O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a qualidade da água e o grau de contaminação por metais na água, sedimento e peixes no trecho médio da Bacia do rio Doce, no Estado de Minas Gerais. Para tanto, em fevereiro e setembro de 2001, foram feitas análises físicas, químicas e biológicas de amostras de água e sedimento, testes de toxicidade e análises dos tecidos branquiais de peixes. As amostras de água apresentaram concentrações de amônio e fósforo total mais elevadas que o limite estabelecido pela resolução Conama 20/86 em todos os pontos e períodos de coleta. Maiores valores de condutividade elétrica e de compostos nitrogenados e fosfatados foram verificados no ribeirão Timotinho. Neste local, também foram encontradas as maiores concentrações de material em suspensão, carbono e fenóis totais. Em geral, as amostras de sedimento apresentaram baixos teores de matéria orgânica e maior porcentagem de areia dentre as frações granulométricas, tendo sido verificados os maiores valores de nitrogênio total e fósforo total nas amostras de sedimento do ribeirão Timotinho. As concentrações de metais na água estiveram geralmente acima dos limites máximos estabelecidos pela resolução CONAMA 20/86 para águas classe 2, sendo que os pontos de coleta no ribeirão Timotinho e rio Doce/Cenibra apresentaram concentrações muito acima do estabelecido para a maioria dos metais analisados, nos dois períodos de amostragem. Nas amostras de sedimento, as concentrações de Cr estiveram acima de valores encontrados em regiões não impactadas, em ambos os períodos de amostragem. Nos peixes também foram observadas elevadas concentrações de metais, sendo que Geophagus brasiliensis, Oligosarcus argenteus, Hoplias lacerdae e Loricariichthys castaneus; Leporinus sp e Geophagus brasiliensis apresentaram respectivamente níveis de Cr, Pb e Ni acima do permitido pela legislação, indicando processos de bioconcentração e bioacumulação. Os testes de toxicidade aguda e crônica com amostras de sedimento à Daphnia similis, Chironomus xanthus e Ceriodaphnia silvestrii mostraram maiores efeitos de toxicidade no ribeirão Timotinho e rio Doce/Cenibra. Além disso, foram também verificados efeitos de toxicidade crônica no ribeirão do Turvo, rio Matipó e reservatório de Guilmam-Amorim. As análises dos tecidos branquiais revelaram alterações histopatológicas em Tilapia rendalli (aneurismas) e Rhamdia quelen (fusão lamelar) coletados no ribeirão Timotinho e rio Doce/Cenibra, demonstrando que estas e outras espécies estão seriamente expostas à poluentes. / The present study aimed to evaluate water quality and metals contamination levels in water, sediment and fishes of different sampling sites in the middle Doce river basin in Minas Gerais State. Therefore, in February and September of 2001, physical, chemical and biological analyses of water and sediment samples, toxicity tests and branchial tissues analyses of fishes were carried out. The water samples showed higher ammonium and total phosphorus concentrations than the limit established by CONAMA 20/86 in all sites and sampling periods. Higher electric conductivity and nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds were found in Timotinho stream, where were also found the highest concentrations of suspended matter, carbon and total phenols. In general, the sediment samples presented low organic matter values and higher sand percentage among granulometric fractions, with higher values of total phosphorus and nitrogen being found at Timotinho stream. The concentrations of metals in water were generally above the maximum limit established by CONAMA 20/86 for class 2 waters, with much higher values being found at Timotinho stream and Doce river/Cenibra for most metals determined, in both sampling periods. In the sediment samples, the chromium concentrations were above the values found in unimpacted areas, in both sampling periods. High concentrations of metals were also detected in the fishes. Geophagus brasiliensis, Oligosarcus argenteus, Hoplias lacerdae e Loricariichthys castaneus; Leporinus sp and Geophagus brasiliensis respectively presented chromium, lead and nickel values above the established by legislation, indicating bioconcentration and bioaccumulation processes. The acute and chronic toxicity tests with sediment samples to Daphnia similis, Chironomus xanthus and Ceriodaphnia silvestrii showed more toxicity effects at Timotinho stream and Doce river/Cenibra. Moreover, chronic toxicity effects were also detected at Turvo stream, Matipó river and Guilmam-Amorim reservoir. The branchial tissues analyses revealed histopathological alterations in Tilapia rendalli (aneurisms) and Rhamdia quelen (lamellar fusion) collected at Timotinho stream and Doce river/Cenibra, demonstrating that these and other species are seriously exposed to pollutants.

No presente trabalho estudou-se a qualidade de recursos hídricos na Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Ribeira de Iguape, localizada na região sudeste do estado de São Paulo. Esta é a única bacia no estado de São Paulo onde a relação disponibilidade de água versus demanda é extremamente positiva. Na região está localizada a maior concentração de Mata Atlântica do país. Atualmente, a agricultura é a principal atividade econômica, destacando-se as culturas do chá e da banana. Avaliou-se o impacto da atividade agrícola na qualidade da água por meio da caracterização da água em áreas de captação superficial e da água destinada ao abastecimento público. Realizou-se uma análise de risco do potencial de contaminação por agrotóxicos em águas superficiais e subterrâneas, analisando as características físico-químicas dos princípios ativos, dos produtos utilizados na região, relacionando-as com os aspectos básicos de meteorologia, hidrologia e características do solo. Realizaram-se 6 campanhas, sendo 5 campanhas no período de março de 2002 a fevereiro de 2003 e uma em janeiro de 2004, em 10 municípios situados ao longo do Rio Ribeira de Iguape e seus principais afluentes. Avaliaram-se os resíduos dos carbamatos (aldicarbe, carbofurano e carbaril), das triazinas (simazina e atrazina) e da nitroanilina (trifluralina) utilizando-se o método por extração em fase sólida e análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada ao detector UV/visível (SPE-LC-UV/vis). Verificou-se que a qualidade da água está relacionada com os períodos de chuva e seca. No início do período chuvoso, observou-se um número maior de amostras positivas com os resíduos de agrotóxicos bem como maior variabilidade nos parâmetros físico-químicos, das amostras de água superficial, devido ao alto índice pluviométrico da região que aumenta a lixiviação do solo. Do total de 152 amostras analisadas somente 24% apresentaram resíduos agrotóxicos. Desenvolveu-se uma metodologia para determinação de carbamatos, atrazinas e triazinas por extração em fase sólida e análise por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência acoplada ao detector espectrometria de massas Tandem (SPE-LC-MS/MS). O método mostrou-se eficiente na determinação destes compostos,apresentando ótima sensibilidade e seletividade. Aplicou-se o método nas amostras coletadas em janeiro de 2004 e devido a sua sensibilidade, o carbofurano foi identificado nas 20 amostras analisadas, sendo que em três das amostras de água tratada apresentou o produto de degradação, 3–OH–carbofurano. Verificou-se que a Bacia já apresenta indícios de uso de agrotóxico na agricultura, embora, as concentrações observadas não comprometam a qualidade da água para o abastecimento humano. Realizou-se uma avaliação crítica da legislação vigente pertinente (Portaria no 518/MS/04) e sua comparação com normas e legislações, tanto nacionais quanto internacionais. Discutiu-se a sua aplicação a partir de critérios tais como prazo legal de cumprimento, facilidade e dificuldades técnicas (análises físico-químicas, ensaios acreditados e logísticas) e custos. / This research was focused on the assessment of the water quality of Ribeira de Iguape River Basin, located in the Southeastern region of São Paulo State, where the ratio of water availability against demand is high. Reminiscent of Atlantic Forest represents high occupation of this area in Brazil. Agriculture is the main economic activity in the region, with tea and banana as the main crops. The impact of agricultural activities on the environment has been characterized in both the surface water areas of catchments and drinking water. For superficial and underground waters, risk analysis of the contamination by pesticides was carried out, correlating the physicochemical properties of the active compounds used in the region with some basic aspects of meteorology, hydrology and soil characteristics. Water samplings were carried out during the period March/2002 -February/2003, and during January/2004 in 10 different catchments points along River Ribeira de Iguape and its main tributaries. Solid-phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV/Vis detection (SPE-LC-UV/vis) was used as an analytical method to monitor various classes of pesticides such as carbamates (aldicarb, carbofuran and carbaryl), triazines (simazine and atrazine), and nitroanilines (trifluralin). The results revealed that the water quality is associated with the season of rains and dries. Due to the high precipitation index in the beginning of the rainy season, pesticide residues were found in most samples, and high variability in their physicochemical properties was observed. Form 152 samples analyzed, only 24% showed the presence of pesticide. The specificity and sensitivity in the pesticides analyses was enhanced by a methodology employing solid-phase extraction followed by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-LC-MS/MS). Specifically, this method was applied to all samples collected in January of 2004. Carbofuran and its metabolite 3-OH-carbofuran were detected in 20 and three of the samples, respectively. Although the observed low pesticide concentrations should not compromise the water quality for drinking, the present work demonstrates the impact of pesticides use in agriculture. In a complementary study, the current guidelines for drinking-water standards (no 518/MS/04) were critically evaluated and discussed by comparing national and international rules and regulations. Technical applicability of the legislation, the difficulty to comply with the imposed deadlines, and the costs of attending such requisites has been further discussed, as well.

[EN] New European policies established in the Blueprint (EC, 2012) propose the use of water accounting for the allocation and reservation of water resources. This course correction contrasts with the calculation of water balances that has been used since the last century in Spain for this purpose. According to the European Commission (EC, 2015) the difference between the two approaches is the inclusion of the economic component. This argument is indisputable, but it would also add that both "asset accounts" and the physical supply and use tables require a type of information that had not been considered until now. In view of this new challenge, the use of hydrological and water resources management models is essential. This thesis aims to implement a methodology for the transition between water balances and water accounting considering the special characteristics of the Mediterranean basin (with a high degree of regulation and the use of unconventional resources). In the same line, it raises the need for the definition of an indicator to assess the performance of a water resources system taking into consideration the origin of the water resources as a measure of the degree of stress suffered by the systems. This thesis is presented by publications and seeks to address the methodologies and indicators used to date in the planning and management of water resources. First, the state of the art is analyzed in the first publication of the thesis, as detailed in Annex 1. The second publication, analyzes the key elements for formulating water balances that will determine, to a large extent, results obtained, as detailed in Annex 2. The third publication, in Annex 3, tries to explain how in those basins where the use of water resources is close, or even higher, to their availability, the use of balances based solely on variables such as rainfall and temperature are not sufficient. And due to the high regulation of water resources they should also include the results of water management models. This approach contrasts with the proposals made by the countries of northern Europe focused mainly on hydrological models. In order to address the water accounting approach a pilot case located in the Andalusian Mediterranean basins was analysed. This work is presented in the fourth publication, reproduced in Annex 4. This initial analysis has served to highlight the need to develop a complementary software that allows unify the results of hydrological and water management models for calculating water accounts. The development of this software, which has been called AQUACCOUNTS, and its application to a general case with all the detail required in water resources planning has been published in the fifth article presented in Annex 5, taking the Júcar River Basin as a case study. From these results, a classification of water exploitation systems was carried out according to their degree of stress. These results were compared with the ones in Annex 2 which proposes the use of the indicator of exploitable water resources and which has been obtained with the traditional water balances approach. Finally, Annex 6 includes the last publication of this thesis focused on the effects of climate change in the Po River Basin (Italy) by using water accounting. This work has served to identify those key elements within the simulation models and opens the door to improve them within the approach proposed by the SEEA-W. This thesis aims to collaborate with those responsible for European policies in water resource planning for the application of those methodologies and tools appropriate to each territory. / [ES] Las nuevas políticas europeas establecidas en el Blueprint (EC, 2012) proponen el uso de la contabilidad del agua para la asignación y reserva de los recursos. Esta corrección del rumbo (cambio de paradigma) contrasta con el cálculo de balances que se ha venido utilizando desde el siglo pasado en España para dicho fin. Según la Comisión Europea (EC, 2015) la diferencia entre ambos planteamientos se halla en la inclusión de la componente económica. Este argumento es indiscutible, pero habría que añadir además que tanto las "asset accounts" como las tablas físicas de uso y suministro requieren un tipo de información que hasta ahora no se había considerado. A la vista de este nuevo reto, el uso de los modelos hidrológicos y de gestión de los recursos hídricos se hace imprescindible. Con esta tesis se pretende llevar a cabo una metodología que permita la transición entre los balances hídricos y las cuentas del agua teniendo en cuenta las especiales características de las cuencas mediterráneas (con un elevado grado de regulación y el uso de recursos no convencionales). En esta misma línea se plantea la definición de un indicador que trate de discutir el comportamiento conjunto de un sistema de recursos hídricos y que tenga en consideración el origen de los recursos empleados como medida del grado de estrés de los sistemas. Esta tesis se presenta por compendio de publicaciones y trata de abordar las metodologías e indicadores utilizados hasta la fecha en la planificación y gestión de los recursos hídricos. En primer lugar se analiza el estado del arte que constituye la primera publicación de la tesis, tal y como se detalla en el Anexo 1. La segunda publicación, analiza los elementos clave para la formulación de balances que determinarán, en gran medida, los resultados obtenidos, tal y como se detalla en el Anexo 2. La tercera publicación, en el Anexo 3, trata de explicar cómo en las cuencas donde el aprovechamiento de los recursos es cercano o incluso superior a su disponibilidad, el uso de los balances basados únicamente en variables como la precipitación y la temperatura no son suficientes, sino que debido a la alta regulación de los recursos debe recurrirse además a los modelos de gestión. Este planteamiento contrasta con las propuestas planteadas por los países del norte de Europa centrados principalmente en los modelos hidrológicos. Para abordar el tema se ha partido de un caso piloto localizado en las cuencas mediterráneas andaluzas. Este trabajo se presenta en la cuarta publicación, que se reproduce en el Anexo 4. A partir de este análisis inicial, se vio la necesidad de desarrollar un software complementario que permitiese unificar tanto la información de partida como los resultados de los modelos hidrológicos y de gestión para el cálculo de la contabilidad del agua. El desarrollo de este software, que ha sido denominado AQUACCOUNTS, y su aplicación a un caso general con todo el detalle requerido en planificación se ha publicado en el quinto artículo que se presenta en el Anexo 5, siendo la Demarcación Hidrográfica del Júcar el caso de estudio. A partir de los resultados obtenidos se ha llevado a cabo una clasificación de los sistemas de explotación según su grado de desarrollo comparándose con los resultados obtenidos en el Anexo 2 que propone el uso del indicador de recursos explotables y que se ha obtenido con las metodologías tradicionales de balances. Por último, el Anexo 6 recoge la última publicación de esta tesis en la que se analizan los efectos del cambio climático en la cuenca del río Po (Italia) mediante el uso de la contabilidad del agua. Este trabajo ha servido para identificar aquellos elementos clave dentro de los modelos de simulación y abre las puertas a una mejora de los mismos dentro del enfoque planteado por el SEEA-W. Esta tesis pretende colaborar con los responsables de las políticas europeas en materia de planificación para la apl / [CAT] Les noves polítiques europees establides en el Blueprint (EC, 2012) proposen l'ús de la comptabilitat de l'aigua per a l'assignació i reserva dels recursos hídrics. Esta correcció del rumb (o canvi de paradigma) contrasta amb el càlcul de balanços que s'ha utilitzat des del segle passat a Espanya per a aquesta finalitat. Segons la Comissió Europea (EC, 2015) la diferència entre ambdós plantejaments es troba en la inclusió de la component econòmica. Este argument és indiscutible, però caldria afegir a més que tant les "asset accounts" com les taules físiques d'ús i subministrament requerixen un tipus d'informació que fins ara no s'havia considerat. A la vista d'este nou repte, l'ús dels models hidrològics i de gestió dels recursos hídrics es fa imprescindible. Amb esta tesi es pretén dur a terme una metodologia que permeta la transició entre els balanços hídrics i els comptes de l'aigua tenint en compte les especials característiques de les conques mediterrànies (amb un elevat grau de regulació i l'ús de recursos no convencionals). En esta mateixa línia es planteja la definició d'un indicador que tracte de discutir el comportament conjunt d'un sistema de recursos hídrics i que tinga en consideració l'origen dels recursos empleats com a mesura del grau d'estrés dels sistemes. Esta tesi es presenta per compendi de publicacions i tracta d'abordar les metodologies i indicadors utilitzats fins a la data en la planificació i gestió dels recursos hídrics. En primer lloc s'analitza l'estat de l'art que constituïx la primera publicació de la tesi, tal com es detalla en l'Annex 1. La segona publicació, analitza els elements clau per a la formulació de balanços que determinaran, en gran manera, els resultats obtinguts, tal com es detalla en l'Annex 2. La tercera publicació, en l'Annex 3, tracta d'explicar com en les conques on l'aprofitament dels recursos és pròxim o inclús superior a la seua disponibilitat, l'ús dels balanços basats únicament en variables com la precipitació i la temperatura no són suficients, sinó que a causa de l'alta regulació dels recursos ha de recórrer-se a més als models de gestió. Este plantejament contrasta amb les propostes plantejades pels països del nord d'Europa centrats principalment en el models hidrològics. Per a abordar el tema s'ha partit d'un cas pilot localitzat en les conques mediterrànies andaluses. Este treball es presenta en la quarta publicació, que es reproduïx en l'Annex 4. A partir d'aquest anàlisi inicial, es va veure la necessitat de desenrotllar una ferramenta complementaria que permetera unificar tant la informació de partida com els resultats dels models hidrològics i de gestió per al càlcul de la comptabilitat de l'aigua. El desenrotllament d'esta ferramenta, que ha sigut denominat AQUACCOUNTS, i la seua aplicació a un cas general amb tot el detall requerit en planificació s'ha publicat en el quint article que es presenta en l'Annex 5, sent la Demarcació Hidrogràfica del Xúquer el cas d'estudi. A partir dels resultats obtinguts s'ha dut a terme una classificació dels sistemes d'explotació segons el seu grau de desenrotllament comparant-se amb els resultats obtinguts en l'Annex 2 que proposa l'ús de l'indicador de recursos explotables i que s'ha obtingut amb les metodologies tradicionals de balanços. Finalment, l'Annex 6 arreplega l'última publicació d'esta tesi en què s'analitzen els efectes del canvi climàtic en la conca del riu Po (Itàlia) per mitjà de l'ús de la comptabilitat de l'aigua. Este treball ha servit per a identificar aquells elements clau dins dels models de simulació i obri les portes a una millora dels mateixos dins de l'enfocament plantejat pel SEEA-W. Esta tesi pretén col·laborar amb els responsables de les polítiques europees en matèria de planificació per a l'aplicació d'aquelles metodologies i ferramentes més adequades a cada territori. / Pedro Monzonís, M. (2016). Assessment of water exploitation indexes based on water accounting [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/71677 / TESIS

Orientador: Igor Paiva Ramos / Resumo: Empreendimentos hidroelétricos podem desencadear alterações no ciclo hidrológico, desequilíbrio dos ecossistemas aquáticos e facilitar a introdução de espécies de peixes não-nativas. Contudo, essas espécies também podem apresentar grande representatividade na pesca artesanal e esportiva, tornando-se uma importante fonte de renda local. Dessa forma, o estudo de espécies não-nativas, suas origens, hábitos e posições tróficas, além de suas habilidades que garantem a permanência e o sucesso no estabelecimento em novos ambientes, são relevantes. Dentre tais espécies não-nativas, Geophagus sveni destaca-se como uma das espécies mais importantes para pesca artesanal na região Noroeste do estado de São Paulo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar e correlacionar a composição alimentar, composição bromatológica do tecido muscular, perfil de ácidos graxos do tecido muscular e hepático, além de identificar possíveis parasitos musculares em G. sveni nos períodos chuvoso e seco, no reservatório de Jupiá, alto rio Paraná, Brasil. Foram realizadas duas coletas, uma ao final do período chuvoso (março/2018) e outra ao final do período seco (agosto/2018), no reservatório de Jupiá (20°30'33.4"S 51°27'19.7"W). Os espécimes coletados foram eutanasiados e, em seguida, tiveram mensuradas massa total, comprimento padrão e o sexo determinado visualmente. Geophagus sveni apresentou hábito alimentar detritívoro, além de plasticidade e oportunismo trófico. Sua composição alimentar foi sign... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Hydroelectric developments can trigger changes in the hydrological cycle, imbalance in aquatic ecosystems and facilitate the introduction of non-native fish species. However, these species can also be highly representative in artisanal and sport fishing, becoming an important source of local income. Thus, the study of non-native species, their origins, habits and trophic positions, in addition to their skills that guarantee permanence and success in the establishment of new environments, are relevant. Among these non-native species, Geophagus sveni is provided as one of the most important species for artisanal fisheries in the Northwest region of the state of São Paulo. This study aimed to characterize and correlate the food composition, the bromatological composition of muscle tissue, the fatty acid profile of the muscle and liver tissue, in addition to identifying possible muscle parasites of Geophagus sveni in the rainy and dry periods, in the Jupiá reservoir, on the Paraná River, Brazil. Two collections were made, one at the end of the rainy period (March/2018) and another at the end of the dry period (August/2018), at the Jupiá reservoir (20°30'33.4"S 51°27'19.7"W). The collected specimens were euthanized and, afterwards, total mass and standard length were measured, as well as sex determined visually. Geophagus sveni presented detritivorous eating habits, in addition to plasticity and trophic opportunism. Their food composition was significantly different only between t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

This research set out to develop a deeper theoretical component to the emerging discipline of hydropolitics by studying the political aspects of institutional developments in the water sector. The focal point was the four international river basins that are shared between South Africa and six of its neighbouring states. The study found that while there is a lot of evidence for the securitization of water resource management in South Africa’s international river basins, there are also a number of examples of regimes. The creation of these regimes was driven primarily by threat perceptions relating to state security, mostly during the period of apartheid and the Cold War. These regimes were mostly robust and served as a valuable instrument for the de-escalation of conflict, which was primarily of a high politics nature. Examples of both plus-sum and zero-sum outcomes have been isolated. Plus-sum outcomes arose when the non-hegemonic state chose to view the offer of a regime in terms of national self-interest with four examples of this condition. In all four cases the non-hegemonic state benefited from cooperation with South Africa. Zero-sum outcomes arose when the non-hegemonic state chose to view the offer of a regime in terms of ideology with two examples of this condition. In both cases the non-hegemonic state did not benefit and was sidelined to the extent that they became marginalized and worse off than before. In all cases the hegemonic state benefited from the regime. The research consequently showed that a hydropolitical complex is emerging in Southern Africa, clustered around two international river basins, the Orange and Limpopo, which have been defined as pivotal basins. Both of these basins have reached the limit of their readily available water resources and future development is not possible on any great scale. Four of the most economically developed states in Southern Africa (Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and South Africa) are riparians on these two international river basins, and have been defined as pivotal states. Other less developed countries that share any international river basin with a pivotal state have been defined as an impacted state, because their own development aspirations have been capped through this association. Any international river basin that has at least one of the pivotal states in it has been defined an impacted basin. Finally, this research showed that regimes create a plus-sum outcome in closed international river basins because they reduce the levels of uncertainty and institutionalize the conflict potential. As such regimes are a useful instrument with which to regulate inter-state behavior, leading over time to the development of institutions consisting of rules and procedures. / Thesis (DPhil (International Politics))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Political Sciences / unrestricted

Die Dissertation befasst sich mit der integrierten Bewirtschaftungsplanung von Flusseinzugsgebieten. Die europäische Wasserrahmenrichtlinie (WRRL, 2000/60/EG) und die europäische Hochwasserrichtlinie (HWRL, 2007/60/EG) setzen dafür neue Maßstäbe, indem beide die Mitgliedsstaaten zur Aufstellung einzugsgebietsbezogener Planungsinstrumente verpflichten. In der Arbeit werden eingangs die wesentlichen Prozesse, theoretischen Modelle und Ansatzpunkte für ein integriertes Management von Flusseinzugsgebieten vorgestellt. Die Anforderungen an Bewirtschaftungspläne und Maßnahmenprogramme der WRRL werden den Vorgaben für die Erstellung der Hochwasserrisikomanagementpläne und ihren planerischen Grundlagen gemäß HWRL gegenübergestellt. Potenzielle Synergien und Konflikte zwischen den Zielen und Maßnahmen werden identifiziert. Der Vergleich der Planungsschritte und -methoden zeigt, dass Abstimmungsbedarf zwischen den Planungsinstrumenten des Flussgebiets- und Hochwasserrisikomanagements für sämtliche Planungsschritte besteht, von der Systemanalyse bis zur Maßnahmenumsetzung. Darauf aufbauend wird ein Konzept für eine integrierte Bewirtschaftungsplanung entwickelt. Das Konzept besteht aus einzelnen fachlich-methodischen Planungsmodulen für jeden Planungsschritt. Sie können im Zusammenhang oder für sich genommen zur Abstimmung zwischen den Plänen des Flussgebiets- und Hochwasserrisikomanagements dienen. Abschließend werden die fachlichen und organisatorischinstitutionellen Potenziale des Konzepts diskutiert und weitergehender Forschungsbedarf aufgezeigt. / The thesis addresses the integrated planning of river basins. For this, the European Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) and the Floods Directive (FD, 2007/60/EC) are setting new benchmarks by committing its member states to set up river basin-wide management plans. At the beginning of the thesis, the most important processes, theoretical models and options of intervention for integrated river basin management are introduced. The requirements for the river basin management plans and the programmes of measures of the WFD will be contrasted with the specifications for the flood risk management plans according to the FD and their fundamental planning documents. Potential synergies and conflicts between the objectives and measures are identified. The comparison of the planning steps and methods show that all planning steps, from the systems analysis to the implementation of measures, require a coordination of the planning instruments of river basin management and flood risk management. Based on these findings, a concept of integrated river basin management planning is developed. The concept is composed of planning modules for each planning step. For the reconciliation between the plans of river basin management and flood risk management, those planning modules can be used in combination or separately. Finally, the technical and institutional potentials of the concept are discussed. Need for further research is identified.

Der großräumige Abbau von Braunkohle in der Lausitz führte in der Vergangenheit zu einer extremen Beeinflussung des Wasserhaushaltes im Einzugsgebiet der Spree. Mit dem Beginn der Sanierung und Flutung der Tagebaue kommt es nun langfristig zu einer verstärkten Nutzung der existierenden Oberflächengewässer und der Einbindung der entstehenden Tagebaurestseen in das Fließgewässernetz. Die Kopplung von Mengenbewirtschaftungsmodellen mit Gütemodellen berücksichtigt die Verfügbarkeit und Verteilung der begrenzten Ressource Wasser im Einzugsgebiet und der aus der Bewirtschaftung resultierenden Gewässergüte. Dies entspricht auch dem Leitbild der EU-WRRL (2000) für ein integriertes Flussgebietsmanagement, was eine einzugsgebietsbezogene Betrachtung der vorhandenen Ressourcen unter Berücksichtigung aller beeinflussten und beeinflussenden Kriterien fordert. Werden Modelle, die unterschiedlich sensitive und komplexe Systeme abbilden, miteinander gekoppelt, erfordert dies eine Anpassung der Datenstruktur und der zeitlichen Skalen. Schwerpunkt dieser Arbeit war die Entwicklung einfacher, robuster Simulationswerkzeuge für die Prognose der Gewässergüte in den Talsperren Bautzen und Quitzdorf. Als Basis diente das komplexe Standgewässergütemodell SALMO. Das Modell wurde zunächst um einfache Algorithmen ergänzt, so dass es trotz einer angepassten, stark reduzierten Datengrundlage, plausible Ergebnisse simulierte. Stochastisch erzeugte Bewirtschaftungsszenarien und die komplex simulierten Modellergebnisse bezüglich der resultierenden Gewässergüte, wurden als Trainingsdaten für ein Künstliches Neuronales Netz (ANN) genutzt. Die für beide Talsperren trainierten ANN sind als effektive Black-Box-Module in der Lage, das komplexe Systemverhalten des deterministischen Modells SALMO widerzuspiegeln. Durch eine Kopplung der entwickelten ANN mit dem Bewirtschaftungsmodell WBalMo ist es möglich, Bewirtschaftungsalternativen hinsichtlich ihrer Konsequenzen für die Gewässergüte zu bewerten. ANN sind systemgebundene Modelle, die nicht auf andere Gewässersysteme übertragen werden können. Allerdings stellt die hier erarbeitete Methodik einen fundierten Ansatz dar, der für die Entwicklung weiterer aggregierter Gütemodule im Rahmen integrierter Bewirtschaftungsmodelle angewendet werden kann. / The large-scale extraction of lignite in Lusatia in the past had an extreme impact on the water balance of the Spree river catchment. The restoration and flooding of the opencast pits put heavy demand on existing surface waters for a long time period. The resulting artificial lakes have to be integrated in the riverine network. The coupling of management models and water quality models allows to consider both availability and distribution of limited water resources in the catchment and resulting water quality. This is corresponding to the principles of the EU-WFD for integrated river basin management, which is a basin-related consideration of available resources taking into account all influencing and influenced characteristics. Adjustment of data structure and time scale is necessary if models describing unequally sensitive and complex systems are to be coupled. Main focus of this task was to develop simple and robust simulation tools for the prediction of water quality in the reservoirs Bautzen and Quitzdorf. The complex water quality model SALMO served as a basis. In a first step, simple algorithms had to be amended in order to generate plausible simulation results despite of an adapted reduced data base. Stochastically generated management scenarios and complex simulated model results regarding the resulting water quality were employed as training data for an Artificial Neuronal Network (ANN). The trained ANN’s are efficient black box modules. As such they are able to mirror complex system behaviour of the deterministic model SALMO. By coupling the developed ANN with the management model WBalMo it is possible to evaluate management strategies in terms of their impact on the quality of the water bodies. ANN’s are system-linked models. A transfer to other aquatic systems is not possible. However, the methodology developed here represents an in-depth approach which is applicable to the development of further aggregated water quality models in the framework of integrated management models.

This work deals with the evaluation of snow cover and snow spatial distribution in experimental Zbytinský and Tetřivči stream basin. Snow mesaurements were focused on snow depth and a snow water equivalent. Interpolation metods and detailed monitoring of rainfall-flow process were applied in the period of the winter half-year 2009 - 2011. The effects of geografic factors on spatial distribution of snow cover in the accumulation period and in the snow melting period were analysed. The analysis of physical geografic factors effect was focused on vegetation, exposure, slope, wind flow and shading. Results confirmed the strong effect of vegetation in the accumulation and snow melting period. Other physical geografic effects on spatial distribution of snow cover were not so significant. The model HEC-HMS was applied to determine the runoff in both stream basins. Simulations result in the winter half-year period reached good agreement between observed and simulated hydrographs. Effects of snow cover contribution to runoff in the snow melting period in wooded Tetřívčí stream basin and also in antropogenic Zbytinský stream basin were proved based on simulations of outflow and snow water equivalent. Key words: snow depth, snow water equivalent, HEC-HMS, Blanice River basin, Zbytinský stream, Tetřívčí stream

<p>Osnovni cilj istraživanja je razvoj metodologije za okvirno vrednovanje uticaja<br />režima padavina na retencioni kapacitet sliva i upravljanje vodama. Formulisana<br />je originalna jednačine za indikator retencionog kapaciteta neizučenog sliva, u<br />funkciji kratkotrajnih jakih ki&scaron;a i prirodnih karakteristika čiji je uticaj na brzinu i<br />količinu oticaja sa sliva moguće nedvosmisleno kvantifikovati.Ovo je omogućilo<br />vrednovanje indikatora retencionog kapaciteta sliva, lociranje i procena uticaja<br />različitih mera na vrednost indikatora, kao i procenu uticaja predloženih mera na<br />sintetičke jedinične hidrograme. Praktičnost metodologije se ogleda u efikasnosti<br />sagledavanja uticaja predloženih mera, dono&scaron;enju odluka o njihovoj lokaciji na<br />slivu i primeni. Na ovaj način, dobijen je koristan alat za dobijanje informacija od<br />značaja za dono&scaron;enje odluka u sektoru voda i ostalim sektorima.</p> / <p>The main goal of this research is methodology development for assessment of the<br />rainfall impact on river basin retention capacity and water management. The original<br />equation is developed for the ungauged river basin retention capacity indicator in terms<br />of short-term heavy rainfall and natural features whose influence on the speed and the amount of surface runoff from the basin can be clearly quantified. This enabled the evaluation of the retention capacity indicator, location and evaluation of the effect of<br />different NWRM scenarios, as well as the assessment of the impact of the proposed<br />NWRM to synthetic unit hydrograph. Methodology convenience is reflected in the<br />efficiency of identifying the impact of the proposed measures, decisions on their<br />location in the basin and implementation. In this way, there has been a useful tool<br />obtained for providing the information relevant to decision-making in the water sector<br />and other sectors.</p>

The growing pressure on the world‘s fresh water resources is enforced by population growth that leads to conflicts between demands for different purposes. A main concern on water use is the conflict between the environment and other purposes like hydropower, irrigation for agriculture and domestic and industry water supply, where total flows are diverted without releasing water for ecological conservation. As a consequence, some of the common problems related to water faced by many countries are shortage, quality deterioration and flood impacts. Hence, utilization of integrated water resources management in a single system, which is built up by river basin, is an optimum way to handle the question of water. However, in many areas, when planning for balancing water demands major gaps exist on baseline knowledge of water resources. In order to bridge these gaps, hydro-logical models are among the available tools used to acquire adequate understanding of the characteristics of the river basin. Apart from forecasting and predicting the quantity and quality of water for decision makers, some models could also help in predicting the impacts of natural and anthropogenic changes on water resources and also in quantifying the spatial and temporal availability of the resources. However, main challenges lie in choosing and utilizing these models for a specific basin and managerial plan. In this study, an analysis of the different types of models and application of a selected model to characterize the Awash River basin, located in Ethiopia, is presented. The results from the modeling procedure and the performance of the model are discussed. The different possible sources of uncertainties in the modeling process are also discussed. The results indicate dissimilar predictions in using different methods; hence proper care must be taken in selecting and employing available methods for a specific watershed prior to presenting the results to decision makers. / QC 20110516