In many arid regions, particle ingestion can occur within propulsive gas turbines. The ingested particles can severely impact performance and may damage many primary gas path components through erosion or deposition. Characterizing crystalline deposits on metallic substrates can allow for the prediction of deposition to improve component resilience and develop health monitoring algorithms. This work investigates the effect of temperature and angle on sand deposits and attempts to quantitatively characterize the deposition of Arizona Test Dust (ATD) onto Hastelloy X. The first study presented in this thesis describes a preliminary investigation of sand deposition at temperatures and velocities similar to those found in the turbine section of propulsive gas turbine engines and presents an equation for predicting deposition as a function of gas path temperature and impact angle. The sand and air mixture maintained a constant flow velocity of approximately 70 m/s, impact angle was varied from 30° to 90°, and the gas path temperature was varied from 1000 °C to 1100 °C. The number of deposits was found to linearly increase with temperature for all coupon angles tested. The model was able to explain approximately 67% of the deposition that occurs, with the remaining percentage due to other factors such as injection rates and surface temperature. The second study describes an improved investigation of sand deposition and presents an equation for predicting deposition as a function of surface temperature and impact angle. This study characterizes deposition using percent coverage in addition to deposits per square millimeter. Deposition is a quadratic function of both near surface coupon temperature and coupon angle. The model using deposits per mm2 was able to explain 96.3% of the deposition that occurred and the model using percent coverage was able to explain 98.9% of the deposition that occurred. / Master of Science

No description available.

Increasing commercial and military aircraft operations in arid environments are increasing the likelihood of sand and dust ingestion. Turbine engines are particularly susceptible to the ingestion of sand and dust, which can erode cold-section components and deposit onto hot-section components. Ultimately, the erosion and deposits will shorten the operational lifespan of these engines and limit their availability thereby increasing maintenance costs and risking safety. Mitigating these risks has become more prevalent in recent years due to increasing combustion temperatures in effort to increase fuel efficiency. Increasing combustion temperatures directly increases deposit formation onto hot-section components. Monitoring deposit formation on existing turbine engine platforms and improving deposit resilience on new designs has been the industry focus for the last two decades. This study focused on statistically modeling the initial onset of microparticle deposits onto an analogous hot-section surface. Generally, as deposits accumulate onto a hot-section surface, the existing deposit formation is more likely to bond with incoming particulate at a faster rate than an exposed bare surface. Predicting the initial deposits onto a bare surface can determine the accelerated deposition rate depending on subsequent particulate impinging onto the surface. To emulate the initial deposits, a HASTELLOY® X test coupon was exposed to 20 μm to 40 μm samples of Arizona Road Test Dust (ARD) at varying loadings and aerosol densities. The Virginia Tech Aerothermal Rig was used for all test scenarios at flow-particle temperatures between 1000°C to 1100°C. Several statistical models were developed as a function of many independent variables, culminating with a final sticking probability (SP) model. Overall, the SP of individual ARD particulate is a primary function of flow-particle temperature and normal impact momentum. Tangential impact momentum of a particle will decrease the SP, while surface temperatures reaching isothermal conditions with the flow will increase SP. However, there are specific cases where lower surface temperatures and high particle temperatures result in a high SP. Particle size was a strong predictor of SP where particles between 10 μm to 19 μm were 5 to 10 times greater than the 19 μm to 40 μm range. Additional studies will be necessary to examine some additional parameters that become more prominent with smaller particle sizes. Ultimately, the intention of the models is to assist turbine engine designers to improve resilience to deposit formation on hot-section components. / PHD

Roads alter the ecological landscape and affect the function and composition of nearby soil chemistry and plant communities in an area of impact termed the “edge-effect zone”. While the 6.3 million kilometers of roads in the US cover only about 1% of the land, the edge effect zone around these roads has been estimated to occupy nearly 20% of the total land area in the US (Forman 2000). The objective of this study was to examine the spatial extent of transported materials and impacts on forest soil and vegetative communities immediately surrounding roadways based on road types classified as “Highway,” “Two-Lane Paved,” and “Gravel.” This research was located within two watersheds in the state of Vermont, in areas where a substantial area of forest existed adjacent the roadway. Using GIS mapping, transects were constructed at right angles to the road, and samples were gathered at the Shoulder, Ditch, Backslope, 10m from the edge of the forest, and 50m from road center during the summer of May 2009 to August 2009. Soil samples were analyzed for a suite of nutrients and physical characteristics, as well as heavy metals. The forest composition and percent area coverage by species of herbaceous flora and woody shrubs were also recorded. The main effects from roads were dependent on the extent of clearing and topography modification required for a roadway. The spatial extent of these modifications was correlated positively with road use intensity. Highways have the greatest ecological impact and gravel roads the least impact. The cleared area defines how much sunlight is available to plant communities and the distance that road pollutants will travel. Some heavy metals (such as Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn) were correlated positively with road use intensity. Gravel roads have higher calcium content in nearby soil when compared to other road types. This is most likely due to mobilized dust from the road base. Proximity to all road types had neutralizing effects on the soil pH relative to the acidic native forest soil. Changes in microtopography next to the road have marked effects on the composition of plant communities through maintenance and direction of water flow. Ditch areas support wetland plants, and have greater soil moisture and sulfur content, while plant communities closer to the road are characteristic of drier upland zones. The area past the edge of the forest does not appear to be affected chemically or physically by any of the road types, possibly due to the dense vegetation that develops outside of the right-of-way. To reduce the ecological footprint of future road development, road corridors should be narrowed, traffic consolidated to mass transit systems such as busses or railroad, and buffer zones of vegetation next to the right-ofway should be encouraged to contain the spread of pollutants.

Pollution of air represents the contamination with matter that can affect both humanhealth and the environment. Road dust has been recognized as a dominant source ofparticulate matter and one of the factors that contributes to its development is the useof gritting sand. Gritting sand is being used during snowy winter conditions as atraction control method. During spring season, when snow and ice melt and surfacesdry out, and the influence of traffic, asphalt surface wear, particle ejection from tires,etc; under the effect of their interaction, cause the formation of particulate matter.A general aim of this study was to perform analysis of factors which can be consideredresponsible generating road pollution, with resistance to abrasion of gritting sandbeing a potential key problem. The correlation between the use of studded tires andparticulate matter formation has been considered to be one of major issues in urbanareas.In order to carry out this investigation, an individual study case was considered,measurements indicated that levels of pollution increased even after studded tires werebanned.The literature review revealed important knowledge gaps regarding the quantificationof particulate emissions from non-exhaust sources, most importantly, emissions due tolow quality gritting sanding. At this point, very little information is available thatcould be used for determining the resistance to abrasion of gritting sanding material.This is further supported by numerous institutions and companies, all suggesting thatquality of gritting sand is not taken into consideration. Gritting sand is part of abigger problem which also involves types of pavement, types of tires, weather,background pollution, etc. Furthermore, there is no practical method to characterizewear of resistance of gritting sand.

In the past several decades there has been an increased interest in sand, dust, and ash particulates ingestion study for gas turbine engine applications. Recently, there has been an increase in commercial and military fleets operating in medium to highly dusty environments, such as areas in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. Dusty environments can cause blockage in turbine cooling circuits which can lead to early engine maintenance or removals. Ingested debris can melt, forming glassy or molten deposits on various hot section components in gas turbine engines. This thesis evaluates the onset of deposit formation using an experimental rig to perform testing in high temperature environment. In general, deposits on turbine components can affect the operating capacity and the overall operating efficiency of gas turbine engines. Particulate ingestion events can be catastrophic and cost millions of dollars in maintenance and repairs. The experimental work in this thesis focused only on quantifying the initial deposit formation in high temperature environment to aid in the development of resilient engine design and operational diagnostics. Testing was performed using HASTELLOY® X coupons and Arizona Road Dust with main gas flow temperatures between 1050°C and 1100°C. Arizona Road Dust sample with sizing between 2µm and 40µm were used for experimental testing. The sensitivity of the initial deposit formation on cooled HASTELLOY® X coupon surface was investigated by using an inline air heater. Three cooling test conditions: no cooling, 500°C cooling, and 250°C cooling, were used to alter the surface temperature of the coupon during testing. Results from testing indicated cooling test conditions used have a small impact on deposit formation. / Master of Science

published_or_final_version / Environmental Management / Master / Master of Science in Environmental Management

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning Optimering av dammbindning på Hornsgatan med NORTRIP modellen Massan av luftburna partiklar med en diameter mindre än 10 µm (PM10) är en av de tuffaste miljökvalitetsnormerna att uppnå i Sverige. PM10 kommer från flera olika källor, både naturliga som havssalt och sand, samt antropogena som vägslitage, däckslitage, bromsslitage och avgaser. En stor uppkomstkälla till PM10 i luften slitage på grund av dubbdäcksanvändning. Uppvirvlingen är som störst i mars och april efter att snön smält, temperaturen stigit och vägbanan torkat upp. För att minska PM10 halten i luften kan en dammbindande saltlösning med lägre fryspunkt än vatten läggas ut på vägbanan. I Stockholm används saltlösningen CMA (kalciummagnesiumnitrat). Det är en typ av salt med liten påverkan på den urbana miljön. Vintersäsongen 2016–2017 lades CMA ut tre gånger i veckan på några utvalda gator i Stockholm mellan november och maj. En av dessa gator är Hornsgatan, som har undersökts i denna rapport. CMA är dyrt och resurskrävande att lägga ut. För att optimera utläggningen av CMA i Stockholm har spridningsmodellen NORTRIP (non-exhaust road traffic induced particle emissions) använts. Modellen använder meteorologiska data, trafikdata och data rörande saltning, sandning och städning för att räkna ut halten PM10 som spridits till luften. Den här modellen har använts för att testa några olika dammbindande scenarion på Hornsgatan i vilka CMA har lagts ut. Det har också testats, i NORTRIP, om PM10 halten i luften skulle minska genom utläggning av vatten på vägen. Vatten lades endast ut i modellen efter 15 mars med antagandet att temperaturen inte skulle sjunka under 0 °C efter datumet ifråga. De olika scenariona var utformade för att se om det var möjligt att minimera användandet av CMA men ändå hålla nere PM10 halten i luften. Alla scenarion jämfördes med scenariot där varken CMA eller vatten lades ut för att jämföra om PM10 i luften minskade. Ett resultat visade att det var bättre att lägga ut CMA varje dag under dammiga perioder än att sikta in sig på bara de dammigaste dagarna. PM10 i luften 2016 minskade med 4,7% när de 45 dammigaste dagarna behandlades med CMA. Det kan jämföras med en minskning på 6,5% när CMA applicerades under dammiga perioder under samma år. En annan slutsats var att det ger större effekt att lägga ut CMA i mars och april än mellan november och mars. PM10 i luften 2016 minskade med 2,1% om man började lägga ut CMA 1 november som planerat, och med 1,7% om utläggningen började i slutet av februari, när den dammiga säsongen börjar. Det resulterar i att endast en liten minskning av PM10 halten uppnåddes genom att börja behandla vägbanan med CMA den 1 november istället för i slutet av februari. Att börja lägga ut CMA i slutet av februari istället för 1 november skulle minska kostnaderna betydligt för staden. Resultaten visade även att ett tunt lager vatten (0,3 mm) utlagt på vägbanan mellan ordinarie dagar för dammbindning hade en betydande effekt på PM10 halten i luften. Vid vattenutläggning mellan dagarna för CMA utläggning efter 15 mars 2016 minskar PM10 i luften under 2016 med 1,4% utöver vad den skulle minskat med om inget vatten lagts ut. Den här rapporten visar att det är möjligt att optimera utläggningen av CMA på Hornsgatan. / Abstract Optimization of dust-binding on Hornsgatan with the NORTRIP model The mass of airborne particles with a diameter smaller than 10 µm (PM10) is one of the most difficult environmental quality standards addressed in Sweden. PM10 particles originates from a variety of sources; natural, like sea salt and sand, and human made like road wear, tire wear, brake wear and exhaust. A significant source of PM10 in the air is the usage of studded tires. The suspension typically occurs in March and April when the snow layer melts, temperature rises and the streets dry. A dry street is crucial for the road dust to suspend into the air. A way to prevent road dust to suspend in to the air is spraying the road with a salt solution that does not freeze at temperatures below 0 °C. In Stockholm a dust-binding substance called CMA (Calcium Magnesium Acetate) is used. It is a of salt with minimal negative side effects on the urban environment. CMA was applied on some specific streets in Stockholm three times a week between November and May winter season 2016–2017. One of the streets that gets treated with CMA is Hornsgatan which is the topic of this paper. Dust-binding substances are expensive and time consuming to apply to the streets. To optimize the appliance of CMA in Stockholm a non-exhaust road traffic induced particle emissions (NORTRIP) model has been used. The model uses meteorological data, traffic data combined with data on salting, sanding and cleaning to calculate PM10 suspension to the air. This model has been used to test different dust-binding scenarios on Hornsgatan in which CMA was applied. It has also been tested, in NORTRIP, if spraying the road with water could have a reductive effect on PM10 in the air. Water was only added to the model after the 15th of March because it was assumed the temperature would not sink below 0 °C after this date. The different scenarios were formed to see if it was possible to minimize the usage of CMA and still keep the PM10 level low. All scenarios were compared with the scenario of not applying any CMA or water to see how much PM10 in the air was reduced. One result showed that it is better to apply CMA every day during dusty periods rather than just manage to target the dustiest days alone. PM10 in the air 2016 was reduced by 4.7% when the 45 dustiest days were treated with CMA. This could be compared to a 6.5% reduction when CMA was applied during dusty periods. Another conclusion made was that applying CMA in March and April has a greater effect then applying CMA in November, December, January and February. PM10 in the air 2016 was reduced by 2.1% if the CMA treatment started on the 1st of November as planned, and by 1.7% if the treatment started in the end of February when the dusty season starts. That means there is only a small decrease of PM10 if the appliance of CMA starts in the end of February rather than the 1st of November. Reducing the days of CMA treatment would reduce the cost significantly for the city. It was also shown that a thin layer of water (0.3 mm) applied to the street between ordinary dust-binding days has a significant effect on PM10 in the air. Adding water to the street in between days of dust-binding after the 15th of March 2016 reduced suspended PM10 2016 in the air by 1.5% beyond what it would have been reduced without the water. This paper shows that it is possible to optimize the appliance of CMA.

This thesis is focused on the determination of platinum in samples of road dust and soil by atomic absorption spectrometry. The theoretical part describes the basic physical and chemical properties of platinum, platinum function in automotive converters and its behavior in the environment. In the experimental section summarizes the methods used to decompositions samples, concentration of the analyte and the main results of the measurements.

The design and performance evaluation of in-duct, isokinetic samplers capable of testing flat sheet, nuclear-grade High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters simultaneously with a radial filter testing system is discussed in this study. Evaluations within this study utilize challenge aerosols of varying particle diameters and masses such as hydrated alumina, Arizona test dust, and flame-generated acetylene soot. Accumulated mass and pressure drop for each in-duct sampler is correlated to the full-scale radial filter accumulated mass from initial to 10 in w. c. of loading. SEM imaging of samples at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% loading verifies particle sizes with instrumentation used, revealing filter clogging resulting from particle impaction and interception. The U.S Department of Energy requires prototype nuclear-grade HEPA filters to be qualified under ASME AG-1 standards. The data obtained can be used to determine baseline performance characteristics on pleated radial filter medium for increased loading integrity and lifecycle endurance.