This study sought to discover the relationship of torque to the academic performance and other variables of children from five to eight years old. Torque was defined as the production of clockwise circles during a writing task. The phenomenon was first reported by Theodore Blau (1977) who proposed that children who torqued past a certain age were predisposed to problems both academic and behavioural. To measure the torquing propensities of children, Blau developed a Torque Test which had children produce six circles around X's (⊗), three with the preferred hand and three with the non-preferred hand. The present study used the preferred writing hand only and two torque tests, the Circling Directionality Test developed by the researcher using an embedded task to detect torquing and a modified form of Blau's Torque Test. Variables of academic achievement, age, sex, point of circle commencement, laterality, neuromuscular motor, control , test comparisons, and circling directionality were analysed. The population for the study consisted of 300 regular classroom children ages five to eight. Seventy-five children per grade were randomly selected by age from grade levels K-3. Significant relationships between torquing and low academic achievement were only found for the eight year old group who also had a higher incidence of left-handedness and crossed hand/foot laterality. Significantly more boys torqued than girls. As well, those who torqued in most instances commenced their circles at the bottom. Predictably significant relationships were found for hand and foot, but only left-handedness was significantly related to torque. No significant relationships could be found for measures of eyedness. Both tests used to measure torque were equally effective. The rapidity of circle construction did not alter the pattern of torquing in the children. There was a significant relationship between age and torquing with over 50% of the five year olds torquing with the preferred hand; by age eight this incidence had been reduced to 8% of the population. Torquing was then seen as a developmental trait found in a large percentage of five and six year olds but by age eight it was indicative of academic school difficulties. Recommendations for further study of the torquing phenomenon were made. / Education, Faculty of / Graduate

The value and feasibility of implementing the Corridor concept has been debated for over twenty years. A corridor provides land for the coordinated placement of future linear facilities such as highways, railways, pipelines, powerlines and municipal services. Few corridors have been established, although there has been obvious interest in the concept. A number of studies into the feasibility of establishing corridors have been completed in the United States, Alberta and British Columbia. This thesis examines the benefits, disadvantages and implementation problems associated with the corridor concept. Through a literature review, the factors influencing linear facility right-of-way location and width are examined. Also, from the literature, the benefits and disadvantages associated with corridor implementation and the key factors which have inhibited corridor implementation are identified. The Alberta corridor program is studied and the corridor origins, design, institutional framework and implementation mechanism identified. The case study indicated that a set of unusual circumstances allowed for the establishment of the Alberta corridors. This thesis concludes that corridors do provide net benefits for the community in the long term but that they are difficult to implement. The major planning implication of corridors is that they bring right-of-way planning into the sphere of land use planning and reduce the emphasis on economics and engineering. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Community and Regional Planning (SCARP), School of / Graduate

This thesis is about potentiality theory and the right to life. It is an attempt to distil the potentiality position into its strongest incarnation in order to see what it has to offer. In Chapter I various attempts to discredit potentiality theory are examined. Particular emphasis is placed on Michael Tooley's defense of abortion and infanticide and his critique of potentiality theory. It is concluded that a well articulated potentiality position need not lead to any obvious absurdity, and can resist the charge of philosophical arbitrariness. Thus, the potentiality position is a legitimate contender in the right to life dispute. In Chapter II, we ask the question whether the potential to become a person is sufficient for the right to life, or is actual personhood necessary? Various attempted resolutions are considered and rejected. It is concluded that the issue is still quite debateable but that some support for the potentiality position can be found in a Rawls-type validation procedure. / Arts, Faculty of / Philosophy, Department of / Graduate

This thesis explores the issue of how to reconcile the value of individual privacy with that of freedom of speech. It argues that there ought to be legal protection against invasion of privacy by the media, and that such protection should be seen as complementary to a system of free expression rather than opposed to such a system. A definition of privacy is outlined which, it is contended, meets the criteria for a coherent, neutral definition. Various reasons for valuing privacy and in favour of protecting the individual's reasonable expectations of privacy are identified. It is argued that lack of precision in the normative realm, in defining with certainty when privacy is invaded, should not be an excuse for leaving the individual without legal protection. There follows an examination of the protection of privacy against media incursions in English, New Zealand, Australian and Canadian law, other than the coincidental protection afforded by certain common law actions. There has been significant judicial and legislative recognition of the need to safeguard privacy interests, and many interesting developments in recent years are discussed. However, none of the countries considered has yet developed effective recourse for victims of unwarranted and invasive publications. It is argued that the relationship between privacy and free speech has been wrongly conceptualised, and that in fact both interests serve the same underlying set of values. Problems arise when privacy and free speech interests are balanced in the abstract rather than in context, and when a simplistic view of press freedom is adopted in disregard of the realities of the modern mass media. Invasive publications generally do not significantly advance free speech interests unless they help to provide the information needed for public decision-making. Furthermore, this information can in many cases be conveyed without detriment by withholding details which disclose identity. A three-step test is proposed to determine whether privacy and free speech interests can be reconciled without compromise to either of them, or whether it is necessary to balance these interests in the context of the case. It will also be maintained that a contextual approach is preferable to the adoption of categories such as "public figures" and "public places". These concepts tend to be misleading, and should be eschewed as analytical tools, since they confuse important questions which require separate analysis. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

Section 5(1) of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 28 of 2002 stipulates that a prospecting and mining right granted in terms of the aforementioned Act and registered in terms of the Mining Titles Registration Act 16 of 1967 is a limited real right in respect of the mineral and the land to which it relates. Section 2(4) of the Mining Titles Registration Act 16 of 1967 determines that registration of a prospecting or mining right in terms of that act constitutes a limited real right binding on third parties. Section 1 of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 defines the effective date of a prospecting or mining right to be the date of execution thereof. In the judgement of the Minister of Mineral Resources and Others vs Mawetse (SA) Mining Corporation (Pty) Ltd, the Supreme Court of Appeal through Majiedt, J held that a prospecting right, and by implication a mining right, becomes enforceable on date of approval of the environmental management programme related to such right. In practice the approval of an environmental management programme occurs on date of execution. Considering this judgement and legislative provisions, it is obvious that a contradiction exist as to when a prospecting or mining right becomes enforceable against third parties such as landowners. The common law principle with regard to limited real rights are that limited real rights become enforceable upon registration against third parties on the basis that such registration serves as publication to the public of its existence and enforceability. The question arises whether the nature of prospecting or mining rights as limited real rights has changed from the aforementioned common law principle through the enactment of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 on whether the aforementioned act and the Mining Titles Registration Act 16 of 1967 incorporate this common law principle into the aforementioned legislation. The Mawetse - judgement deviates from both the provisions of the Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act 28 of 2002 and the aforementioned common law principle. It also deviated from previous case law which held that prospecting- and by implication mining rights are contractual in nature, by finding that they are the result of unilateral administrative action. If contractual in nature, it is arguable that prospecting or mining rights become enforceable on date of registration through the common law principles underpinning enforceability of limited real rights and if the result of unilateral administrative action, in terms of the Mawetse - judgement becomes enforceable on date of approval of the environmental management programme, which coincides with the date of execution. It is of importance to ascertain whether prospecting and mining rights are contractual in nature, the result of unilateral administrative action or hybrid of both to answer the question whether they are enforceable as limited real right before registration or only upon registration. The methodology to answer these questions entails a critical case study of the Mawetse - judgement and an analysis of the interpretation of statutory and common law. This dissertation will explore when prospecting and mining rights become enforceable against third parties such as landowners and secondary thereto, whether they are contractual in nature, the result of unilateral administrative action or a hybrid of both, in order to answer the primary and secondary questions that arise from the aforementioned. / Mini Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2019. / Public Law / LLM / Unrestricted

"The research paper is premised on the fact that NEPAD has the potential to reduce poverty and improve the observance of human rights in Africa. Both of these outcomes are relevant because they address the right to an adequate standard of living. It is, however, doubtful whether the economic path chosen by NEPAD to addres the key issue of poverty is actually going to have a positive impact on realisation of this rigts. This is particularly important given the fact that NEPAD's economic plan is premised on free market economics, private sector led growth and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which it hopes, will improve the quality of life of the poor. There are problems with this approach because previous economic programmes that were imlemented in Africa with similar economic programmes failed because they never put people at the core of their develoment plans. The success of NEPAD's programme will depend on whether people are put at the core of its programmes, otherwise its contribution to improving living conditions in Africa will be minimal. Secondly, the institutional framework for human rights in NEPAD is not strong enough to address human rights. As a result, human rights issues are not likely to attract the seriousness that they deserve. This paper therefor intends to suggest ways of strengthening the human rights mechanism in NEPAD. ... The study is divided into five chapters. Besides this chapter, the seocnd chapter will trace the historical development of NEPAD. It will also examine what NEPAD is all about, its institutions and proposed programmes. The third chapter will discuss the concept of the right to an adequate standard of living as enunciated in the Internaitonal Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR). The chapter will seek to define the scope of the right to an adequate standard of living and discuss the obligations of the state towards the realisation of this right. The fourth chapter deals with how NEPAD addresses the right to an adequate standard of living as elucidated on in the previous chapter. The fifth chapter will address the issue of how NEPAD can be made more responsive to addressing the right to an adequate standard of living. The conclusion will be contained in this chapter." -- Chapter 1. / Prepared under the supervision of Mr. Martin Nsibirwa, Centre for Human Rights, Faculty of Law, University of Pretoria, South Africa / Thesis (LLM (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa)) -- University of Pretoria, 2002. / http://www.chr.up.ac.za/academic_pro/llm1/dissertations.html / Centre for Human Rights / LLM

Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / gm2015 / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Right-wing radicalism has moved to the periphery of public and academic attention. This is despite the fact that hate crimes are increasing and right-wing populist parties win enough votes to be represented in parliament or even make up governments Europe-wide. In addition, the Internet has made it easy for the right-wing to network and transport their ideology to a large audience. The research, therefore, asks how the German right-wing as a contrast society is portrayed on Twitter networks. Because it is the goal of contrast societies to change the target society in its favor, the Internet offers a space where an ideal society can be created online. Right-wing networks on Twitter will be analyzed with a social media analysis using Twitter statistics, NodeXL Pro and Gephi. The analysis will be conducted by identifying online radicalization themes, like for example hate towards refugees, in the form of hashtags, that constitute the alternative reality created online. The results of the analysis will then be presented in the context of radical contrast society's efforts to change society. This way, it will be possible to come to a meaningful conclusion that includes wider societal implications of the right-wings' networking on Twitter.

The research question addressed by this study is: what is the relationship between Europeanization and the rise of extremist parties? In particular I examine the impact of Europeanization on the rise of extreme right parties in Europe from 1984 to 2006. Europeanization in this paper is defined as a process whereby the transformation of governance at the European level and European integration as a whole has caused distinctive changes in domestic politics. This process of Europeanization is one part of a structure of opportunities for extremist parties (which also include social, economic, and electoral factors). Although this study finds that Europeanization does not have a statistically significant effect it is still an important factor when examining domestic political phenomenon in Europe.

The long-term monitoring of the South African southern right whale population has revealed a decrease in sightings along the coast and an increase of calving intervals within the last few years, causing changes in the species´ demographics causing a decrease in annual population growth rate (6.5% y -1 ). Because reproductive success is linked to body condition, the purpose of this study was to conduct a visual health assessment based on overhead photographs from the annual aerial southern right whale surveys and detect potential links between visual health condition of parous females and the increased calving intervals. Additionally, it was aimed to find relationships between visual health of parous females and environmental indices of the Southern Ocean, representing food availability. To allow global comparison of the results, the method used for the visual health assessment was developed in collaboration with international southern right whale researchers from Australia and South Africa. The health indices were adapted from a visual health assessment method developed for northern right whales and include body condition, skin condition, the presence of cyamids around the blowholes and rake marks on the skin. The results showed that these health variables derived from overhead photographs were sufficient to detect visual health changes over time. Within the study period (2005 – 2017), there were two years in which whales had a significant decreased visual health (i.e. increased health score) than average; 2008 and 2014. No direct link between the observed health condition and calving intervals could be found, possibly due to the lack of data on calving intervals post-2014 as well asthe assessment of breeding females only (i.e. breeding females are in good enough conditions to reproduce). However, significant relationships were found between visual health and Southern Ocean productivity (p< 0.001) and climate indices (p < 0.05) with a 0-year lag. These results clearly indicate a link between southern right whale visual health condition and Southern Ocean food availability in one feeding ground, suggesting that this may be the primary feeding ground for parous females during pregnancy. Understanding the links between visual health, reproductive success and climate/food availability helps to understand changes in the population’s demographics and to predict the resilience of the species. Additionally, the standardization of the method allows for global comparison.