A simple correlation analysis was used to investigate the linear relationships between sea surface temperature (SST) and monthly flow of Ganges and Brahmaputra at the borders of Bangladesh and India using approximately 50 years of river discharge data. Strong correlations were found between the equatorial Pacific SST and boreal summer Ganges discharge from three-month lag to two-month lead times. The El Nio-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) explains Ganges flow variance exceeding 0.95 significance level using both the Nino 3.4 SST correlation and the composites made for El Nio (La Nina) periods. The May SST of the southwest Pacific Ocean to the east of Australia continent has a strong correlation (>0.6) with early summer Ganges discharges. Using a lag correlation analysis of Ganges discharge and SST, we found a steady and continuous development in the Nino 3.4 SST relationship, and a strong correlation with the southwest Pacific SST which is most pronounced three-four months prior to the onset of Asian summer monsoon. These relationships mean that at least 25% of the interannual summer Ganges River discharge variability can be explained by antecedent equatorial and southwest Pacific SST. It provides a possible statistical method for linear forecasting two or three months in advance. The Brahmaputra River discharge, on the other hand, shows weak relationships with tropical SST variability except for the Bay of Bengal and the higher northern latitudes of the Pacific.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23855号 / 工博第4942号 / 新制||工||1772(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 立川 康人, 教授 中北 英一, 講師 萬 和明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Oceânica, Escola de Engenharia, 2008. / Submitted by Lilian M. Silva (lilianmadeirasilva@hotmail.com) on 2013-04-23T20:01:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Processos de Alterações Da Maré Astronômica Na Desembocadura da Lagoa Dos Patos.pdf: 5559394 bytes, checksum: d5348a72601c4539f3d215ebe5cbad74 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Bruna Vieira(bruninha_vieira@ibest.com.br) on 2013-06-13T17:34:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Processos de Alterações Da Maré Astronômica Na Desembocadura da Lagoa Dos Patos.pdf: 5559394 bytes, checksum: d5348a72601c4539f3d215ebe5cbad74 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-06-13T17:34:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Processos de Alterações Da Maré Astronômica Na Desembocadura da Lagoa Dos Patos.pdf: 5559394 bytes, checksum: d5348a72601c4539f3d215ebe5cbad74 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Diversos estudos têm sido realizados sobre a circulação estuarina da Lagoa dos Patos. Devido a menor importância das marés, a maioria dos trabalhos têm se concentrado nos efeitos que o vento e a descarga fluvial exercem sobre a hidrodinâmica da lagoa e, embora o efeito da maré seja secundário na circulação estuarina, existe uma complexa interação entre as marés, a descarga fluvial e os ventos. A Lagoa dos Patos está localizada na planície costeira do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, entre as latitudes de 30° S e 32° S. Este estudo está baseado na análise estatística dos dados, principalmente de séries temporais de nível das águas registradas na desembocadura da Lagoa dos Patos e na aplicação de técnicas de modelagem numérica. Para se verificar os efeitos do vento e da descarga fluvial na variabilidade das constantes harmônicas da região, são usados como referência, séries de velocidade e direção do vento e dados de descarga fluvial dos principais afluentes da Lagoa dos Patos. Os componentes harmônicos caracterizam a maré de um determinado local e, por isso, é necessário o estudo dos constituintes a fim de analisar as oscilações existentes. A previsão das séries está diretamente relacionada a esta variabilidade e, devido a este motivo, são testadas diferentes séries para se obter uma previsão mais eficaz. O modelo TELEMAC é utilizado para simular os componentes harmônicos O1, K1, M2 e S2. As análises mostraram que os ventos e a descarga fluvial, influenciam nas variações que ocorrem nas amplitudes dos componentes harmônicos estudados (O1, K1, M2 e S2). / Several studies have been conducted on the movement of estuarine of Patos Lagoon. Due to the minor importance of the tides, most of the previous studies carried out in the area focused on the effect of wind and river discharge carry on the hydrodynamics of the lagoon, and although the effect of the tide is secondary in estuarine hydrodynamics, there is a complex interaction between the tides, river discharge and the winds. The Patos Lagoon is located in the coastal plain of the State of the Rio Grande do Sul, between latitudes 30 ° S and 32 ° S. This study is based on analysis of data, particularly of time series of water levels recorded in the entrance of Patos Lagoon and the analysis of the results of a numerical model adapted to the conditions of the lagoon. To ascertain the effects of wind and river discharge in the variability of harmonics in the region, are used as reference, data sets of speed and direction of wind and river discharge data of the main tributaries of Patos Lagoon. The harmonic components characterize the tide of a particular place and therefore it is necessary to study their constituents to analyze existing fluctuations. The forecast of the series is directly related to this variability, and because of this reason, are tested different series for a more effective forecasting. Model TELEMAC is used to simulate the behavior of the harmonic components O1, K1, M2 and S2 under different wind and river discharge regimes. The analyses had shown that to the winds and the river discharge, influence in the variations that occur in the amplitude of the studied harmonic components (O1, K1, M2 e S2).

The knowledge of the agents acting on coastal dynamics is very important for the management and the adequate use of the littoral zone. The ADCP is an instrument that was using successfuly since some years (decade of â80) for water current measurements in ocean and estuarine areas. In this work, the ADCP was aplicated in coastal areas (between Fortaleza and PecÃm) and two estaurine areas, in the Jaguaribe river (Cearà State) and Mamanguape river (ParaÃba State). In the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, the two current surveys made in two different periods, showed a flux directed to the beach in May 2005, and a flux parallel to the littoral in July 2005. In PecÃm currents measurements showed the protection effect of the harbour, where current speed was between 0,04 and 0,15 m/s, while offshore it was between 0,17 and 0,41 m/s. The ADCP use in estuarine zone, showed the estratification of Mamanguape river, and allowed a comparation between vertical current profile of salt wedge and well mixture estuaries.

A pesquisa teve como objetivo principal estimar o aporte sedimentar em suspensão na baía da Babitonga a partir de um setor de sua área de contribuição hidrográfica, com base em uma análise geomorfológica da relação entre precipitação, relevo e uso da terra. Adotou-se como referências teórico-metodológicas principais os trabalhos de Ab?Saber, sobre os níveis de tratamento para pesquisas em geomorfologia, e de Tricart, que propõe a classificação dos ambientes segundo seu funcionamento ecodinâmico. Efetuou-se em campo monitoramento mensal das vazões dos dez rios que compõem a área da pesquisa e coletas de amostras de água para quantificação de sedimentos em suspensão em laboratório. Os resultados obtidos indicaram um nítido diferencial no comportamento hidrológico e hidrossedimentológico entre as bacias hidrográficas, que se reflete em distintas parcelas de contribuição de cada bacia no aporte sedimentar em suspensão na baía. Estimou-se que são lançadas na Baía da Babitonga, a partir da área da pesquisa, cerca de 7.624 toneladas/ano de sedimentos em suspensão, estando 77,8% deste volume concentrado na foz do Rio Cubatão. / The research had as main goal to estimate the suspended sediment yield into the Babitonga Bay from a sector of its hydrographic contribution area and was based on a geomorphological approach of the relationship among precipitation, relief and land use. The theorical methodological references were the works from Ab?Saber, about treatment levels for geomorphological research, and from Tricart, which proposes environmental classification based on its ecodynamic behavior. Field monitoring of discharge values was accomplished once a month for all ten rivers of the research área, as well as water sample collecting for laboratory suspended sediment quantification. Results indicate a clear distinct hydrological and hydrossedimentological behavior of the watersheds, which reflect the distinguished suspended sediment yield of each individual watershed into the bay. It was estimated that ca. 7,624 year/tons of suspended sediment are introduced into the Babitonga Bay, with 77.8% of that volume concentrated at the Cubatão river estuary.

Geothermal arsenic (As) and its inorganic species transformation in river systems are of global concern, since As has a potential negative impact on human health and ecosystems. Periods of increased precipitation may change As concentrations and As partitioning in streams, due to elevated water tables, increased runoff generation, dilution, and interactions with sediment.In this study we investigate hydrological conditions of Jemez River, located along the Jemez fault in NM, USA, during the monsoon months June, July and August of 2015. We aim at determining how different hydrological conditions in the Jemez River during the monsoon months might affect the concentrations and riverine mass flows of geothermally derived (total) As and As III discharging in a travertine- and hot spring area called Soda Dam. Water and sediment from the river and hot springs sites, as well as streamflow measurements along a 22 km river reach were collected. The chemical composition of water and sediment was determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (ICP-OES/MS); and Ion Chromatography (IC) as well as a High Performance Liquid Chromatograph (HPLC) coupled to an ICP-MS for further water analysis. Discharge and mass flows as well as element inputs and outputs to/from Soda Dam was computed. The measurement months were characterized by a median discharge of 1642 L/s. During the measurement campaigns peak flows occurred with discharges of 2.5×104 to 6.1×104 L/s during the measurement campaigns. Arsenic concentrations were between 1.3 and 107 μg/L in river water, between 167.3 and 6707 μg/L in hot spring waters, and between 0.37 and 13.1 μg/kg in river bed sediment. Arsenic III was found in hot springs water and river water. Infiltration and subsurface flows induced by fault-associated fractures and permeability structures were found to be likely to divert water at Soda Dam, as reflected in large discharge differences along the reach (470 to 1305 L/s). These flows also had an impact on As concentrations in riverine and hot spring water since they mobilize As from bedrock and sediment. Changing mass flows of As can only in a few cases be explained by dilution processes by Jemez River, which has previously been assumed to be the main control on As mass flows along the stretch. Instead, our findings are likely to reflect changes in chemical composition of the mixed geothermal waters discharging at Soda Dam, due to changing mixing ratios of ground waters of different compositions. The present study hence provides a refined interpretation of the hydrological pathways in Soda Dam and Jemez River, and calls for more discharge and geochemical investigations during a longer study period, to properly investigate the driving forces behind the fate of the As from geothermal fluids.

River discharge can affect ocean surface temperature by altering stratification within the oceanic mixed layer. A hitherto unexplored aspect of present climate is the feedback of river runoff onto climate. This thesis presents an investigation of the impact of global river runoff on oceans and climate using a fully coupled global climate model, Community Climate System Model (CCSM). Two model simulations for a period of 100 years have been carried out: 1) a reference run (CTRL) that incorporates all the features of a global coupled model with river runoff into the ocean embedded in it, and 2) a sensitivity run (NoRiv) in which the global river runoff into the ocean is blocked. Comparison of model climate devoid of fluvial discharge with the reference run reveals the significance of fluvial discharge in the present climate. By the end of 50 years of NoRiv experiment, salinity growth slows down and reaches a quasi-stable state. Regions close to river mouths exhibited maximum salinity rise that can potentially alter local density and stratification. On an average, denser and saltier waters in the NoRiv run annihilate barrier layer and form a deeper mixed layer, compared to CTRL run. Density gradient created by the modulation in salinity set forth anomalous currents and circulation across coastlines that carries coastal anomalies to open ocean, preventing local salinity buildup. Arctic Ocean, Bay of Bengal, northern high latitude Pacific and the Atlantic are the most affected regions in terms of changes in salinity and temperature. Model simulations demonstrate that major transformation in Arctic freshwater budget can have potential impact on northern Pacific and Atlantic climate. In the absence of runoff, global average sea surface temperature (SST) rise by about ~ 0.5oC, with major contribution from northern higher latitude oceans. In the Pacific, high latitude warming is related to deepening of mixed layer as well as the northward transport of low latitude warmer waters. Substantial cooling in the central equatorial Pacific (~1oC during winter) can alter large-scale ocean-atmosphere circulation, including El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The reinforcement of Pacific and Atlantic western boundary currents aids the transport of warm saline water from low latitudes to higher latitudes. The results suggest that the river runoff can have potential impact on oceanic climate. Response of Indian summer monsoon rainfall to global continental runoff is also examined. In the NoRiv run, average summer monsoon rainfall over India increased by ~ 0.55 mm day−1. Consistent with the increase in annual average Indian monsoon rainfall, all other northern hemispheric monsoon systems showed an increase, while southern hemispheric monsoons weakened. Associated with enhanced monsoon, the periodicity of ENSO in the NoRiv run changes as a result of cooling tendency in the equatorial Pacific, a sign of consistent La Niña. Equatorial Pacific cooling, in spite of a global ocean warming trend, is found to be primarily because of the enhanced local easterly winds and resultant strong equatorial upwelling. Cold anomaly due to upwelling spread entire equatorial Pacific basin within a span of 50 years. The La Niña situation in the Pacific favored increased monsoon rainfall over Indian subcontinent. Another surprising result of this study is the strengthening of ENSO-monsoon relationship in the NoRiv run. This suggests that the river discharge can be considered as a dampening force in the ENSO-monsoon relationship. Northern hemisphere showed a clear warming in the NoRiv simulation compared to CTRL, the result of which is an enhanced trans-hemispheric gradient. Cross-equatorial winds triggered by this gradient blow from southern hemisphere and shift the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) northward, increasing the precipitation in the northern hemisphere. The cooling in the eastern equatorial Indian Ocean and the warming in the west, reflected in the increase in number of positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events (9 positive and 5 negative IOD events in the last 50 years), also favored summer-time rainfall over India.

In the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, relating changes in zooplankton communities to environmental factors is crucial to understanding the marine ecosystem and impacts of perturbations such as oil spills on marine ecosystems. Zooplankton samples were collected each year between 2005–2014 in spring and summer in the vicinity of the oil spill (Deepwater Horizon) that occurred in spring 2010. Zooplankton assemblages and environmental conditions significantly differed seasonally, driven by strong variations in zooplankton at continental shelf stations, and by environmental factors including Mississippi River discharge, wind direction, temperature, and chlorophyll concentrations. Total zooplankton abundances were greatest at shelf stations, intermediate at slope stations, and lowest at offshore stations. Seasonal separation was driven by greater abundances of crab zoea, cladocerans, ostracods, and the copepod, Eucalanus spp. during summer. Copepods, Centropages spp., were significant indicators of summer conditions both before and after the oil spill. Sub-regional comparisons in percent composition and abundances of six major non-copepod and seven copepod taxa revealed that most taxa either remained the same or significantly increased in abundance following the spill. A significant decrease in post oil spill taxa was observed only during spring for total copepods, Eucalanaus spp., and for salps at continental slope stations, however varying processing techniques used for zooplankton before and after the spill were employed and should be considered. . Based on our sampling periods, these results indicate that the 2010 oil spill did not significantly impact zooplankton communities in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18690号 / 工博第3968号 / 新制||工||1611(附属図書館) / 31623 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 立川 康人, 教授 中北 英一, 准教授 KIM Sunmin / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第20677号 / 工博第4374号 / 新制||工||1680(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 立川 康人, 教授 中北 英一, 准教授 森 信人 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM