In 1996, Lithuania was one of the first countries in the East and Central Europe that established the Law on the Rights of Patients and Compensation of the Damage to Their Health, and the rights of patients became the subject of discussions between lawyers and citizens. However, there are only few studies on this subject, even it is very relevant for improving of work planning in the health care institutions. From the 1st till 19th of August 2005 the research has been done with the purpose to examine the status of the rights of the patients that were using stationary services in the hospital of Vilnius University “Santariškių klinikos” (VUL SK) and considering the received information to propose how to prevent breach of the patients’ rights.

Patient's damage The goal of this presented diploma thesis is to discuss the problem of patient harm due to health care. To achieve the stated goal, the thesis is divided into five main chapters, in which the first chapter discusses the relationship between the patient. The first chapter also introduces the rights and obligations of both the patient and the physician. This chapter also deals with the issue of informed consent. The second chapter focuses on the issue of legal liability, addressing both civil liability in general and its individual types, as well as criminal liability. The next chapter is about the procedure lege artis and the related health ethics concept. Part of this chapter is also the issue of expert opinions. The fourth chapter is crucial for the thesis, because it deals with the patient's own damage. This chapter deals not only with undesirable events that could result in patient harm, but also about the subsequent compensation of the patient in the form of painful and compensation for the burden of social application. Within the subchapter on patient harm in practice are mentioned the decisions of the Supreme Court of the Czech Republic issued in specific cases of patients' injuries. And for completeness, one European Court of Human Rights decision. The last chapter mentions...

Abstract The Act on the Status and Rights of patients (1993) enabled a change in the patient’s status from being a passive object of medical treatment to being an active and equal subject with a right of self-determination. According to the Act a patient has a right to show his dissatisfaction with the received care and treatment with a complaint. The aim of the first part of the study was to clarify the workings of patient feedback and complaint systems as well as the position of the health care professionals with whom patients had been dissatisfied with. The data was collected with a questionnaire from people in superior positions within the medical and nursing professions (n = 110). The aim for the second and third parts of this study was to find out about patients’ dissatisfaction with the medical care, nursing or treatment they received from a health care professional. Data for the second part of the study was collected from readers’ letters in newspapers during 2012 (n = 127), while the data for the third part was gathered from patients’ complaints during 1993-2012 (n = 956). The data for parts were analyzed by means of inductive content analysis. The results from the questionnaire show that a complaint is a negative thing. Sorting out of the facts concerning the matter and answering the complaint are felt to be slow and complicated. Patient feedback is seen as a more natural alternative to a complaint from the viewpoints of the patient, the health care professional and the working community. Dissatisfaction expressed by a patient is also a defeat for a health care professional. There is a lot of dissatisfaction with care and treatment in the readers’ letters concerning health care. To a great extent, it deals with access to health care, with the abilities of health care professionals and with general treatment. The amount of complaints increased significantly between years 1993–2012. However, the amount was small when compared to the number of patients then in health care. The complaints were mostly made by patients themselves. The main sources for dissatisfaction with health care are gaining access to health care, the professional abilities of health care staff as well as guidance and getting advice. Dissatisfaction with treatment is expressed as experiences of having been dominated or subjected to mental violence. Dissatisfaction with the health care organization is rare in all parts of the study. The experienced care is more significant than the environment. The content of complaints has not been studied before. The knowledge gained by this study can be utilized when developing the statutes on the complaints and feedback systems. The study also gives new insight into developing patient encounters as well as nursing and well-being at work. / Tiivistelmä Potilaslaki (1993) mahdollisti, että potilaan asema muuttui passiivisesta hoidon kohteena olevasta objektista aktiiviseksi ja tasa-arvoiseksi toimijaksi. Potilaslain mukaan potilaalla on oikeus osoittaa tyytymättömyytensä saamansa hoitoon ja kohteluun muistutuksen avulla. Ensimmäisen osastutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää potilaspalaute- ja muistutusjärjestelmiä sekä potilaan tyytymättömyyden kohteeksi joutuneen terveydenhuollon ammattihenkilökunnan asemaa. Aineisto kerättiin kyselyllä hoitotyön ja lääketieteen esimiehiltä (n = 110). Toisen ja kolmannen osatutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää potilaan kokemaa tyytymättömyyttä terveydenhuollon ammattihenkilön harjoittamaan terveyden- ja sairaanhoitoon tai siihen liittyvään kohteluun. Toisen osatutkimuksen aineisto kerättiin yleisönosaston mielipidekirjoituksista vuoden 2012 ajalta (n = 127) ja kolmannen osatutkimuksen aineisto muistutuksista vuosilta 1993–2012 (n = 956). Osatutkimusten aineistot analysoitiin induktiivisella sisällönanalyysillä. Kyselyn tulosten mukaan muistutus on luonteeltaan kielteinen. Siihen liittyvien asioiden selvittely ja vastauksen laadinta koetaan hitaaksi ja monimutkaiseksi. Potilaspalautetta pidetään potilaan, työntekijän ja työyhteisön kannalta muistutusta luontevampana vaihtoehtona. Potilaan ilmaisema tyytymättömyys on tappio myös terveydenhuollon ammattihenkilölle. Terveydenhuoltoa koskevissa mielipidekirjoituksissa esiintyy paljon tyytymättömyyttä hoitoon ja kohteluun. Se kohdistuu suurelta osin hoitoon pääsyyn liittyviin asioihin sekä henkilökunnan osaamiseen ja kohteluun. Muistutusten määrä kasvoi vuosina 1993–2012 merkittävästi. Silti niiden määrä on vähäinen verrattuna hoidossa olleiden potilaiden määrään. Muistutukset olivat enimmäkseen potilaiden itsensä tekemiä. Hoitoon liittyvää tyytymättömyyttä aiheuttavat erityisesti hoitoon pääsyyn, henkilökunnan osaamiseen sekä ohjaukseen ja neuvontaan liittyvät asiat. Kohteluun liittyvä tyytymättömyys ilmenee kokemuksena alistamisesta ja henkisestä väkivallasta. Organisaatioon liittyvä tyytymättömyys on kaikissa osatutkimuksissa vähäistä. Koettu huolenpito on ympäristöä merkityksellisempi. Muistutusten sisältöä ei ole aikaisemmin tutkittu. Tutkimusta voidaan hyödyntää muistutuksiin liittyvien säädöksien ja palautejärjestelmien kehittämisessä. Tutkimus antaa uutta tietoa myös potilaan kohtaamiseen sekä hoitotyön ja työhyvinvoinnin kehittämiseen.

Resume in English The thesis Basic rights of the patients compares two systems of law, the Czech and the French one. This work introduces the resources of legal adjustments of the both law systems in the area of medical law. Later on it deals with the relation doctor - patient, the interpretation of which is absolutely different in both countries. France has been proud of its contractual relations since the thirties of the 20th century, while the Czech republic can be characterized with more of a paternalistic relation. The separate basic rights are arranged according to their importance in this thesis. The author introduces the international legal form, then the local variant, the French legal form being given the advantage. In the conclusion of some chapters the reader will find a short resume, evaluation of pluses and minuses and a short lay-out of the new legal modifications or inspiration for the lawmakers. First of all the right to life and the right to protection of human personality are being dealt with. These rights are the top values of the human society, that is why they are protected by the normatives of the top legal force. Within these rights the author renders especially the criminal responsibility of the medical staff, mainly in connection with taking an active part in euthanasia or suicide....

The subject of this thesis is "Protection of personality in health care" which is an important and especially current topic. After the recodifications of relevant legislation - particularly the recent Civil Code (which is built on the natural law concept) - is more focused on the protection of personality and it generally changed perception of harm to personal rights. It is newly called "compensation for personal harm to the natural rights of person" and claims for compensation for damages and recompense of non-pecuniary damages is tied to a single court proceedings. The thesis is divided into four parts. The first part introduces the basic concepts related to personal rights and to certain medical terminology including explanation of the term "lege artis". The second part presents the relevant legislation, both national and international. The third and largest section is devoted to the protection of patient's personality which is defined by the individual rights of patient in health care. It refers to the patient's right to be treated "lege artis" during receiving of health services, patients' right to be informed and provide related informed consent (on which the thesis is particularly focused), medical confidentiality of health workers and issues related to handling the patient's medical...

毒品法庭自美國發展而逐漸影響世界各地，甚至成為台灣修法倡議，是晚近刑事政策的重要議題。為深入了解毒品法庭，除介紹制度的發展概況與具體內涵外，尚將進一步考掘歷史成因及改革困境，並從制度構造及程序法理的二方面剖析其所引發的爭議。最後，將問題帶回台灣，在透過實證數據理解實務現況的基礎上，將改革情勢與制度問題脈絡化進行比較研究，試圖從刑事政策的觀點提出評價性建議，以作為台灣毒品施用者處遇的策進方向。 毒品法庭於其權限範圍內，避免對於毒品施用者施加刑罰，而改採治療的態度與方法，促使其參與以治療為主、多元且細緻的處遇。在此同時，也視其表現給予懲罰或獎勵，進行嚴密監督以強化治療義務的要求，加深毒品施用者兼具病人與犯人身分的矛盾。另一方面，程序轉為合作、案主導向、問題解決，則與以往對抗、案件導向、真實發現有別。藉此反思台灣毒品施用者處遇，重要的毋寧是檢討制度的各種爭議，以及其背後所顯示的刑事政策的價值選擇。 / Drug Courts that have risen from development in the United States have had a gradual influence on the rest of the world, and have even been amended into Taiwanese law. This has been an important issue in recent discussions of criminal policy. In order to understand Drug Courts in detail, this article first introduces the background and the contents of the system, and then explores historical causes and reform dilemmas. It then analyzes the issue from the perspective of institutional structure and procedural legal principles. To then focus the issue back on Taiwan, on the basis of understanding the current state of practice through empirical data, a comparative study of the context of reform and institutional issues is conducted. Finally, this article will attempt to put forward a proposal for an evaluation from the perspective of criminal policy as a strategy for dealing with drug addicts in Taiwan. Within its jurisdiction, the Drug Court will avoid applying penalties to drug users, and instead adopt attitudes and methods that focus on meticulous and multi-faceted methods that promote participation in treatment. At the same time, they also punish or reward based on performance, carry out strict supervision aimed at strengthening requirements and treatment obligations, and deepen the contradiction between the identity of patients and prisoners among drug users. On the other hand, the transition of procedures to collaboration, case-director orientation, and problem solving is different from confrontation, case-orientation, and truth discovery. In this regard, it is important to reflect on the problems with the system and the choice of values of the criminal policy seen behind them.