Right ventricular dysfunction is the most frequent cause of death in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Although abnormal energy substrate use has been implicated in the development of chronic left heart failure, data describing such metabolic remodeling in failing right ventricular tissue remain incomplete. In the present dissertation we sought to characterize metabolic gene expression changes and mitochondrial dysfunction in functional and dysfunctional RV hypertrophy. Two different rat models of RV hypertrophy were studied. The model of right ventricular failure (SU5416/hypoxia) exhibited a significantly decreased gene expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1α, peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor-α and estrogen-related receptor-α. The expression of multiple peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1α target genes required for fatty acid oxidation was similarly decreased. Decreased peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1α expression was also associated with a net loss of mitochondrial protein and oxidative capacity. Reduced mitochondrial number was associated with a downregulation of transcription factor A, mitochondrial, and other genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis. Electron microscopy demonstrated that, in right ventricular failure tissue, mitochondria had abnormal shape and size. Lastly, respirometric analysis demonstrated that mitochondria isolated from right ventricular failure tissue had a significantly reduced ADP- stimulated (state 3) rate for complex I. Conversely, functional right ventricular hypertrophy in the pulmonary artery banding model showed normal expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor- coactivator-1α, whereas the expression of fatty acid oxidation genes was either preserved or unregulated. Moreover, pulmonary artery banding-right ventricular tissue exhibited preserved transcription factor A mitochondrial expression and mitochondrial respiration despite elevated right ventricular pressure-overload. We conclude that right ventricular dysfunction, but not functional right ventricular hypertrophy in rats, demonstrates a gene expression profile compatible with a multilevel impairment of fatty acid metabolism and significant mitochondrial dysfunction, partially independent of chronic pressure-overload.

A demand for requested death in the human society seems to be increasing nowadays. In some countries, there has been such an institue legitimized. However, this demand is not usually accepted by the branches of state power. The main argument against the right for assisted life ending is often appointed as, what is so called, right for life. These are the appointments in international and national documents, which gurantee opportunity of human beeings' lives, as a unique organism. This appointment first appears in Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which is then used in every other document dealing with basic human rights. Because of some sort of unclear thoughts, when deeper analysing right for life, it is possible to contest and disagree with an interpretation of above mentioned institute and its place of shield against positive efforts of setting the human's right of a decision, how and when to end the life. The problem seems to lie right in the creation of such an institue - which interpretation have had people, who have been creating original document, on their minds? Another unclear thoughts seem to appear in the effort of setting a subject and the content of the mentioned right. The main point is, if the right-for-lifeholder is a human after or before the birth and if before, when...

Le contrat de bail est habituellement présenté comme la seule voie qui règle la question de l'accession au logement. Il apparait pourtant utile de se pencher vers d'autres combinaisons voisines que le bail afin d'assurer au candidat au logement un statut attrayant d'un point de vue juridique et social.Le démembrement de la propriété, ordinairement décrit comme un mécanisme subi, dévoile des virtualités intéressantes lorsqu'il est employé dans le cadre de l'accession à un logement. C'est ainsi que l'usufruit temporaire offre une alternative innovante aux personnes dont les ressources personnelles ne permettent pas d'accéder à la propriété.Exclusivement envisagé par les rédacteurs du Code civil comme un moyen d'allouer des revenus de subsistance à son titulaire, l'usufruit devient un mode original d'appropriation des biens. Si le rôle domestique de l'usufruit est attaché à sa tradition historique, la contribution de l'usufruit à la réalisation d'un droit au logement nouveau imprimera une nouvelle finalité à cette prérogative / The lease is usually presented as the only way to resolve the issue of access to housing. It appears, however, useful to look to other neighboring combinations that the lease to ensure the candidate attractive to housing status of a legally and socially.The dismemberment of the property, usually described as a mechanism for sustained, reveals interesting potentialities when used as part of home accommodation.Thus the temporary usufruct offers an innovative alternative to individuals whose personal resources do not allow access to the property.Exclusively envisaged by the drafters of the Civil Code as a means to allocate subsistence income to the holder, the usufruct is an original mode of appropriation of property. If the domestic role of the usufruct is attached to its historical tradition, the contribution of the usufruct to the achievement of a new right to housing will print a new purpose that prerogative

Title of the Thesis: Freedom of information rights to obtaining information on salaries and bonuses of employees in public administration bodies This thesis aims to analyse the theoretical framework of the freedom of information laws in the Czech republic, with a particular focus on obtaining information about salaries, wages, and benefits of public administration employees, and its subsequent comparison with the practice. The goal of this thesis is not only to summarise the development of jurisprudence concerning the freedom of information laws up to this day, which will be dealt with in chapter II, as well as in the relevant parts of chapter III.1 and 2 respectively, dealing with the right to privacy and information self-determination. More importantly, this thesis aims to offer a possible solution to the conflict between, on the one hand, the right to obtain relevant information pursuant to the freedom of information laws, and, on the other hand, the right to privacy and information self-determination, using the proportionality test described in chapter III.4. In doing so, this thesis offers a framework that has not yet been used in the relevant literature. Following a short summary, the thesis introduces the sources of the freedom of information laws relevant to the Czech legal system in order...

Depuis les années 1990, le droit d’établissement des sociétés a connu une évolution sans précédent au sein du marché intérieur. En tant qu’opérateurs économiques, les sociétés devaient être les premières bénéficiaires de ce marché. Force est de constater qu’il n’existe toujours pas de véritable droit européen des sociétés. Cette carence normative a été comblée par l’action normative de la Cour de justice afin d’offrir aux sociétés les instruments juridiques nécessaires à leur mobilité. C’est ce qui ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne qui est allée bien au-delà d’une simple coordination des droits nationaux. En effet, il ressort de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice qu’elle a profondément influencé la condition juridique des sociétés puisque la Cour a bouleversé la notion même d’établissement. Partant, le droit d’établissement, le droit européen d’établissement des sociétés apparaît alors comme un droit subjectif à la mobilité. Si le rattachement des sociétés au territoire d’un Etat constitue une condition inhérente à leur existence, l’exercice du droit d’établissement permet de faciliter la mobilité de celles-ci sans pour autant remettre en cause les compétences des États qui restent les seuls à déterminer les conditions de création et de fonctionnement des sociétés. Dès lors, le droit d’établissement apparaît comme un droit subjectif procédural. / The right of establishment of companies had an unprecedented evolution within the domestic market since 1990. As economic operators, companies should be the first beneficiaries of this market. Unfortunately there is still no true European Company Law. This weakness was filled by normative action of the Court of Justice in order to give Companies the legal instruments necessary for their mobility. When we look closer to the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice, we can note that she did way more than a simple coordination of national laws. Indeed this jurisprudence has deeply changed companies’ legal conditions because the Court has disrupted the notion of establishment itself. Company European right of establishment then becomes a subjective right to mobility. The connection of companies to the law of a country is necessary to their legal existence. However the exercise of the right of establishment made companies mobility easier without questioning States abilities. Indeed only States can decide on the legal condition of creation and functioning of companies. Based on that, the right of establishment appears as a procedural subjective right.

L'engagement est au cœur du lien social, aussi les juristes lui ont accordé une place considérable au sein de la sphère du droit ; le droit des contrats est le premier concerné. A côté de cela, il n'est plus possible d'ignorer le phénomène du désengagement. La place croissante de ce dernier a conduit la doctrine à se pencher sur lui, à s'intéresser aux règles qui prévoient en matière de droit des contrats une faculté de repentir. Compte tenu de cela, il nous paraît particulièrement intéressant de traiter de l' « engagement », en le confrontant avec son symétrique, le « désengagement ». Cela pourrait, croyons-nous, changer la façon dont l'un et l'autre peuvent être appréhendés. Et nous avons choisi de concentrer nos efforts sur les dispositifs issus du droit de la consommation, qui à nos yeux sont l'expression la plus forte de l'idée de désengagement contractuel. / On one hand, the commitment is at the heart of the social link, therefore the civil lawyers granted it a crucial place within the sphere of the law. It is particularly true for contract law. On the other hand, it is not possible any more to ignore the phenomenon of the right of withdrawal. The increasing place of the latter, led the doctrine to deal with it, to be interested in the rules, which plan regarding contract law a faculty to regret. Considering it, it seems to us particularly interesting to deal with the "commitment", by confronting it with its contrary, the "right of withdrawal". It could, we believe, change the way both can be apprehended. Therefore, we focus on the consumer law, which is, for us, the highest expression of the right of withdrawal.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Na tradiÃÃo filosÃfica, a filosofia do direito à a disciplina que tematiza o direito enquanto tal, nÃo este ou aquele direito especÃfico de um ou outro Estado, nÃo se interessa detalhadamente pela realidade do direito, mas pelo conceito do direito. Para Hegel o direito à a realizaÃÃo objetiva da liberdade, porÃm nem toda lei ou instituiÃÃo positiva à de fato uma lei da liberdade, sÃo necessÃrios critÃrios para determinar quando uma lei ou instituiÃÃo positiva à ou nÃo justificÃvel, isto Ã, satisfaz as exigÃncias da razÃo pela liberdade. Essa dissertaÃÃo tem como objetivo determinar quais os critÃrios de avaliaÃÃo e correÃÃo do direito positivo em Hegel e a relaÃÃo entre o conceito do direito e a efetividade do direito. A presente dissertaÃÃo terà como principal referÃncia bibliogrÃfica a obra de G.W.F. Hegel, Linhas Fundamentais da Filosofia do Direito, assim como obras complementares do prÃprio autor (Fenomenologia do EspÃrito, Filosofia da HistÃria etc) e de demais autores e comentadores que contribuam com o nosso objetivo. Concluiremos que Hegel concilia em sua Filosofia do Direito a historicidade e normatividade da liberdade, isto Ã, para Hegel a liberdade pressuporia normas e seria historicamente efetivada e que os critÃrios para avaliar e corrigir o direito positivo seriam histÃricos e normativos. / In the philosophical tradition, the philosophy of right is the discipline that thematizes the right as such, not this or that specific right of one or other State, not interested in detail by the rightâs reality, but of the rightâs concept. For Hegel the right is the objective realization of freedom, but not every law or positive institution is indeed a law of freedom, criteria is necessary to determine when a law or positive institution is justifiable or not, that is, satisfies the demands of reason for freedom. This dissertation aims to determine the criteria for the evaluation and correction of positive law in Hegel and the relation between the concept of right and the actuality of right. The present dissertation will have as main bibliographical reference the work of G.W.F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, as well as complementary works by the author himself (Phenomenology of Mind, Philosophy of History, etc.) and other authors and commentators who contribute to our objective. We will conclude that Hegel conciliates in his Philosophy right the historicity and normativity of freedom, that is, for Hegel, freedom would presuppose norms and would be historically effective, and that the criteria for evaluating and correcting positive law would be historical and normative.

This thesis evaluates two theories purporting to explain the rise of right-wing extremism in the Midwest during the farm crisis of the 1980s. The pluralist argument suggests that Midwestern right-wing extremism was rooted in previous episodes of agrarian radicalism. The political tradition perspective, on the other hand, claims that right-wing extremism in the Midwest was rooted in traditional conservatism. To evaluate these theories, an analysis of ten counties was performed. Particular attention was paid to seven variables which theorists argue point agriculturally based communities down political paths of radicalism or conservatism. Regional analyses were also performed on those counties which resided in similar areas of the Midwest. The findings offer stronger support for the political tradition perspective than for the pluralist argument. These finding suggest that those counties in which right-wing extremist activity did not occur were ones which supported past agrarian radical movements while those counties which experienced right-wing extremism were for the most part opponents of past radical agrarian movements. The thesis suggests that future research on rightwing extremism should focus attention on the political traditions of the communities were such movements become established and that a number of alternative variables should be considered.

O que na cidade é direito do cidadão? Quais os marcos que determinam o espaço urbano democrático? Em outras palavras: o que faz de uma cidade um lugar habitável? Como se tecem as relações entre a cidade e seu habitante? Esta indagação é tão mais importante quanto se compreende que a Cidade é resultado concreto e simbólico de uma miríade de decisões anônimas, pelas quais os citadinos se reapropriam de espaços e constroem neles seu habitar. Nesse contexto , que sentidos assume a paisagem? O que é esta relação entre o homem e seu espaço de vida, num ambiente tão contraditório quanto as áreas urbanas atuais? Seria importante pensar em paisagem como direito, quando tantos outros são afrontados no cotidiano da cidade segregada e fragmentada? A hipótese que se defende aqui é que sem considerar o direito à paisagem de cada habitante urbano enquanto direto à experiência estética de seu espaço de vida cotidiana, não se consolida o direito à cidade. A investigação realizada, utilizando de metodologia de pesquisa qualitativa de inspiração fenomenológica, permitiu compreender os sentidos e a importância da paisagem como experiência estética cotidiana, condição fundamental para a humanização da cidade e para a consolidação do habitar a cidade. Em outras palavras, o direito à paisagem, na acepção aqui estudada, é elemento fundamental do direto à cidade. / What is exactly the right of the citizen in a city? Which are the elements that establish a democratic urban environment? In other words: what does it take for a city become a inhabitable place? How are forged the relationships between a city and its inhabitant? This question becomes even more important as one comprehend that the City itself is the concrete and symbolic result of a plethora of anonymous decisions, by which the urban inhabitant re-appropriate its spaces and build upon then their dwell. In this context, what are the meanings that the landscape could take? What is this relationship among an individual and its living space, in such contradictory environments as urban areas today? It would make sense to think of landscape as a right, at the same time as many others are undermined at a daily basis in the shattered, segregated city? The hypothesis advocated in this work is that, without the consideration fo the right to landscape as a right to aesthetic experience of its daily living space of every urban inhabitant, the demand to the right to the city does not meet its fulfillment. The research used qualitative methods of phenomenological inspiration. Those methods allowed to perceive the meaning and importance of the landscape as everyday aesthetic experience, a fundamental condition for humanizing the urban environment, as well as for the consolidation of the city as habitable place. In other words, the right to the city, in the sense of this Thesis, is a fundamental part of the right to the city.

This thesis aims to describe and analyze the politicians who belong the right-wing political conservative traditions in Turkey by the mediation of their understanding and mentality. In this framework, the study primarily intends to investigate and analyze their perceptions of political and ideological imaginations. Turkish right seems to have a quite heterogeneous structure. While the recognition of the heterogeneity embodied around the political-institutional structuring is crucial to understand the Turkish right-conservatism, focusing merely on the heterogeneity and differences is inadequate to understand the right-conservative tradition. This study aims to analyze the aforesaid diversity and heterogeneity in the axes of politics and ideology. In spite of its heterogeneous qualifications, there are some attributions which made the Turkish right-wing conservative tradition homogeneous on certain economic, social and cultural issues. In this context, the study aims to analyze and understand the differentiations and affinities among the politicians who belong to the mainstream right-wing conservative political parties by focusing on the politicians discourses.