Wildfire is the primary natural disturbance in Interior Cedar-Hemlock (ICH) forests, and since the mid-20th century, forest harvesting (clearcutting, in this case) has become the primary anthropogenic disturbance type. Forest management in British Columbia is currently governed by a paradigm that maintains that biological diversity can be preserved by utilizing forest harvesting regimes that closely mimic "natural" disturbance regimes, but a question remains as to how closely these regimes mimic wildfire disturbances. More specifically, how do clearcutting and wildfires compare in their effects on the structure and composition of early-successional ICH plant communities? This study compares vegetation structure, composition, relative abundance and diversity among 39 sites that experienced either a stand-replacing fire or a clearcut within the last 40 years. Sites of different ages and disturbance types were located within the wet cool ICHwkl and very-wet cool ICHvk I biogeoclimatic variants near Revelstoke, B.C. For each site, overstory structural characteristics (tree and snag diameters, basal area and density), overstory composition, and surface fuels (volume of coarse woody debris (CWD)) were assessed. Understory vegetation percent cover, species richness, composition and diversity were also determined. Linear regression analysis was used to examine differences in each of these variables between disturbance types, over time. The trends in structural legacies (especially snag and CWD dynamics) varied greatly between wildfire and clearcut sites. Compared to burned sites, clearcut sites exhibited patterns of accelerated succession in several characteristics (overstory tree regeneration, vegetation cover and understory species richness) due to planting treatments and pre-disturbance relicts. Understory species composition also varied between disturbances, with clearcut sites containing more shade-tolerant survivors initially. Both disturbance types had similar levels of floristic diversity during early succession. These results suggest that clearcut harvesting may not emulate stand-replacing fires in terms of impact on early ICH plant succession in any aspect but diversity. However, it is unclear if these early-successional differences will continue through time. There is a need for further research in this ecosystem, as well as any other ecosystems where emulation silviculture is applied, in order to confirm that silvicultural effects mimic those of natural disturbance regimes.

Orientador: Reinaldo José da Silva / Resumo: Este estudo primeiramente investigou e descreveu a diversidade de parasitas metazoários associados a 26 espécies de anuros em uma região de transição entre Mata Atlântica e Cerrado no noroeste paulista, Brasil. Em seguida, procuramos analisar os padrões de agregação e distribuição das populações parasitárias nas diferentes espécies de hospedeiros bem como a estrutura e composição da comunidade componente. Também foram reportados novos registros de ocorrência em anuros do Brasil e considerações taxonômicas para algumas espécies de helmintos. As 26 espécies de anuros apresentaram um total de 40 taxa de parasitas metazoários: Aplectana hylambatis, Aplectana membranosa, Brevimulticaecum sp. (larva), Cosmocerca cf. chilensis, Cosmocerca parva, Cosmocerca podicipinus, Cosmocercidae gen. sp., Falcaustra mascula, Ochoterenella digiticauda, Ochoterenella sp., Oswaldocruzia mazzai, Oxyascaris caudacutus, Oxyascaris sp., Parapharyngodon cf. alvarengai, Physaloptera sp. (larva), Raillietnema minor, Raillietnema sp., Rhabdias sp.1, Rhabdias sp.2, Rhabdias sp.3, Schrankiana formosula, Spiroxys sp. (larva) (Nematoda), Centrorhynchidae gen. sp. (cisto), Cistacanto não identificado (Acanthocephala), Cylindrotaenia americana (Cestoda), Brachycoelium salamandrae, Bursotrema sp. (metacercária), Catadiscus marinholutzi, Catadiscus propinquus, Catadiscus sp., Clinostomum sp., Gorgoderina diaster, Gorgoderina sp., Heterodiplostomum sp. (metacercária), Lophosicyadiplostomum sp. (metacercária), metac... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the present study, we firstly investigated and described the diversity of metazoan parasites associated with 26 anuran species from a transitional area between Mata Atlântica and Cerrado in Northwest of São Paulo State, Brazil. Thereafter, we searched for aggregation and distribution patterns of parasite populations from different host species as well as the structure and composition of component communities. Also, we reported new records of occurrence in Brazilian anurans and taxonomic considerations for some parasite species. The 26 anuran species presented a total of 40 metazoan parasite taxa: Aplectana hylambatis, Aplectana membranosa, Brevimulticaecum sp. (larvae), Cosmocerca cf. chilensis, Cosmocerca parva, Cosmocerca podicipinus, Cosmocercidae gen. sp., Falcaustra mascula, Ochoterenella digiticauda, Ochoterenella sp., Oswaldocruzia mazzai, Oxyascaris caudacutus, Oxyascaris sp., Parapharyngodon cf. alvarengai, Physaloptera sp. (larvae), Raillietnema minor, Raillietnema sp., Rhabdias sp.1, Rhabdias sp.2, Rhabdias sp.3, Schrankiana formosula, Spiroxys sp. (larvae) (Nematoda), Centrorhynchidae gen. sp. (cyst), Unidentified cystacanth (Acanthocephala), Cylindrotaenia americana (Cestoda), Brachycoelium salamandrae, Bursotrema sp. (metacercariae), Catadiscus marinholutzi, Catadiscus propinquus, Catadiscus sp., Clinostomum sp., Gorgoderina diaster, Gorgoderina sp., Heterodiplostomum sp. (metacercariae), Lophosicyadiplostomum sp. (metacercariae), Unidentified metacercariae, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Rapid biodiversity change at a global scale requires enhanced monitoring tools to predict how shifting environmental conditions might alter species’ extinction risk. Emerging remote sensing tools are essential to these efforts and provide the sole mechanism to detect environmental changes and their potential consequences for biodiversity rapidly. Here, I assess the extent to which remote sensing measurements predict species richness globally and within regions, facilitating the establishment of a single framework for monitoring diversity worldwide. I assembled global remote sensing metrics and data on diversity gradients to construct and cross-validate models predicting species richness of birds and mammals within and among the world’s biogeographic zones. Enhanced vegetation Index (EVI), land surface temperature (LST), the first principal component of habitat heterogeneity, and an interaction between energy and habitat heterogeneity are important remotely-sensed environmental measurements for predicting trends of species richness of birds and mammals at all scales, although the intensity of the relationship differs between groups and grain sizes. However, a global model does not explain differences in species richness of birds between distinct zoogeographical realms, indicating a possible threshold in biodiversity change prediction before onset of novel environmental conditions. Measuring potential nonlinear changes in species richness is a useful application of the essential biodiversity variables (EBV) framework for operational monitoring of global and regional biodiversity. The continued production of reliable and consistent remote sensing will facilitate further exploration of current and upcoming drivers of biodiversity change and will help improve macroecological models.

The Lusk Creek Watershed, located in Pope County, IL, long has been recognized as a high quality area and as biologically significant. Yet, surveys of the macroinvertebrate fauna have been limited. Thus, a survey of the benthic insect community in the upper portion of Lusk Creek was conducted from May 2003 to April 2005. Eleven sites were selected and characterized by physical properties and water chemistry. Insect distribution patterns, abundance, and diversity (richness, evenness) were examined. A total of 20,888 specimens, mostly immatures, were examined during the study and represented eight orders. The Diptera, by far, was the most common order, with 18,590 specimens, almost all of which were members of the Chironomidae and Simuliidae. The EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) combined were common with 1,550 specimens but paled in comparison to the Diptera. The Coleoptera was represented by 647 specimens, almost all of which were members of Stenelmis (n = 612). The Shannon diversity index (H') showed that the H' values for individual sites were similar to those reported for other relatively undisturbed streams. Analyses of richness suggested that as many as 37 taxa were unobserved, indicating the survey was incomplete.

CORDEIRO, Luciana Silva. Distribuição geográfica e modelagem de nicho de espécies endêmicas de Erythroxylaceae na região neotropical. 2013. 112 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ecologia e recursos naturais)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013. / Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-24T18:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_lscordeiro.pdf: 3092947 bytes, checksum: 46906e0f9b04cecf7e34a3a5479d6391 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by José Jairo Viana de Sousa (jairo@ufc.br) on 2016-05-27T20:40:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_lscordeiro.pdf: 3092947 bytes, checksum: 46906e0f9b04cecf7e34a3a5479d6391 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-27T20:40:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_lscordeiro.pdf: 3092947 bytes, checksum: 46906e0f9b04cecf7e34a3a5479d6391 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / The high species richness and endemism in the tropical region is influenced by the amount of vegetation types and environmental conditions favorable for the maintenance of diversity. For this study we selected the genus Erythroxylum, which in Brazil is one of the most important centers of endemism, totaling 74 species with restricted distribution in the country. Erythroxylum are recognized in 19 sections, nine of which are represented in the flora. From previous knowledge about the distribution patterns, areas of endemism and species information obtained about the genre, the premise of this study are: (1) species are more taxonomically close phylogenetic niche conservatism (2) areas of endemism are basic units where there is overlap of a complex group of species that co-ocorring restricted to certain locations, (3) environmental filtering and abiotic factors acting as limiters for the survival and dispersal of plant species and help to understand the limits of plant distribution. Our hypothesis is that the distribution of taxonomically close species may be the result of a close relationship between environmental variables and soil. The aim of this study is to investigate which environmental factors could be influencing the current distribution of species of Erythroxylum in Brazilian territory. The sites of occurrence of the species were obtained from information from the virtual collection of CRIA and databases yielded by different groups. To understand the distribution of species and sections in which these are inserted, and confirmation of the centers of richness were generated models using environmental layers available by Wordclim and maximum entropy algorithm. To analyse the preferences of the species as climatic variables and soil in a crop of Brazilian territory were generated models of spatial distribution. The species analysed were the main centers of richness and endemism coincide in places near the transition between areas in Brazil. Some taxonomic sections could be delimited in space, and the distribution associated with different phytogeographic domains. The models show higher affinity of the genre to places with strong seasonality and climate presence of shallow soils and acids. / A grande riqueza de espécies e endemismos na região tropical é influenciada pela quantidade de tipos vegetacionais e condições ambientais favoráveis para a manutenção da diversidade. Para este estudo foi selecionado o gênero Erythroxylum que tem no Brasil um dos centros de endemismos mais importantes, totalizando 74 espécies com distribuição restrita ao país. Em Erythroxylum são reconhecidas 19 seções, das quais nove estão representadas na flora brasileira. A partir de conhecimentos prévios sobre os padrões de distribuição, áreas de endemismo e informações obtidas sobre as espécies do gênero, as premissa desse trabalho são: (1) espécies taxonomicamente próximas apresentam maior conservantismo filogenético de nicho (2) áreas de endemismo são unidades básicas onde há sobreposição de um grupo complexo de espécies que coocorrem restritos a determinados locais, (3) os filtros ambientais e fatores abióticos atuam como limitadores para a sobrevivência e dispersão de espécies vegetais e ajudam a compreender os limites de distribuição de plantas. A hipótese deste estudo é que a distribuição de espécies próximas taxonomicamente pode ser resultado de uma relação estreita entre variáveis ambientais e solo. O objetivo desse trabalho é investigar quais fatores ambientais poderiam estar influenciando na atual distribuição das espécies de Erythroxylum em território brasileiro. Os locais de ocorrência das espécies foram obtidos a partir de informações provenientes do acervo virtual do CRIA e de bancos de dados cedidos por diferentes grupos. Para compreender a distribuição das espécies e seções nas quais essas estão inseridas, e a confirmação dos centros de riqueza, foram gerados modelos utilizando as camadas ambientais disponibilizadas pelo Wordclim e o algorítimo de máxima entropia. Para analisar as preferências das espécies quanto as variáveis climáticas e edáficas num recorte do território brasileiro foram gerados modelos de distribuição espacial. As espécies analisadas tiveram os principais centros de riqueza e endemismo coincidentes em locais próximos a transição entre domínios no território brasileiro. Algumas seções taxonômicas puderam ser delimitadas no espaço, tendo a distribuição associada a domínios fitogeográficos diferentes. Os modelos gerados demonstram maior afinidade do gênero a locais com forte estacionalidade climática e presença de solos rasos e ácidos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-07-11Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:16:47Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_am_me_botib.pdf: 3138768 bytes, checksum: 29295f39631d00207dcd4a354dfb5eeb (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Caracterização, diversidade, estrutura e estágio sucessional da comunidade de árvores de uma Floresta Estacional Decidual no Sudeste do Brasil. A composição florística, a estrutura, a diversidade e o estágio sucessional de um fragmento de floresta foram analisados nesse estudo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Votuporanga, onde o clima é considerado Aw. Foi utilizado o método de parcelas (1 ha), amostrando todos os indivíduos arbóreos com DAS 5 cm. Foram calculados os valores de freqüência, densidade e dominância (absolutos e relativos), índice de valor de importância (IVI) e os índices de Shannon-Wiener (H’) e Equabilidade (J’). A estrutura horizontal, o estágio sucessional e a formação vegetacional foram analisados. Foram amostrados 1635 indivíduos e as famílias mais ricas foram Fabaceae (17), Myrtaceae (oito), Rubiaceae (oito) e Bignoniaceae (cinco). Casearia gossypiosperma Briq. foi a espécie com o maior IVI. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wienner (H´) foi 2,87 nats.indivíduo-1 e a equabilidade (J) foi 0,66 . Observou-se que 93% dos indivíduos arbóreos apresentaram diâmetros entre 1 e 20 cm. Árvores pioneiras compõem 55% dos indivíduos amostrados. A predominância de indivíduos com fenologia foliar decídua (79%) determinou a classificação do fragmento como Floresta Estacional Decidual. Assim, com este trabalho foi possível identificar uma área de Floresta Estacional Decidual no noroeste do estado e oferecer conhecimento, que são essenciais, sobre a flora, a estrutura florestal e o comportamento ecológico de Florestas Estacionais Deciduais no Estado de São Paulo / Characterization, diversity, structure and successional stage of the tree community of a Seasonal Deciduous Forest in southeastern Brazil. Floristic composition, structure, diversity, and successional stage of a fragment forest have been analyzed in this study. The work was carried out Votuporanga, where the climate is considered Aw. Plot method was used (1 ha), sampling all trees 5 cm from HSD. We calculated the values of frequency, density and dominance (absolute and relative), index of importance value (IVI), the Shannon-Wiener diversity (H') and the equability (J'). The horizontal structure, the successional stage and the vegetation formation were analyzed. We sampled 1635 individuals and the richest families were Fabaceae (17), Myrtaceae (eight), Rubiaceae (eight) and Bignoniaceae (five). Casearia gossypiosperma Briq. was the species with the highest IVI. The Shannon-Wiener diversity (H') was 2.87 nats.individual-1 and the equability (J) was 0.66. It was observed that 93% of the trees individuals had diameters between 1 and 20 cm. Pioneers trees represent 55% of samples. The prevalence of individuals with deciduous leaf phenology (79%) determined the classification of the fragment as a Deciduous Seasonal Forest.Thus, this work enabled the identification an area of deciduous seasonal forest in the northwest of the state and offered essential knowledge about the flora, the forest structure and the ecology of deciduous forests in the State of São Paulo

No description available.

Orientador: Andréia Alves Rezende / Banca: Maria Tereza Grombone Guaratini / Banca: Roque Cielo Filho / Resumo: Caracterização, diversidade, estrutura e estágio sucessional da comunidade de árvores de uma Floresta Estacional Decidual no Sudeste do Brasil. A composição florística, a estrutura, a diversidade e o estágio sucessional de um fragmento de floresta foram analisados nesse estudo. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Votuporanga, onde o clima é considerado Aw. Foi utilizado o método de parcelas (1 ha), amostrando todos os indivíduos arbóreos com DAS 5 cm. Foram calculados os valores de freqüência, densidade e dominância (absolutos e relativos), índice de valor de importância (IVI) e os índices de Shannon-Wiener (H') e Equabilidade (J'). A estrutura horizontal, o estágio sucessional e a formação vegetacional foram analisados. Foram amostrados 1635 indivíduos e as famílias mais ricas foram Fabaceae (17), Myrtaceae (oito), Rubiaceae (oito) e Bignoniaceae (cinco). Casearia gossypiosperma Briq. foi a espécie com o maior IVI. O índice de diversidade de Shannon-Wienner (H') foi 2,87 nats.indivíduo-1 e a equabilidade (J) foi 0,66 . Observou-se que 93% dos indivíduos arbóreos apresentaram diâmetros entre 1 e 20 cm. Árvores pioneiras compõem 55% dos indivíduos amostrados. A predominância de indivíduos com fenologia foliar decídua (79%) determinou a classificação do fragmento como Floresta Estacional Decidual. Assim, com este trabalho foi possível identificar uma área de Floresta Estacional Decidual no noroeste do estado e oferecer conhecimento, que são essenciais, sobre a flora, a estrutura florestal e o comportamento ecológico de Florestas Estacionais Deciduais no Estado de São Paulo / Abstract: Characterization, diversity, structure and successional stage of the tree community of a Seasonal Deciduous Forest in southeastern Brazil. Floristic composition, structure, diversity, and successional stage of a fragment forest have been analyzed in this study. The work was carried out Votuporanga, where the climate is considered Aw. Plot method was used (1 ha), sampling all trees 5 cm from HSD. We calculated the values of frequency, density and dominance (absolute and relative), index of importance value (IVI), the Shannon-Wiener diversity (H') and the equability (J'). The horizontal structure, the successional stage and the vegetation formation were analyzed. We sampled 1635 individuals and the richest families were Fabaceae (17), Myrtaceae (eight), Rubiaceae (eight) and Bignoniaceae (five). Casearia gossypiosperma Briq. was the species with the highest IVI. The Shannon-Wiener diversity (H') was 2.87 nats.individual-1 and the equability (J) was 0.66. It was observed that 93% of the trees individuals had diameters between 1 and 20 cm. Pioneers trees represent 55% of samples. The prevalence of individuals with deciduous leaf phenology (79%) determined the classification of the fragment as a Deciduous Seasonal Forest.Thus, this work enabled the identification an area of deciduous seasonal forest in the northwest of the state and offered essential knowledge about the flora, the forest structure and the ecology of deciduous forests in the State of São Paulo / Mestre

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo discutir a relação homem-natureza no Tesouro Descoberto no Máximo Rio Amazonas, obra escrita pelo jesuíta João Daniel, em meados do século XVIII. Expulso pelo ministério pombalino em 1757, o jesuíta, nos catorze anos em que ficou preso em Portugal, escreveu uma extensa obra sobre a região amazônica, na qual traça um panorama de sua natureza, suas populações e sua cultura. Seus escritos, entretanto, têm por objetivo apresentar um programa de reformas nos métodos de aproveitamento das riquezas naturais da região no intuito de fomentar o aumento do Estado. Seu projeto conta com duplo alicerce: os tesouros descobertos na região e a experiência que serve de guia para o desenvolvimento dos métodos mais adequados de usufruto dos tesouros. / This paper aims to discuss the relationship between men and nature in \"Tesouro Descoberto no Máximo Rio Amazonas\", a book written by the Jesuit João Daniel, in the middle of the eighteenth century. Banned by the pombaline ministry in 1757, João Daniel, during the fourteen years while he was arrested in Portugal, wrote an extensive work on the Amazon region, which depicts its nature, people and culture. His writings, however, aim to present a program of reforms in the methods of exploitation of that region\'s natural resources in order to foment the growth of the state. His project is based on two principles: the treasures discovered in the region and the experience that serves as a guide for the development of more appropriate methods of using the mentioned treasures.

Biodiversity is a complex concept incorporating genes, species, ecosystems, composition, structure and function. The global scientific and political community has recognized the importance of biodiversity for human well-being, and has set goals and targets for its conservation, sustainable use, and benefit sharing. Monitoring biodiversity will help meet conservation goals and targets, yet observations collected in-situ are limited in space and time, which may bias interpretations and hinder conservation. Remote sensing can provide complementary datasets for monitoring biodiversity that are spatially comprehensive and repeatable. However, further research is needed to demonstrate, for various spatial scales and regions, how remotely sensed datasets represent different aspects of biodiversity. The overall goal of this dissertation is to advance the mapping and monitoring of biodiversity indicators, globally and within Canada, through the use of remote sensing. This research produced maps that were rich with spatially explicit, spatially continuous data, filling gaps in the availability and spatial resolution or scalability of information regarding ecosystem function (primary productivity) at global scales, tree species composition at regional scales (Saskatchewan, Canada), and ecosystem structure at local scales (coastal British Columbia, Canada). Further, the remotely sensed indicator datasets proposed and tested in each of the research chapters are repeatable, ecologically meaningful, translate to specific biodiversity targets globally and within Canada, and are calculable at multiple spatial scales. Challenges and opportunities for fully implementing these or similar remotely sensed biodiversity indicators and indicator datasets at a national level in Canada are discussed, contributing to the advancement of biodiversity monitoring science. / Graduate