The target of primary prevention is to discourage from the risk behaviour or to postpone the risky behaviour into the later age. For this reason, mechanisms of the primary prevention were laid down, where the schools and school facilities were determined as main executor. The main factor participating in creating the attitudes and education of children is doubtlessly the family, however, it often fails in the preventive acting connected to risky behaviour. Each elementary school is obliged to elaborate the so-called {\clq}minimum preventive program``, based on the metodical instruction of the Ministry of Schools, Youth and Sports. I am trying to find out this thesis, to which extent the measures taken by the school environment are effective. The target of the thesis was to Map primary prevention activities in elementary schools on the basis of their timeliness and the prevention of representation selected to perform the evaluation of risk-taking behaviour. I believe that the target of the thesis was achieved.

(in English): The thesis focuses on risk behaviour among children on the internet. The aim is to find out the specific differences between clients from the low-threshold treatment programme for youths at risk and the general child population, in the context of three main topics: risk behaviour, victimisation and victim and offender role reversal, and in two fields: cyberbullying and online violence against children. The work is divided in three parts: theoretical, methodological and analytical. First, I introduce basic concepts of hazardous internet behaviour among children as described within the academic literature. Those are mainly online communication, cyberbullying, cybergrooming, sexting and child pornography. In the methodological part, I present the goals of this work, research questions, the case-study method which is the base method of my own research, as well as other quantitative research methods that are commonly used to study the child population. These findings are compared in the analytical part, focusing on two main areas: cyberbullying and online violence against children. In the conclusion, the results are put in context of the theoretical findings from the first part in order to answer the research questions. The findings show considerable differences between the general child...

Abstract The purpose of this study is to describe and to compare the university students’ attitudes (knowledge, feelings and behaviour) towards HIV/AIDS (Human Immune Deficiency Virus/ Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) in Finland and in Kenya and to find explanatory factors associated with the sexual risk behaviour. For educators, managers and experts in health care and education the results will provide an opportunity to deepen their knowledge and awareness of students’ sexual behaviour. These results may also be used for planning an educational programme for youngsters and young adults in order to promote healthy sexual behaviour. This study is focused on the viewpoint of preventive health care and sexual health promotion. The study is a comparative research with quantitative and qualitative methods. The study group consists of 525 first year students (411 Finnish and 114 Kenyan students) of Oulu University of Applied Sciences, Oulu University and the University of Helsinki in Finland and of MOI University in Kenya. The response rate was 87.5%. The results concerning the attitudes towards HIV/AIDS of the students showed that the Finnish and Kenyan students had a good level of knowledge concerning HIV and AIDS. Most of the information had been obtained from TV, campaigns, newspapers, and information packages. The role of the health care professionals was very small in both countries. The most negative attitudes were found towards homosexuality (25.8% of the respondents) and intravenous drugs users (59.5%). The result showed that the level of knowledge did not have an effect on the level of their beliefs and prejudices of the students. It was common for the respondents to be single during their first study year. No influence was found between the students’ knowledge and the number of their sex partners or the frequency of the sexual activity. Almost the same number of students who reported using prevention always or almost always identified both HIV correctly (43.4%) and incorrectly (45.7%). The situation concerning AIDS was similar. The age and the importance of religion of the students had influence on the use of prevention. / Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kuvata ja verrata kenialaisten ja suomalaisten korkeakouluopiskelijoiden asenteita (tietoja, tunteita ja käyttäytymistä) HIV/AIDSia (Immuunikatovirus/ Hankittu immuunipuutos-oireyhtymä) kohtaan ja löytää seksuaalista riskikäyttäytymistä selittäviä tekijöitä. Terveydenhuollon ja terveysalan hallinnon ja koulutuksen asiantuntijoille tutkimustulokset antavat mahdollisuuden tutustua ja syventää HIV/AIDSia koskevaa tietouttaan ja tietoisuuttaan. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää ennaltaehkäisevän terveydenhuollon suunnittelussa ja koulutuksessa edistämään nuorten ja nuorten aikuisten terveellistä seksikäyttäytymistä. Tutkimuksen lähtökohta on ennaltaehkäisevä toiminta ja erityisesti seksuaaliterveyden edistäminen. Tutkimus on vertaileva tutkimus. Aineisto kerättiin strukturoituja ja avoimia kysymyksiä sisältävällä kyselylomakkeella. Tutkimukseen vastasi yhteensä 525 ensimmäisen lukuvuoden korkeakouluopiskelijaa, 411 suomalaista ja 114 kenialaista opiskelijaa. Vastausprosentti oli 87,5 %. Tulokset osoittivat sekä kenialaisilla että suomalaisilla korkeakouluopiskelijoilla olevan hyvät tiedot HIV/AIDSista. Tärkeimpiä opiskelijoiden nimeämiä tietolähteitä olivat TV, kampanjat, sanomalehdet ja informaatiopaketit. Perheen ja terveydenhuoltohenkilöstön rooli tiedon lähteenä oli vähäinen molemmissa maissa. Negatiivisimmat asenteet kohdistuivat homoseksuaalisuutta ja laskimon sisäisiä huumeiden käyttäjiä kohtaan. Kenialaisten opiskelijoiden ennakkoasenteet HIV/AIDSia kohtaan olivat muita opiskelijoita voimakkaammat ja negatiivisemmat. Tulokset osoittivat, että tiedon laadulla ei ollut merkitystä opiskelijoiden ennakkoasenteisiin. Tulokset osoittivat myös, että ensimmäisen vuoden korkeakouluopiskelijoilla ei ole paljon seksisuhteita. Opiskelijoiden HIV/AIDS-tiedoilla ei ollut yhteyttä seksipartnereiden määrään tai seksuaaliseen aktiivisuuteen. Oikealla tai väärällä HIV/AIDS-tiedolla ei ollut vaikutusta ehkäisyn käyttöön. Lähes sama määrä opiskelijoita, jotka kertoivat käyttävänsä ehkäisyä aina tai lähes aina, määritteli HIVin oikein ja väärin. Tilanne oli samanlainen koskien AIDSia. Oikealla tai väärällä HIV/AIDSia koskevalla tiedolla ei ollut myöskään vaikutusta ennakkoasenteiden voimakkuuteen. Tutkimustulosten perusteella HIV/AIDSin ennaltaehkäisyssä ei pelkkä HIV/AIDS tietotason kohottaminen riitä, vaan on syytä käyttää uusia ja monipuolisia lähestymistapoja.

ENGLISH : The purpose of this study was to determine the role of fear for HIV/AIDs in adolescents’ sexual choices. Theories which informed the study included developmental theory, decisionmaking theory, as well as emotion theory. In this survey study a mixed-method questionnaire was designed, piloted and then implemented with 252 purposefully selected Grade 11, Afrikaans learners (127 boys and 125 girls), aged 16 to 17 years in one high school in Gauteng. Data was analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. It was found that adolescents link several emotions with HIV&AIDS: fear, concern and caution. Another finding was that adolescents reportedly made safe sexual choices. Therefore, it was concluded that adolescents fear for HIV&AIDS positively impacted on their safe sexual choices. AFRIKAANS : Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal welke rol vrees vir MIV&VIGS speel in adolessente se seksuele keuses. Teorieë wat die studie ingelig het was ontwikkelingsteorie, besluitnemingsteorie en emosie-begronde teorieë. Die navorsingsontwerp van hierdie studie was ‘n opname studie. ‘n Gemengde metode vraelys is ontwerp, geloods, aangepas en geïmplementeer met. 252 graad 11, Afrikaanse leerders (127 seuns en 125 dogters), tussen die ouderdom van 16 en 17 jaar, wat doelgerig geselekteer is vanuit een hoërskool in Gauteng. Vraelysdata is kwantitatiewe en kwalitatiewe geanaliseer. Daar is bevind dat adolessente MIV/VIGS verbind met die emosies: vrees, bekommernis en versigtigheid. Verder blyk dit dat adolessente veilige seksuele keuses maak. Die gevolgtrekking is gemaak dat adolessente se vrees vir MIV&VIGS positief korreleer met hul veilige seksuele keuses. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2009. / Educational Psychology / unrestricted

Background: At the point, when injecting still seems to be the most common use among problem drug users and there has been no change in the long term, despite the long tradition of harm reduction services in the Czech Republic, it is important to examine the context of this issue and try to understand it more closely, and therefore understanding the phenomenon of needle fixation. Aims: The paper seeks to address whether the risky behaviour level of the needle-fixated drug users differs from those who are not needle-fixated. The second aim is to examine a possible connection between the injecting users psychopathological characteristics and the phenomenon of needle fixation. The third intention of the work is to find out whether and pošibly how the level of risky behaviour differs among needle-fixated drug users in the context of their psychopathological characteristics. Methods: The chosen method of data collection was a battery of questionnaires: IN-COME questionnaire, BBV-TRAQ, SCL-90 and NEFPRO. The battery of the questionnaire was administered with the participation of the researcher. In addition to descriptive statistical methods, the Mann-Whitney test (4 tests), the Chi-square test (11 tests) and the Spearman correlation coefficient were chosen as methods for testing based on research...

Thesis (DPhil (Psychology))—University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / This study has two purposes which are complementary: Firstly, an alternative prevention intervention was developed in order to introduce narrative group therapy as a therapeutical practice within preventative interventions in South Africa. Secondly, a training protocol was developed which can be used to train psychologists, counsellors, social workers, teachers and relevant persons to apply narrative group therapy as an alternative preventative intervention in their communities. In the context of this study, the personal stories of the adolescents who took part in this study reflect the problem stories of the Jamestown and Cloetesville community near Stellenbosch. After identifying 20 adolescents who experience problem stories with high-risk themes at two secondary schools in the respective communities, ten narrative group sessions were held, with social constructionism as philosophical approach. The training protocol was primarily of an experiential nature, consisting of 40 hours of training and 12 hours of supervision, with special focus on the personal stories of the four master’s degree psychology students who underwent training and facilitated the group therapy with the adolescents. For the purpose of this study qualitative research was done. During the development of the alternative preventative intervention, a qualitative description was given of the content of the personal stories of the adolescents within the interactional space of narrative group therapy and personal stories. The focus during this qualitative description was the following: • to establish whether the therapeutic process facilitated change, • to develop a new understanding of the therapeutic process by specifically focusing on applying narrative therapy in a group, and • to train and empower narrative-group-therapy facilitators to facilitate the narrative- group-therapy process. In this study two narrative-analytical research methods were used. Firstly, a qualitative narrative-analysis method was used to evaluate the psychotherapeutical transcripts. A part of these sessions was dedicated to this purpose and is presented in transcribed format. Secondly, the content-analysis method was applied: session data was examined, categories of the adolescents’ and students’ narratives were defined and thematic statements were extracted from the text, classified and sorted into categories or groups. This study provides supportive evidence that narrative group therapy as an alternative preventative intervention can be introduced as a therapeutic practice in South Africa. In addition, an effective training protocol was developed which can be used to train psychologists, counsellors, social workers, teachers and other relevant individuals to use narrative group therapy as an alternative preventative intervention in their communities.

With the advent of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART), people with the human immune deficiency virus (HIV) infection are increasingly enjoying longer and relatively healthy lives, particularly in developed countries. However, black Africans and African-Caribbean people in the United Kingdom and other developed countries are not yet enjoying the full benefits of HAART, essentially as a result of delayed diagnosis. Delayed diagnosis, in addition to affecting the health of infected individuals, also creates a community reservoir for the spread of the infection; thereby hampering prevention and control strategies by international and NHS guidelines. The delayed diagnosis may be grounded in individual, societal and health service factors that guide help-seeking behaviours of black African and African-Caribbean populations. This study set out to investigate the help-seeking behaviours to diagnose HIV and AIDS among UK based black African and African-Caribbean people, and to investigate the dynamics in those behaviours by place of origin (Africa vs. Caribbean) and by gender. A qualitative methodological approach involving semi-structured interviews was used to explore help-seeking behaviours to diagnose HIV and AIDS among black Africans and African-Caribbean populations in the UK and compared by gender. Thirty (30) purposively selected individuals from patients attending two sexual health clinics in the city of London were interviewed. These included 16 black Africans and 14 African-Caribbean people, and 16 men and 14 women. The symbolic interactionist perspective, and the concepts of broken narratives/silences, biographical disruption and biographical abruption guided the study and interpretation of findings. One main theme ‘Africanness’ and two sub-themes (“African way” and “African thing”) emerged from the findings. The “African way” embodies the risk factors involved in contracting or transmitting HIV and the “African thing” represents the HIV status itself. This is a cultural construction of HIV and AIDS within the acceptable context of participants which helped them to talk about HIV and AIDS without addressing it by the biomedical idiom. The notion of ‘Africanness’ provided a ‘marker’ for African identity. The “African thing” represented a new landscape for naming HIV without necessarily calling it by name and provided a comfortable platform for participants to seek help. The “African way” described the risk behaviours by participants that resulted in the “African thing”. Three sociological concepts; ‘broken narratives or silences, biographical disruption and biographical abruption were key issues in HIV and AIDS diagnosis at a late stage and have formed the basis for the development of a model of help-seeking for diagnosis by participants. Apparently, the main determinants of help-seeking for diagnosis of HIV and AIDS are dependent on cultural factors. Stigma is reinforced by the national health care system practices as well as health professionals themselves. This potentially increases the reluctance among black African and African-Caribbean populations to voluntarily test for HIV. An HIV diagnosis is seemingly a challenging experience because of the impending uncertainties associated with it. Seeking help for diagnosis may even be more difficult because of the anticipated and unpleasant experiences along the path to diagnosis. This may guide the individual to consider other alternatives outside the biomedical pathway, potentially; the biomedical path becomes the least likely choice, especially with black African and African-Caribbean populations. An insufficient cultural understanding is likely to result in inadequate recognition of alternative medical practices, insufficient attention to alternatives to biomedical health systems and potential distortion of the meaning of health messages linking them to practice.

The thesis discusses the primary prevention of risk behaviour as it is known in the Czech Republic and in Europe. The theoretical part is trying to comprehensively discuss the issue, however, it does not deal with present only it also charts its historical development. Based on the available literature and on personal experience of the author, there is an overall insight into the school primary prevention. At the beginning, the author tries to clarify the differences in terminology in this country and in Europe, as well as to deal with various forms of risky behaviour, which primary prevention focuses. A large section is devoted to teachers dealing with primary prevention and other participants of prevention such as students and their parents. As an integral part the theory also includes a chapter on specific activities, including examples of good practice especially from abroad, which can be used by school prevention methodologist in their work. The practical part of the thesis aims to propose to school prevention methodologists the right method of creating systematic strategy for primary prevention of risk behaviour phenomena in the school environment. The largest part consists of a model strategy for particular High School, from which it is clear how such a strategy should look like. The model...

The majority of Swedish boys and girls have good psychosomatic health. Despite that the risk of mental health problems such as nervousness, feeling low and sleeping difficulties has increased steadily in recent decades. Moreover, previous surveys on health and well-being indicate that boys and girls of foreign extraction in Sweden are at increased risk of ill health compared to boys and girls of Swedish background.   The main aim of this thesis was to analyse health and social determinants among boys and girls of foreign extraction in Sweden. The factors explored in papers I–IV include parental background, family affluence and gender and their associations with subjective health complaints, psychosomatic problems or health risk behaviours. Other included risk factors for ill health were involvement in bullying, low participation and discrimination at school. This thesis takes an intersectional perspective, with ambitions to be able to emphasize the interplay between different power relations (i.e. gender, social class and parental background).   Two sets of cross-sectional data were used. Three papers were based on the Swedish part of the World Health Organization’s Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children. The sample consisted of 11,972 children (boys n = 6054; girls n = 5918) in grades five, seven and nine from the measurement years 1997/98, 2001/02 and 2005/06. The response rate varied between 85 and 90%. About one fifth of the included children were of foreign extraction. For the fourth paper regional data from Northern Sweden were used. Boys (n = 729) and girls (n = 798) in grades six to nine answered a questionnaire in 2011 and the response rate was 80%. About 14% of the included children were of foreign extraction. Statistical methods used were chi-square test, correlation analyses, logistic regression analyses, cluster analyses and test of mediating factor.   The results showed that girls of foreign background were at increased risk of subjective health complaints (SHC) and boys of mixed background were at increased risk of psychosomatic problems (PSP). Increased risk of allocation to the cluster profile of multiple risk behaviour was shown in boys and girls of mixed background, in girls of foreign background and in girls of low family affluence. Increased risk of allocation to the cluster profile of inadequate tooth brushing was shown in boys and girls of foreign background and in girls of low family affluence. General risk factors for increased risk of ill health for boys and girls in Sweden were: any form of bullying involvement, low family affluence, low participation and discrimination at school, of which the latter also was a mediating factor for ill health. Living with a single parent was a risk factor for ill health among girls.   The results can function as a basis for developing health promotion programmes at schools that focus on social consequences of foreign extraction, family affluence, participation as well as health risk behaviours and gender. / Majoriteten av flickorna och pojkarna i Sverige har en god psykosomatisk hälsa. Trots det har risken för psykiska hälsosymptom såsom nervositet, att känna sig nere och sömnsvårigheter ökat successivt de senaste årtiondena. Dessutom indikerar tidigare forskning angående hälsa och välmående att flickor och pojkar med utländsk härkomst har ökad risk för ohälsa jämfört med flickor och pojkar med svensk härkomst.   Denna avhandlings huvudsyfte var att analysera hälsa och sociala bestämningsfaktorer bland flickor och pojkar i Sverige, med fokus på föräldrabakgrund. Artiklarnas (I–IV) syften inkluderar föräldrahärkomst, familjens materiella tillgångar och genus samt dess samband med subjektiva hälsobesvär, psykosomatiska problem eller hälsoriskbeteenden. Andra riskfaktorer för ohälsa som inkluderades var inblandning i mobbning, lågt deltagande och förekomst av diskriminering på skolan. Denna avhandling beaktar ett intersektionellt perspektiv med ambitionen att kunna tydliggöra samspelet mellan olika maktordningar (dvs. genus, social klass och föräldrabakgrund).   Två dataset från tvärsnittsstudier har använts. I de tre första artiklarna användes World Health Organization – Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children, som i Sverige heter Svenska skolbarns hälsovanor. Studiepopulationen bestod av 11 972 barn (flickor n = 5918; pojkar n = 6054) i årskurserna fem, sju och nio undersöknings år 1997/98, 2001/02 och 2005/06. Svarsfrekvensen var mellan 85 och 90 %. Ungefär en femtedel av barnen som deltog hade utländsk härkomst. I den fjärde artikeln användes regional data från norra Sverige. Flickor (n = 798) och pojkar (n = 729) i årskurserna sex till nio deltog i studien år 2011, svarsfrekvensen var 80 %. Omkring 14 % av barnen hade utländsk härkomst. De statistiska metoder som användes var sambandstest (chi-två), test av linjära samband så kallade korrelationsanalyser, logistisk regressionsanalys, klusteranalys och test av medierande faktor.   Resultaten visade att flickor med utländsk bakgrund hade ökad risk för subjektiva hälsobesvär (SHC) och pojkar av mixbakgrund hade ökad risk för psykosomatiska problem (PSP). Ökad risk för att hamna i klusterprofilen multipelt hälsoriskbeteende hade flickor och pojkar med mixbakgrund, flickor med utländsk bakgrund samt flickor i familjer med låg nivå av materiella tillgångar. Ökad risk för att hamna i klusterprofilen bristande tandborstning hade flickor och pojkar med utländsk bakgrund och flickor i familjer med låg nivå av materiella tillgångar. Generella riskfaktorer för ohälsa bland flickor och pojkar i Sverige var: alla former av inblandning i mobbning, låg nivå av materiella tillgångar i familjen, lågt deltagande och förekomst av diskriminering på skolan, vilken den senare även var en medierande faktor för ohälsa. Att leva med en ensamstående förälder var en riskfaktor för ohälsa bland flickor.   Avhandlingens resultat kan ligga till grund för utformande av hälsofrämjande interventioner inom elevhälsan, till exempel interventioner som fokuserar på sociala konsekvenser av utländsk härkomst, familjens materiella tillgångar, deltagande och diskriminering samt hälsoriskbeteenden och genus.

(in English): The virtual world is becoming more a part of our reality nowadays. Even children are coming into it and they are losing the ability to distinguish between the real and the virtual world. The virtual world is then an absolutely natural thing for them, including the advantages and risks that it brings. The aim of this master thesis was to collect present opinions and views on the conception of specific primary prevention in the area of cyberspace, and to analyze the currently offered programs from certified organizations for schools in Prague. The basic question of research is: What kind of topics do these preventive programs deal with? The method of this research was based on data collection through document analysis, semi- structured interviews and observation. The results show, that the most developed and complex topics in current practice are cyberbullying and netolism, leading to prevention of potential risky use of social networks and safer use of internet. When the goals of preventive programs are expressed enough specifically and sufficiently and with respect to the child, then it mostly focuses on cognitive aspects of the personality. Based on the research at the end of the thesis, there are formulated recommendations for the implementation of other primary prevention topics in...