predictor compensation schemes were later simulated in a real-time platform using LabVIEW. The Smith predictor controllers developed in this thesis can be applied to other process control plants apart from the wastewater plants, where distributed control is required. It can also be applied in the nuclear reactor plants where remote control is required in hazardous conditions. The developed LabVIEW real-time simulation environment would be a valuable tool for researchers and students in the field of control system engineering. Lastly, this thesis would form the basis for further research in the field of distributed wastewater control.

Neste trabalho, duas preparações de lipase imobilizada (EC 3.1.1.3), tipo B (CALB) de Candida antarctica, foram comparadas como biocatalisadores na síntese de ésteres metílicos. CALB imobilizada comercialmente (Novozym 435 - CALB-435) e CALB imobilizada em esferas de estireno-divinilbenzeno (CALB-MCI) foram testadas para as reações de transesterificação. Um delineamento composto central rotacional (DDCR) e metodologia de superfície de resposta (MSR) foram utilizados para otimizar a relação razão molar álcool:óleo, teor de enzimas, e a água adicionada nas reações. As duas preparações de enzimas mostraram diferentes condições ótimas para a produção de ésteres metílicos, com a taxa inicial da reação de 51,47 mmol L-1 h-1 para CALB-435, e 57 mmol L-1 h-1 para CALB-MCI. O estudo do tempo de reação indicou que em 72 h foi possível obter conversões próximas a 100 % para ambos os derivados. Um alto rendimento de conversão foi obtido sob as condições otimizadas, indicando que a RSM pode ser usada para descrever adequadamente a relação entre os parâmetros de reação e da resposta (teor de ésteres metílicos). Sobre a estabilidade operacional durante as experiências de reutilização, ambos preparados enzimáticos mantiveram 70 % de sua atividade inicial após oito bateladas, sugerindo sua aplicabilidade na produção de biodiesel. / In this work two preparations of immobilized lipase (EC 3.1.1.3), type B (CALB) from Candida antarctica, were compared as biocatalysts in the synthesis of esters. Commercial Novozym 435 (CALB-435) and CALB immobilized on styrene-divinylbenzene beads (CALB-MCI) were tested for the transesterification reactions. Central composite design rotational (DCCR) and response surface methodology (RSM) were used to optimize the substrate molar ratio, enzyme content, and the added water. The two enzyme preparations have shown different optimal conditions for the production of methyl esters, with initial rates of reaction 51.47 mmol L-1 h-1 for CALB-435, and 57 mmol L-1 h-1 for CALB-MCI. The study of reaction time indicated that in 72 h it was possible to obtain conversions close to 100 % for both derivatives. A high yield conversion was obtained under the optimized conditions, indicating that RSM can be used to adequately describe the relationship between the reaction parameters and the response (yield conversion) in lipase-catalyzed biodiesel synthesis. Over the operational stability during experiments of batch reuse, both prepared enzymatic maintained 70 % of their initial activity after eight batches, suggesting their potential for economical application on biodiesel production.

A reutilização aumenta e valoriza o ciclo de vida dos produtos sem necessidade da desintegração do material, proporcionando um destino adequado e o aproveitamento da configuração formal, da energia e matéria-prima agregadas e das propriedades inerentes ao produto que é descartado. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar e propor parâmetros técnicos de resistência, absorção, recobrimentos e corte a laser, visando possibilitar a reutilização de tubos de papelão, provenientes de descarte, no desenvolvimento de produtos. Por meio do panorama sobre o descarte deste material no recorte geográfico da cidade de Porto Alegre, realizado através de visitas a empresas dos segmentos de confeccção e gráfico, selecionou-se como padrão de tubo a ser pesquisado o de diâmetro interno 76,2mm (encontrado geralmente nas espessuras 3mm, 4mm, 5mm e 6,5mm), cujo destino recorrente é o recolhimento por catadores de materiais recicláveis. Para a realização dos ensaios técnicos, efetuou-se a coleta dos tubos até ser atingida a quantidade necessária, aferiram-se suas medidas e confeccionaram-se os corpos de prova. Em seguida, após a caracterização do material através de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e análise termogravimétrica (ATG), foram realizados ensaios técnicos de resistência à compressão axial e diametral; flambagem; absorção de água; testes de recobrimento, corte a laser e experimentações sobre métodos de união. Como resultados, a temperatura de combustão, identificada na ATG, indica que até os 210°C existe uma faixa de segurança na utilização dos tubos. Pelos resultados dos ensaios de compressão axial e diametral, concluiu-se que que a direção mais adequada e com maior relevância de utilização dos tubos de papelão é a vertical, com o sentido da carga aplicado paralelamente à seção transversal. O ensaio de flambagem permitiu verificar que as falhas apresentadas não são repentinas; a amostra permaneceu estável, já que não houve ruptura súbita. No teste de absorção de água, constatou-se que os tubos são higroscópicos, necessitando de impermeabilização; para reconhecer um material de recobrimento adequado para os tubos de papelão, refez-se o ensaio de absorção de água com os tubos revestidos por tintas e vernizes à base de água. O melhor resultado foi apresentado pelo verniz marítimo em três demãos, revestimento que foi analisado por MEV. Após ensaios técnicos, foram realizados experimentos de corte a laser e métodos de união dos tubos. Concluiu-se a viabilidade da aplicação da tecnologia de corte a laser no material, determinando-se a potência e velocidades adequadas para o corte mais eficiente em cada espessura; e os métodos de união estudados possibilitam elaborar uma variedade de combinações aplicáveis na configuração de produtos. Por fim, acredita-se que o estudo e reconhecimento de características peculiares de novos materiais é um ponto determinante para a inserção destes no Design. / The reuse increases and enhances the life cycle of the product without the disintegration of the material, providing a correct destination and use of formal configuration, energy and raw material and aggregate properties inherent to the product or material that is discarded. This study aims to identify the technical parameters of resistance, absorption, coatings and laser cutting to reuse cardboard tubes, from disposal in product development. Through the overview of the disposal of this material in the city of Porto Alegre, conducted through visits to businesses in the segments of clothing and printing industry, was selected as standard tube to be researched the inner diameter of 76,2mm (found usually in thicknesses 3mm, 4mm, 5mm and 6,5mm), whose destination is the collection by waste pickers. For conducting technical trials, performed the collection tubes until reach the required amount, have assessed up your measurements and sewed up the specimens. Then, after the characterization of the material by scanning thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA ) and electron microscopy (MEV), technical tests of resistance to axial and diametrical compression, buckling, water absorption, coating testing, laser cutting and experiments on joining methods were performed. As a result, the combustion temperature the ATG identified, indicates that even at 210°C there is a range of safety of the tubes. The results of the tests diametral and axial compression, it was concluded that the most appropriate and most important use of paper tubes is the vertical direction, with the direction of the load applied parallel to the cross-section. The buckling test has shown that the problems presented are not sudden, the sample remained stable, since there was no sudden break. In the water absorption test, it was found that the pipes are hygroscopic, requiring waterproofing; to recognize a material suitable for coating cardboard tubes, the water absorption test is remade and tubes were coated with paints and varnishes water-based. The best result was presented by three coats of marine varnish, coating was analyzed by MEV. After technical tests, experiments of laser cutting and joining methods were performed. The conclusion of the feasibility of applying laser cutting technology in the material, determining the appropriate speed and power for efficient cutting each thickness, and the possible joining methods studied prepare a variety of combinations applyable on a product’s configuration. Finally, it’s believed that the recognition and study of specific characteristics of new materials is a key factor on its insertion in product design.

A Osmose Inversa (OI) é amplamente utilizada nos processos de desmineralização, onde são utilizados módulos espirais que após 3 a 5 anos de uso são descartados devido à queda de seu desempenho. Estes módulos ainda podem ser reaproveitados em tratamentos que não exijam um efluente final com qualidade tão elevada, como por exemplo, em correntes de reuso. Um efluente com potencial para ser reutilizado é a purga, a qual é drenada da bacia da torre de resfriamento com a finalidade de reduzir a concentração de sais e outras impurezas da água de recirculação. Estes processos industriais utilizam grandes quantidades de água, sendo de grande importância estudos que visem o seu reaproveitamento. Uma alternativa seria o tratamento desta corrente utilizando as membranas de OI descartadas, porém um fator limitante é a qualidade do efluente que irá alimentar os módulos de OI descartados, devido à pequena espessura dos canais de alimentação. A proposta deste trabalho foi ajustar o pré-tratamento para um sistema de filtração com membranas de OI descartadas com o objetivo de tratar e reutilizar a corrente de purga de uma torre de resfriamento, como água de reposição. Foram avaliados como pré-tratamentos processos de coagulação/floculação, filtração com filtro de areia,sorção com carvão ativado comercial e combinações destes. A avaliação da eficiência dos tratamentos foi realizada através de análises de pH, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, dureza total, DQO, sílica e SDI. Após cada pré-tratamento, o efluente tratado foi alimentado no sistema de OI, avaliando-se o fluxo de permeado, permeabilidade hidráulica, retenção salina e a propensão ao fouling, para, então, determinar a eficiência do tratamento proposto. O permeado foi analisado e os parâmetros foram comparados com a água de reposição utilizada na torre de resfriamento. Verificou-se que o melhor tratamento obtido foi utilizando a coagulação/floculação seguida do filtro de areia, apresentando SDI5 5,5 e turbidez de 0,3 NTU; o processo de sorção com carvão ativado não demonstrou bons resultados para as condições testadas. Através das análises das membranas utilizadas para as medidas de SDI e dos valores dos contaminantes presentes após os pré-tratamentos, pôde-se perceber uma diminuição de incrustações referentes aos teores de sílica e dureza, principais causadores de fouling, indicando uma melhora na qualidade da corrente de purga pré-tratada, que apresentou características adequadas para alimentação do sistema de OI. Ainda, as membranas de OI apresentaram uma retenção salina em torno de 97% e as análises dos permeados obtidos indicaram valores de contaminantes inferiores aos da água de reposição da torre, demonstrando a possibilidade de reutilização. / Reverse Osmosis (RO) is widely used in demineralization processes, where spiral wound modules are used, which after 3-5 years are discarded to lose their performance. However, these modules can be reused for treatments that do not require final effluent with so high quality. The blowdown is drained from the basin of the cooling tower in order to reduce the concentration of salts and other impurities from recirculating water. These industrial processes use large quantities of water, so it’s important to study reuse possibilities. An alternative would be treating this stream using RO discarded membranes, but some limiting factors are the quality of the feed water and the thin feed channels. Thus, the aim of the study is to set a pretreatment to a RO system that uses discarded membranes from the demineralization process to treat the blowdown stream of a cooling tower, with will reuse as make-up water. Steps of coagulation and flocculation, sand filter filtration, sorption with activated carbon and combinations of these were proposed as pre-treatments. Analysis of pH, conductivity, turbidity, total hardness, COD, silica and SDI were used to evaluate the efficiency of the pretreatments. After each proposed pre-treatment, the treated effluent was tested in RO system and the permeate flow, salt retention and hydraulic permeability were evaluated to identify the presence of fouling and the membranes performance. Also the permeate analysis were compared with the makeup water used in the cooling tower. The sand filter as only step treatment is not effective for good treatment of the stream, obtaining the best result when coupled with coagulation/flocculation process. The GAC had not shown good results for the tested conditions. RO discarded membranes presented high salt retention, about 97% and analysis of the permeates indicate the reuse possibility. Through MEV and EDS analysis of SDI membranes, we could notice a decrease of scale related to silica and hardness, which are the main cause of fouling, indicating an improvement of the quality of the treated stream, which presents suitable characteristics for feed RO systems with discarded modules.

abstract: Today, we use resources faster than they can be replaced. Construction consumes more resources than any other industry and has one of the largest waste streams. Resource consumption and waste generation are expected to grow as the global population increases. The circular economy (CE) is based on the concept of a closed-loop cycle (CLC) and proposes a solution that, in theory, can eliminate the environmental impacts caused by construction and demolition (C&D) waste and increase the efficiency of resources’ use. In a CLC, building materials are reused, remanufactured, recycled, and reintegrated into other buildings (or into other sectors) without creating any waste. Designing out waste is the core principle of the CE. Design for disassembly or design for deconstruction (DfD) is the practice of planning the future deconstruction of a building and the reuse of its materials. Concepts like DfD, CE, and product-service systems (PSS) can work together to promote CLC in the built environment. PSS are business models based on stewardship instead of ownership. CE combines DfD, PSS, materials’ durability, and materials’ reuse in multiple life cycles to promote a low-carbon, regenerative economy. CE prioritizes reuse over recycling. Dealing with resource scarcity demands us to think beyond the incremental changes from recycling waste; it demands an urgent, systemic, and radical change in the way we design, build, and procure construction materials. This dissertation aims to answer three research questions: 1) How can researchers estimate the environmental benefits of reusing building components, 2) What variables are susceptible to affect the environmental impact assessment of reuse, and 3) What are the barriers and opportunities for DfD and materials’ reuse in the current design practice in the United States. The first part of this study investigated how different life cycle assessment (LCA) methods (i.e., hybrid LCA and process-based LCA), assumptions (e.g., reuse rates, transportation distances, number of reuses), and LCA timelines can affect the results of a closed-loop LCA. The second part of this study built on interviews with architects in the United States to understand why DfD is not part of the current design practice in the country. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Civil, Environmental and Sustainable Engineering 2018

abstract: The influence of climate variability and reclaimed wastewater on the water supply necessitates improved understanding of the treatability of trace and bulk organic matter. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) mobilized during extreme weather events and in treated wastewater includes natural organic matter (NOM), contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), and microbial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). The goal of my dissertation was to quantify the impacts of extreme weather events on DOM in surface water and downstream treatment processes, and to improve membrane filtration efficiency and CECs oxidation efficiency during water reclamation with ozone. Surface water quality, air quality and hydrologic flow rate data were used to quantify changes in DOM and turbidity following dust storms, flooding, or runoff from wildfire burn areas in central Arizona. The subsequent impacts to treatment processes and public perception of water quality were also discussed. Findings showed a correlation between dust storm events and change in surface water turbidity (R2=0.6), attenuation of increased DOM through reservoir systems, a 30-40% increase in organic carbon and a 120-600% increase in turbidity following severe flooding, and differing impacts of upland and lowland wildfires. The use of ozone to reduce membrane fouling caused by vesicles (a subcomponent of EPS) and oxidize CECs through increased hydroxyl radical (HO●) production was investigated. An "ozone dose threshold" was observed above which addition of hydrogen peroxide increased HO● production; indicating the presence of ambient promoters in wastewater. Ozonation of CECs in secondary effluent over titanium dioxide or activated carbon did not increase radial production. Vesicles fouled ultrafiltration membranes faster (20 times greater flux decline) than polysaccharides, fatty acids, or NOM. Based upon the estimated carbon distribution of secondary effluent, vesicles could be responsible for 20-60% of fouling during ultrafiltration and may play a vital role in other environmental processes as well. Ozone reduced vesicle-caused membrane fouling that, in conjunction with the presence of ambient promoters, helps to explain why low ozone dosages improve membrane flux during full-scale water reclamation. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Civil and Environmental Engineering 2014

Diverting urine from faeces or mixed wastewater and reusing it to fertilize crops, is a traditional method used in Asia. It is also a contemporary approach to sustainable nutrient and water management in Scandinavia and other parts of Europe. Urine diversion and reuse is a proven socio-technical system that has significant potential benefits on both a local and global scale, such as recirculating scarce plant nutrients like phosphorus back to agriculture, reducing eutrophication of waterways and improving water and sanitation systems. This thesis explores the nature of these benefits in Australia and the global context and what barriers would need to be overcome if a urine diversion and reuse system were implemented in Australia to achieve significant environmental benefits. These questions are investigated through stakeholder interviews in Sweden, to identify the ‘lessons learnt’ from the Swedish experience with urine diversion and reuse, and, through interviews with relevant stakeholders in Australia to identify possible barriers and opportunities, costs and benefits, and roles and responsibilities in the Australian context. Findings from both the stakeholder interviews are triangulated with other sources of knowledge, such as the literature, personal communications and a qualitative assessment of costs and benefits. This thesis found that while urine diversion is likely to benefit the Australia situation and warrants further research, these benefits are fragmented and spread across a range of discourses and separate institutions. Its acceptance and effective introduction into Australia might therefore be challenged by its lack of a single obvious organisational home. To overcome this and other identified challenges, several recommendations are made. For example, an Australian demonstration trial of urine diversion and reuse is recommended where clear drivers and opportunities exist, such as: in new developments adjacent to agricultural land; in regions where algal blooms are a critical problem and are predominantly caused by municipal sewage discharges; and where synergies with waterless urinals are being considered for water conservation value. This thesis does not promote urine diversion and reuse as the ‘silver bullet’ to Australia’s water and nutrient problems, however it does recommend that it be considered on an equal basis next to other possible options. For example, if reducing nutrient loads on receiving water bodies is a key objective, then a cost-effective analysis of urine diversion and reuse, compared to other options to reduce nutrient loads, could be undertaken, ensuring all relevant costs and benefits to the whole of society are included in the analysis.

This master’s thesis discusses the evolution of DataPartner’s application "Inventera". Inventera is designed to do inventory of stock on handheld computers and integartes with SPCS Administration. Inventera is enhanced with a wireless connection and the SPCS API is wrapped with Web Services. The theoretical part of this thesis examines diffrent possibilities to increase reusability by using web service technology when developing software. A case study of the SPCS API is used in order to study differences between using no Web Services at all, static web services or dynamic web services.

Neste trabalho os conceitos de uso racional e reúso, como ferramentas para o gerenciamento de águas e efluentes na indústria são propostos e avaliados. São apresentadas e discutidas algumas considerações sobre a necessidade do desenvolvimento e implantação de programas que objetivam o gerenciamento da água e sobre a importância da aplicação desses programas na indústria. A avaliação e validação das ferramentas propostas foram efetuadas por meio de um Estudo de Caso desenvolvido na Empresa KODAK Brasileira – Industria e Comércio Ltda. Nesse estudo foi feita uma análise dos principais processos produtivos, para a identificação da demanda de água e, conseqüentemente, das áreas com maior potencial para a aplicação de alternativas para o uso racional e para o reúso da água. Os resultados obtidos, dentro desses conceitos, foram bastante satisfatórios em relação à redução do consumo de água e melhoria da produtividade. O potencial de redução no consumo global de água, considerando-se apenas as áreas avaliadas, foi estimado em 14,5%, enquanto o ganho de produtividade foi estimado em 76 horas por mês. Também foi verificado que a prática de reúso, principalmente de efluentes tratados, apresenta limitações. Os dados obtidos por meio do desenvolvimento deste trabalho permitem concluir que o uso racional e reúso são ferramentas básicas para os programas de gerenciamento de águas e efluentes na indústria, mas que as mesmas devem ser cuidadosamente avaliadas, pois podem apresentar limitações de ordem técnica ou econômica. / The rational use and reuse concepts as tools for water and wastewater management programs in industry are proposed and evaluated. It is presented and discussed the basic issues related to the needs of developing and implementing a water and wastewater management program and its importance to industry. The evaluation and validation of the proposed tools were based on a Case Study developed at KODAK Brasileira – Indústria e Comércio Ltda. The main industrial processes were analyzed, in order to identify water demand and major areas for water optimization and reuse opportunities. The results associated with water optimization and reuse, were very satisfactory, both in terms of water consumption reduction as well as productivity increase. The global water reduction potential was estimated at 14,5 %, and the gain on productivity at about 76 hours per month. On the other hand it was verified that wastewater reuse has its own limitations. The results obtained allows for the conclusion that rational use and reuse are basic tools on developing any water and wastewater management program for industry. However the technical and economical limitation should be carefully evaluated.