We study the cause of the signature over finite fields of integrability in two dimensional discrete dynamical systems by using theory from algebraic geometry. In particular the theory of elliptic curves is used to prove the major result of the thesis: that all birational maps that preserve an elliptic curve necessarily act on that elliptic curve as addition under the associated group law. Our result generalises special cases previously given in the literature. We apply this theorem to the specific cases when the ground fields are finite fields of prime order and the function field $mathbb{C}(t)$. In the former case, this yields an explanation of the aforementioned signature over finite fields of integrability. In the latter case we arrive at an analogue of the Arnol'd-Liouville theorem. Other results that are related to this approach to integrability are also proven and their consequences considered in examples. Of particular importance are two separate items: (i) we define a generalization of integrability called mixing and examine its relation to integrability; and (ii) we use the concept of rotation number to study differences and similarities between birational integrable maps that preserve the same foliation. The final chapter is given over to considering the existence of the signature of reversibility in higher (three and four) dimensional maps. A conjecture regarding the distribution of periodic orbits generated by such maps when considered over finite fields is given along with numerical evidence to support the conjecture.

O formoterol é um fármaco beta-agonista de ação prolongada com rápido início de ação e eficácia broncodilatadora que podem determinar melhora significativa e imediata da função pulmonar. Pacientes com DPOC apresentam pouca ou nenhuma resposta ao broncodilatador (BD) no volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), podendo apresentar reversibilidade em outras variáveis se avaliados por pletismografia. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar por pletismografia a eficácia broncodilatadora do formoterol após 30 minutos de sua aplicação em portadores de DPOC. Foram estudados 40 pacientes portadores de DPOC com pobre resposta ao BD de curta ação. Encontravam-se no estágio II ou III da DPOC (SBPT/GOLD) e apresentavam VEF1 menor que 70% do valor previsto. Foram randomizados em dois grupos de 20 pacientes, com características clínicas semelhantes, recebendo cada um formoterol ou placebo, através de inalador de pó seco (aerolizer) com repetição das provas funcionais após 30 minutos. Foram observados aumentos significativos do VEF1 (12,4%) grupo formoterol (F) em relação ao grupo placebo (P) que foi de 0,1% (p=0,00065), da capacidade inspiratória (7,4% X 2,7%;p=0,05) e capacidade vital forçada (12,8% X 5,1%; p=0,017), redução importante da resistência das vias aéreas (-14% X 2,6% ; p=0,010). Foram ainda detectadas no grupo F modificações não expressivas do volume residual, da condutância das vias aéreas e da capacidade vital. Concluindo, em portadores de DPOC com pobre reversibilidade ao BD no teste espirométrico simples, o formoterol levou a uma melhora significativa da função pulmonar por pletismografia após 30 minutos de sua administração. / Formoterol is a long-acting ß2 agonist drug with rapid onset of action and the bronchodilator efficacy determine a prompt improvement in lung function. Patients with COPD may show minimal improvement after bronchodilator (BD) on volume in first second (FEV1), but they can show reversibility in other parameters if plethysmography was realized. The objective of this study was to evaluate, by plethysmography, the effectiveness of formoterol as a bronchodilator after 30 minutes of administration to patients with COPD. Forty COPD patients with poorly reversible obstruction confirmed by shortacting bronchodilator use at the spirometric test were prospectively evaluated. All patients were classified as having stage II or III SBPT/GOLD, presenting FEV1 lower than 70% of predict. The patients were randomized in two groups of 20, both with similar clinical characteristics, each group receiving either formoterol or placebo by dry powder device (aerolizer) and the lung function tests were repeated in 30 minutes after the drug administration. Significant increases in FEV1 (12,4%) in formoterol group (F) and 0,1% in placebo group (P) (P=0,00065), in inspiratory capacity (7,4% X 2,7% ; p=0,05) and in forced vital capacity (12,8% X 5,1%; p=0,017) and decrease in airway resistence (p=0,010) were observed in the F= -14% when compared with P= 2,6%. Residual volume decreased while specific airways condutance and vital capacity increased less important. In conclusion COPD patients with poor reversibility, formoterol promoted significant improvement in lung function by plethysmography after 30 minutes of its administration.

O formoterol é um fármaco beta-agonista de ação prolongada com rápido início de ação e eficácia broncodilatadora que podem determinar melhora significativa e imediata da função pulmonar. Pacientes com DPOC apresentam pouca ou nenhuma resposta ao broncodilatador (BD) no volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), podendo apresentar reversibilidade em outras variáveis se avaliados por pletismografia. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar por pletismografia a eficácia broncodilatadora do formoterol após 30 minutos de sua aplicação em portadores de DPOC. Foram estudados 40 pacientes portadores de DPOC com pobre resposta ao BD de curta ação. Encontravam-se no estágio II ou III da DPOC (SBPT/GOLD) e apresentavam VEF1 menor que 70% do valor previsto. Foram randomizados em dois grupos de 20 pacientes, com características clínicas semelhantes, recebendo cada um formoterol ou placebo, através de inalador de pó seco (aerolizer) com repetição das provas funcionais após 30 minutos. Foram observados aumentos significativos do VEF1 (12,4%) grupo formoterol (F) em relação ao grupo placebo (P) que foi de 0,1% (p=0,00065), da capacidade inspiratória (7,4% X 2,7%;p=0,05) e capacidade vital forçada (12,8% X 5,1%; p=0,017), redução importante da resistência das vias aéreas (-14% X 2,6% ; p=0,010). Foram ainda detectadas no grupo F modificações não expressivas do volume residual, da condutância das vias aéreas e da capacidade vital. Concluindo, em portadores de DPOC com pobre reversibilidade ao BD no teste espirométrico simples, o formoterol levou a uma melhora significativa da função pulmonar por pletismografia após 30 minutos de sua administração. / Formoterol is a long-acting ß2 agonist drug with rapid onset of action and the bronchodilator efficacy determine a prompt improvement in lung function. Patients with COPD may show minimal improvement after bronchodilator (BD) on volume in first second (FEV1), but they can show reversibility in other parameters if plethysmography was realized. The objective of this study was to evaluate, by plethysmography, the effectiveness of formoterol as a bronchodilator after 30 minutes of administration to patients with COPD. Forty COPD patients with poorly reversible obstruction confirmed by shortacting bronchodilator use at the spirometric test were prospectively evaluated. All patients were classified as having stage II or III SBPT/GOLD, presenting FEV1 lower than 70% of predict. The patients were randomized in two groups of 20, both with similar clinical characteristics, each group receiving either formoterol or placebo by dry powder device (aerolizer) and the lung function tests were repeated in 30 minutes after the drug administration. Significant increases in FEV1 (12,4%) in formoterol group (F) and 0,1% in placebo group (P) (P=0,00065), in inspiratory capacity (7,4% X 2,7% ; p=0,05) and in forced vital capacity (12,8% X 5,1%; p=0,017) and decrease in airway resistence (p=0,010) were observed in the F= -14% when compared with P= 2,6%. Residual volume decreased while specific airways condutance and vital capacity increased less important. In conclusion COPD patients with poor reversibility, formoterol promoted significant improvement in lung function by plethysmography after 30 minutes of its administration.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-09-20T13:46:50Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1038384 bytes, checksum: 7a4131b3be21accf864681c8d6559a38 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-20T13:46:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1038384 bytes, checksum: 7a4131b3be21accf864681c8d6559a38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-10 / In this dissertation is intended to investigate the experience of playing and the reversibility of the flesh in Merleau-Ponty, delimiting by two works that seek to analyze the notion of one's own body and the reversibility of the flesh, respectively: Phenomenology of Perception and The Visible and the Invisible. Through phenomenological description of perception, which is on a return to the world of experience, perception presents itself as a knowledge paramount. Our perceptual experience deep our knowledge and this happens through the body. Thus, taking as a model the experience of touching and being touched, we propose to think the reversibility of the flesh, in a process that goes from phenomenology to ontology. In this sense, perceptual experience is in the body, as sensitive copy a correlation, an interlacing, an original reversibility that Merleau-Ponty called meat. Meat Is Being that the movement of the reversibility is sourced unit that is in the constitution of the body and the world. / Nesta dissertação se pretende investigar a experiência do tocar e a reversibilidade da carne em Merleau-Ponty, delimitando-se por duas obras que procuram analisar a noção de corpo próprio e da reversibilidade da carne, respectivamente: Fenomenologia da Percepção e O visível e o invisível. Através da descrição fenomenológica da percepção, que se constitui num retorno ao mundo da experiência, a percepção apresenta-se como um saber primordial. Nossa experiência perceptiva funda nosso conhecimento e isso acontece por meio do corpo próprio. Assim, tomando como modelo a experiência do tocar e ser tocado, propomos pensar a reversibilidade da carne, em um processo que vai da fenomenologia à ontologia. Nesse sentido, a experiência perceptiva encontra no corpo, como sensível exemplar, uma correlação, um entrelaçamento, uma reversibilidade originária que Merleau-Ponty denominou Carne. A Carne é Ser, que pelo movimento da reversibilidade, é unidade originária que está na constituição do corpo e do mundo.

Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2018-07-13T16:00:55Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Angélica Pires Batista Martins - 2017.pdf: 3335884 bytes, checksum: 89378cfa32c3cf46f97258266490ea63 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-07-17T13:34:10Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Angélica Pires Batista Martins - 2017.pdf: 3335884 bytes, checksum: 89378cfa32c3cf46f97258266490ea63 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T13:34:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Angélica Pires Batista Martins - 2017.pdf: 3335884 bytes, checksum: 89378cfa32c3cf46f97258266490ea63 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Ferruginous features occur frequently in soils of the Araguaia river plain, where profiles can be verified completely dominated by these characteristics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical variations in the plinthite and petroplinthite, considering: a) the compressive strength and stability of plinthic materials present in soils of the Araguaia river plain under natural drying and in a forced ventilation oven for different periods; b) the influence of different solutions and periods of immersion in the reversibility of hardening of plinthite and petroplinthite of the Araguaia river plain soils, both with the purpose of subsidizing the classification of these features. The study was carried out in five soil profiles in the Araguaia river flood plain, in Luiz Alves, district in the municipality of São Miguel do Araguaia, Goiás. A soil profile was also studied in Terezópolis de Goiás, Goiás, in the João Leite riverside flood plain. Soils samples were collected with PVC cylinders, directly in the plinthic horizons. From these samples were extract subsamples of plinthite and matrix of the soil. Homogenous samples of petroplinthite were also collected and separated into subsamples. Two experiments were carried out: in the first, plinthite, matrix of the soil and petroplinthite subsamples were submitted to two types of drying: in the natural environment and in a forced ventilation oven, and in the second, plinthite and petroplinthite subsamples were submitted to five hydration treatments: natural water, calcium carbonate solution, sodium hydroxide solution, sodium hydroxide + sodium hexametaphosphate solution and acid solution. The periods determined for the evaluations were 10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 days. The degrees of dispersion and stability and the compressive strength were evaluated. For the plinthite and petroplinthite of the same profile, there is a great variability of behavior as to the applied compression strength, which is associated with the iron contents that compose them. The immersion of plinthite and petroplinthite in solutions composed of chemical agents affects the dispersion, and the plinthite is more susceptible to the alkaline agents, with reduction of the compressive strength exercised. / Feições ferruginosas ocorrem com frequência em solos da planície do rio Araguaia, onde podem ser verificados perfis completamente dominados por essas características. Este estudo objetivou avaliar as variações físicas na plintita e na petroplintita, considerando: a) a força de compressão e estabilidade de materiais plínticos presentes em solos da planície do rio Araguaia sob secagem natural e em estufa de ventilação forçada por períodos distintos; b) a influência de diferentes soluções e períodos de imersão na reversibilidade do endurecimento de plintita e petroplintita de solos da planície do rio Araguaia, ambos com finalidade de subsidiar a classificação dessas feições. O estudo foi realizado em cinco perfis de solos na planície de inundação do rio Araguaia, em Luiz Alves, distrito no município de São Miguel do Araguaia, Goiás. Para comparação entre os materiais plínticos, foi também estudado um perfil de solo no município de Terezópolis de Goiás, Goiás, na planície de inundação do ribeirão João Leite. Amostras de solos foram coletadas com auxílio de cilindros de PVC, diretamente nos horizontes plínticos. Dessas amostras foram separadas subamostras de plintita e matriz do solo. Foram também coletadas amostras homogêneas de petroplintita, igualmente separadas em subamostras. Foram desenvolvidos dois experimentos: no primeiro, subamostras de plintita, matriz do solo e petroplintita foram submetidas a dois tipos de secagem: em ambiente natural e em estufa de ventilação forçada e no segundo, subamostras de plintita e petroplintita foram submetidas a cinco tratamentos de hidratação: água natural, solução de carbonato de cálcio, solução de hidróxido de sódio, solução de hidróxido de sódio + hexametafosfato de sódio e solução ácida. Os períodos determinados para as avaliações foram 10, 20, 40, 80 e 160 dias. Foram avaliados os graus de dispersão e estabilidade e a resistência à compressão. Para a plintita e petroplintita de um mesmo perfil, existe grande variabilidade de comportamento quanto à força de compressão aplicada, a qual é associada aos teores de ferro que as compõem. A imersão da plintita e petroplintita em soluções compostas por agentes químicos afeta a dispersão, sendo que a plintita é mais susceptível aos agentes alcalinos, com redução de força de compressão exercida.

Au tournant du XXIème siècle plusieurs nouveaux défis dans les domaines environnementales, économique et sociétal intéressent les villes. Nombreuses métropoles occidentales visent aujourdʼhui à devenir des «modèles» de développement durable, intelligeant et équitable, dans lʼaprès-Kyoto. Lors des consultations internationales sur lʼavenir des villes métropoles (Grand Paris en 2007 suivi par Bruxelles 2040, Lille 2030, Grand Moscou 2050, etc.), politiciens, économistes et experts réfléchissent ensemble au rapport entre régénération et formes urbaines. Notamment les pratiques du recyclage, de la récupération et de la réparation deviennent centrales. Pour contrevenir lʼétalement urbain, la dispersion résidentielle et le manque dʼidentité de plusieurs zones, on parle à nouveau de concentration et intensification des aires urbaines, de densités minérales et végétales, de mixité et dʼhybridation fonctionnelle. Qualités indéniables de la ville durable mais dépourvues des réelles retombées à une échelle architecturale adéquate. Au moment que nouveaux regroupements dʼintercommunalités redessinent leurs limites urbains en envisageant de reconstruire leur identité sur des objectives communes, notre recherche réclame la nécessité de comprendre et maîtriser les différents dégrés de modifications possibles sur un tissu urbain déjà sédimenté. Réversibilité et flexibilité deviennent alors deux concepts opérationnelles et complémentaires dans le nouveau rôle que lʼarchitecture doit se donner à fin de sʼinsérer dans des situations déjà en cours. Architecture capable dʼintégrer la perspective et dʼaccueillir, au cours du temps, ses propres transformations et évolutions. / At the beginning of the 21st century, many new challenges have been proposed to the cities in the realms of ecology, economy and sociology. Several western metropolis aim at becoming nowadays a template for a sustainable, smart and fair development, particularly in the “after Kyoto” world. In recent international consultations on the future of cities (e.g. Grand Paris in 2007, followed by Bruxelles 2040, Lille 2030, Big Moscow 2050 etc.) politicians, economists and urban experts discussed together the relationship between regeneration and urban forms. In particular the practices of recycling, rescue and repair became central themes. In order to contain urban expansion, sprawl and lack of identity, the consultations re‐propose the concepts of concentration and intensification of urban areas, of vegetal and artificial density, of mixing and of functional hybridization. These are undeniable qualities of a sustainable city, but unfortunately deprived of real repercussions at the proper human scale. At present, while new inter‐municipal groups redraw their urban limits and envisage to renovate their identity around common goals, our research claims the need to understand and master different degrees of possible modifications on the already established urban fabric. In order for architecture to play a role in situations that are already in progress, reversibility and flexibility become two operational and complementary concepts. Architecture must become capable of integrating in time mutating perspectives and accepting its own transformation and evolution.

L'hyperuniformité est un concept relativement récent, utilisé afin de comprendre et de prédire les propriétés photoniques de matériaux désordonnés. Motivés par la perspective de fabriquer des systèmes hyperuniformes désordonnés au moyen d'un processuss pouvant etre reproduit a une échelle industrielle, nous forcons de facon périodique une suspension de sphères colloidales a travers des cycles de sédimentation inversée. La caractérisation de la dynamique et de la structure du système implique differentes techniques adaptées a la taille des particules et aux propriétés de la suspension. Nous analysons la pertinence de chaque technique quant a l'évaluation de l'hyperuniformité d'un système. Nous détectons et suivons des particles de borosilice de facon individuelle afin de caractériser leurs propriétés dynamiques. Nous trouvons une forte anisotropie dans la dynamique de ces suspensions, ainsi qu'une transition dynamique a un temps d'attente caractéristique. L'anisotropie peut etre annulée en introduisant une nouvelle direction de sédimentation. La dynamique de suspensions de particules de silice est examinée via une technique appelée Differential Dynamic Microscopy. Nous observons une augmentation du coefficient de diffusion des particules a un temps d'attente caractéristique, dépendant du temps d'attente. Finalement, nous étudions la structure de ces suspensions a travers la diffusion statique de la lumière aux angles faibles. Nous observons un changement du facteur de structure des suspensions, au meme temps caractéristique mesuré en Differential Dynamic Microscopy. / Hyperuniformity is a relatively recent concept that has been increasingly used to understand and predict the photonic properties of disordered materials. Motivated by the perspective of generating disordered hyperuniform system through a new and scalable process; we periodically drive three-dimensional suspensions of colloidal spheres through reversed cycles of sedimentation. The size of colloids chosen is kept to a micrometric scale to keep a focus on potential application in photonics. The characterization of the dynamics and structure of the system involves different techniques, adapted to the nature and properties of the particles and the suspending media. The extent to which each of these techniques can provide information about the hyperuniformity of the system is assessed. We use particle tracking to study the dynamics of the suspensions of borosilicate particles. We find a strong anisotropy in the suspensions dynamics, as well as a dynamical transition at a characteristic wait time. This anisotropy can be cancelled by allowing another sedimentation direction in the system. The dynamics of the suspensions of the silica particles are examined using Differential Dynamic Microscopy. We observe an increase of the diffusion coefficient of the particles at a characteristic wait time that is concentration-dependent. We then investigate the structure of these suspensions through Low Angle Static Light Scattering. We observe a change in the structure factor of the suspensions, which occurs at the same characteristic wait time measured through Differential Dynamic Microscopy.

Biomimicry means literally ‘imitation of life’ and is providing sustainable solutions for challenges that are occurring in the human lives. To date, the biomimic research reports that wettability in nature, e.g. self-cleaning effect on a lotus leaf and a striking water strider’s leg, is related to the cooperation between the chemical composition and the topography of the surface. Moreover, this study is developing a textile substrate that goes one step further than biomimic, called ‘Biomimicking beyond nature’. The focus of this study is establishing a 100% polyamide-66 textile substrate that is switchable and reversible between hydrophobic and hydrophilic states under stimulation of UV. In this study the behaviour of a polyamide-66 textile substrate, coated with three individual photoresponsive materials (azobenzene, titanium dioxide and zinc oxide), was investigated, under stimulation of 24 hours UV and one-week of storage period in dark conditions. Silicone was added to enhance the hydrophobicity of a titanium dioxide coated substrate. A switchability effect was detected, but no reversibility effect could be observed. The only organic photoresponsive material, azobenzene, obtained no significant results to conclude that an alternation between hydrophobic and hydrophilic was even present after 24 hours of UV radiation. However, azobenzene obtained more promising results on a 100% polyester textile substrate. Even though, the H0 cannot be rejected for all three individual photoresponsive materials, the zinc oxide coated polyamide-66 substrate, did exhibit the strongest results in switchability and reversibility. Based on the characterization measurements, a switchability effect from a hydrophobic surface (ca. 120°) to a hydrophilic surface (0°) can be observed after 24 hours of UV radiation. Moreover, a reversibility effect was only reported on a zinc oxide coated polyamide-66 substrate. The substrate partially reversed back to its original state with ca. 50%. Fabricating intelligent substrates could enhance many challenges confiscating today’s life. For instance, the development of smarts membranes or microfluidic switches, that alternate their wettability upon light radiation, could improve the exhausting manual labour in watering the harvest good in the agricultural industry. Therefore, it is of great importance that further research will be conducted upon the photoresponsive material, zinc oxide, in order to achieve more stable results. This study can be added to the relatively small area of knowledge around switchability phenomenon on textile substrates and can even been reported as one of the first attempts on developing a textile substrate with switchable and reversible characteristics, by use of a facile and possibly industrialized method.

This thesis presents and analyses the process of impeachment relating to the Presidents of European Union Member States. The thesis presents and analyses individual constitutional models of impeachment across Member States based on the constitutional players involved in the impeachment process, who decides on the initiation of the whole process and how, under what conditions the impeachment process can be initiated, for what offences the President can be impeached, which authorities have the power to decide on the outcome of the complaint, what penalties the President faces and whether it is possible to reverse the decision of these authorities in some way. The thesis also analyses impeachment processes that have taken place against European Presidents thus far, namely, the impeachment of Lithuanian President Paksas, Romanian President Basescu and the only attempt at a constitutional complaint to date against Czech President Václav Klaus. Three main models of impeachment can be identified in the framework of European constitutions, depending on which authority has the power to remove the President from office. Most European countries use the judicial model where the President is removed from office at the decision of a judicial authority. Judicial authorities can be of a dual nature. They can be...

No description available.