In the last decade, the progress of personal computer is growing very fast. The frequency of signals on mother boards applies between 33MHz and 1GHz. Due to the high operating frequency, the radiation from the microstrip lines on PCB should be noticed when designing the PCB¡¦s layout. The solution is using solenoidal and rogowski coils which have been investigated for many years. Coils, however, not only can be used in RF inductors, but also induce currents due to magnetic field through the cross section wound in turns. Therefore, coils may be used to induce magnetic field. Using this phenomenon, intensity of currents on DUT(Device Under Test) could be measured as well. In order to make more extensive use, optimization routines on the basis of the model were found. This thesis shows that magnetic field sensors on silicon and PCB can be studied in a better model, simulated by the software, Ansoft HFSS. Simple accurate expressions, an equivalent circuit model, and the transfer impedance are presented. As a result, induction of magnetic field on silicon is demonstrated in the area enclosed by turns, the parasitic capacitance or inductance, and conductor resistance, which is due to the skin effect in the high frequency. Hence, coils can induce large current because of big cross section. We can use it to measure the magnetic field and the currents radiated by the microstrip on PCB. In this thesis, I will show a novel PCB sensor which can measure 100MHz to 4 GHz signals and it has large output signal as well. The advantages of these coils are less disturbing DUT and easy to produce. It proves that we can use these magnetic field sensors to help solving the EMI problems.

Ce travail de thèse porte sur la conception et le développement de capteurs de courant adaptés aux gammes de tensions et de courants d’une installation électrique tertiaire ou industrielle. Ces nouveaux capteurs permettent d’obtenir un contrôle sur la gestion de la consommation électrique, en caractérisant un réseau grâce à la mesure de courant. Ces données transmises devront restituer les variations sur la courbe de charge de façon suffisamment détaillée pour permettre de reconnaître les équipements en fonctionnement.La première partie de ce mémoire présente les études réalisées afin de concevoir les capteurs innovants; afin de répondre aux problématiques liées aux régimes continus et transitoires. Les solutions retenues sont basées sur la technologie Rogowski qui présente notamment l’avantage d’une excellente linéarité ainsi que la mesure d’une large dynamique avec un seul dispositif. Les caractérisations de ces capteurs ont permis de valider ces modèles. La sensibilité, la linéarité et la mesure de la FFT sont certains des paramètres qu’il faut évaluer afin de caractériser les boucles de Rogowski.Les mesures effectuées sur des bancs de mesure au laboratoire et au sein de la société, avec des essais sur le terrain ont permis de spécifier et de concevoir une électronique de mise en forme, en vue d’une réalisation d’un circuit dédié. La seconde partie de ce travail concerne le conditionnement du signal. L’objectif est de rendre un capteur sans fil à l’aide de la technologie Bluetooth Low Energy et l’utilisation d’un système électronique RF utilisant un transmetteur. / Part of the CIFRE contract in collaboration with Qualisteo company, this thesis focuses on the design and development of current sensors suitable for large voltage and current ranges for a tertiary or industrial or electrical installation. These new sensors allows to obtain control over the management of power consumption, featuring a network through the current measurement. These transmitted data will return the variations of the charging curve with sufficient detail to allow to recognize the equipment in operation, limiting at the same time the size of the information provided by several orders of magnitude compared to the original signal.The first part of this thesis presents the work done in order to develop innovative sensors. The developed sensors will proposed an answer to respond to the problems related to continuous and transient states. The solutions are based on the Rogowski technology which has the advantage of excellent linearity and measuring a wide dynamic with only one device. Coil sensitivity, linearity, time domain and FFT measurements are some of the mains parameters to judge the static characteristics of the Rogowski coil.The response of this new sensors have been increased as the design and technologies have been tested. Measurements on measuring benches made by the laboratory and field trials enabled to specify and design an electronic treatment, for the specific purpose of achieving a dedicated circuit.The second part of this work concerns the signal conditioning. The aim is to make the wireless sensor using Bluetooth Low Energy technology and use of an electronic system including RF transmitter implemented.

No description available.

In this study, the current densities in three different directions (r, φ and z) have been measured above the target during a HiPIMS discharge by the use of a Rogowski coil. This was done to examine the key transport parameter Jφ/JD┴ = ωge TEFF throughout the whole measured area, which is a key parameter describing how electrons are transported across magnetic field lines. The coil was adapted to the certain plasma environment that is present during a HiPIMS discharge in consideration due to the extreme environment that is present during the experiment. The thin film deposition system, where the measurements were performed, had a background pressure of ~10-6Torr and during the discharges the chamber were filled with an Ar to the partial pressure of 3mTorr. The previously reported anomalous fast transport of charged particles was verified and the faster-than-Bohm cross-B transport was found to be present in the chamber during the whole discharge but occupying a diminishing area closer to pulse turn off.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:35:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo2473_1.pdf: 3432941 bytes, checksum: 6a43532ec76a9d1331483b7be72c838a (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A presença de descargas atmosféricas, quer seja por incidência direta pelo golpe (strike) de descarga atmosférica, quer seja indireta, por meio do surgimento de correntes induzidas nas estruturas das linhas de transmissão, traz grande preocupação às empresas geradoras e transmissoras de energia elétrica. Essas linhas sofrem, por vezes, desligamentos provocados por surtos de manobra e surtos atmosféricos. Na situação de ocorrência de descarga atmosférica, é de interesse identificar sobre qual torre ou vão de L.T. essa descarga ocorreu com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade do serviço de manutenção e promover em tempo hábil o religamento das linhas. Esta dissertação apresenta, assim, a concepção e construção de um sistema de detecção de descargas atmosféricas sobre uma torre ou um vão de L.T, determinando a intensidade da corrente de pico da descarga correspondente. Além disso, um sistema de R.F. foi projetado e construído para transmitir esses dados a um sistema de recepção. O sistema completo consiste em uma bobina de Rogowski conectada a um circuito eletrônico condicionador de sinal que, por sua vez, alimenta um circuito eletrônico microcontrolado, o qual se conecta ao sistema de R.F

På RISE (Research Institutes of Sweden) finns en betydande kalibreringsverksamhet där avdelningen för högspänning önskar utöka sin strömmätningskapacitet för AC strömmar vid kraftfrekvens upp till 10 000 A.   Syftet är att med hjälp av Rogowskiprincipen bygga en mätrigg för kalibrering av strömtransformatorer i fält. Med noggrannhet bättre än 100ppm och 100 µrad för strömmar upp till 10 000A.   Arbetet börjar med att konstruera mätriggen och går sedan över till att kontrollera och eventuellt förbättra Rogowskispolen samt dess integrator.   Den slutgiltiga konstruktionen byggdes i aluminium och är en ledare som omsluts av ett rör som agerar som återledare. Runt den innersta ledaren centreras Rogowskispolen. Spolens integrator fick konstrueras om för att minimera den påverkan på noggrannheten som en temperaturförändring orsakar på Rogowskispolen samt för att ge stabila svar inom önskat frekvensområde. Detta lyckades till stor del och även om vissa problem med temperaturökning och påverkan av den finns kvar. Utan att hunnit testa att mäta 10 000 A har andra tester gjorts och mätningarna visar att mätriggen kan förväntas prestera antingen med: lägre noggrannhet, lägre strömmar eller under kortare mättid än önskat. Med några framtida förbättringar förväntas den kunna uppfylla satta mål. / At RISE’s (Research Institutes of Sweden) department for measurements and technology is calibration a big part of the work, the unit for high voltage have a desire to expand their capabilities in measurements of AC currents at power frequency up to 10 000 A.    The objective is to with the Rogowski principle construct a measuring rig for calibration of current transformers at customer laboratories. With precision of at least 100 ppm and 100 µrad for currents up to 10 000 A.   The project starts with the design of the rig, then focus on tests and possible improvements of an already bought Rogowski coil and integrator.   The final construction was made in aluminum with a concentric design where the return conductor is a tube surrounding the main conductor which the Rogowski coil was centered around. The integrator to the coil were not good enough and a new one was made, which were optimized to minimize the impact of temperature changes and give stable response to a desired frequency spectrum.  To great extent the project was a success, even though some challenges remain. The temperature compensation was not fully optimized, and the temperature rise are still too high. Today the measuring system do measurements with high accuracy at lower currents and are expected to preform according to the objective if you take in consideration either: lower current, shorter time with current or a lower accuracy.

La mesure de courant dans un environnement industriel est une étape indispensable pour garantir la pérennité d'un réseau de distribution électrique. En général, chaque domaine d'applications (mesure, protection, etc...) nécessitent l'utilisation d'un capteur adapté. Ces travaux de thèse proposent d'utiliser un capteur bas coût principalement dédié à la protection, le tore de Rogowski, aussi comme élément de mesure. Afin d'améliorer sa précision intrinsèque souvent insuffisante, nous avons développé une boucle de correction et une électronique de calibrage intégrée (CMOS 0,35µm) permettant d'adapter ce capteur aux standards métrologiques. Nous détaillons dans ce manuscrit les étapes de l'élaboration de cette boucle de correction ainsi que les résultats obtenus à l'aide des différents prototypes. Nous terminons par la présentation du premier démonstrateur technologique, premier pas vers un système de mesure de courant sans contact de classe 0.1, auto-calibré, autonome et bas coût. / The measurement of the current in an industrial environment is a necessary step to ensure the sustainability of an electrical distribution network. Typically, each application domain (measurement, protection, etc ...) requires the use of a suitable sensor. This thesis work proposes the use of the Rogowski coil current transducer, a low cost sensor usually used for protection, as measuring element. In order to improve its often insufficient intrinsic accuracy, we have developed a correction loop as well as an integrated electronics for calibration (CMOS 0,35μm) to adapt the sensor to metrological standards. In this manuscript, we detail the development stages of this correction loop and the results obtained with different prototypes. We conclude with the presentation of the first technology demonstrator, a very first step towards a current measurement system that would be contactless, 0.1 accuracy class, auto-calibrated, autonomous and low cost.

Thesis (D. Tech. Electrical engineering) --Vaal University of Technology / A comprehensive study upon "Non-conventional methods for energy extraction from the high voltage transmission lines" was addressed in this thesis. As defined in this study, a non-conventional method to extract energy is one that does not touch the conductors of the line. The theoretical framework which originated in the Maxwell's equations was presented as a base for discussion of all the methods and the conditions for the extraction to be possible. This study presents various methods such as capacitive and inductive to extract energy from high voltage alternating current transmission lines (HVAC). Although in theory, for high voltage direct current transmission lines (HVDC), the conditions for extraction are not matched, there remain some methods that could still attract interest. The centre point of this thesis is the new power application of the Rogowski coil. This method is analysed in full extent starting from theoretical modelling, computer simulations, design of the actual Rogowski coil and power electronics associated with it, and experimental results on a reduced scale model. In doing this, strong mathematical tools and computer software such as Matlab 6, Quick Field and MathCAD were used. At the end of this thesis, some conclusions are presented together with new ideas for further research in the field.

Nowadays high power density has become an emerging need for the medium-voltage (MV) high-power converters in applications of power distribution systems in urban areas and transportation carriers like ship, airplane, and so forth. The limited footprint or space resource cost such immensely high price that introducing expensive advanced equipment to save space becomes a cost-effective option. To this end, replacing conventional Si IGBT with the superior SiC MOSFET to elevate the power density of MV modular converters has been defined as the concentration of this research work. As the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is the most typical modular converter for high power applications, the research topic is narrowed down to study the SiC MOSFET-based MMC. Fundamentals of the MMC is firstly investigated by introducing a proposed state-space switching model, followed by unveiling all possible operation scenarios of the MMC. The lower-frequency energy fluctuation on passive components of the MMC is interpreted and prior-art approaches to overcome it are presented. By scrutinizing the converter's switching states, a new switching-cycle control (SCC) approach is proposed to balance the capacitor energy within one switching cycle is explored. An open-loop model-predictive method is leveraged to study the behavior of the SCC, and then a hybrid-current-mode (HCM) approach to realize the closed-loop SCC on hardware is proposed and verified in simulation. In order to achieve the hybrid-current-mode SCC (HCM-SCC), a high-performance Rogowski switch-current sensor (RSCS) is proposed and developed. As sensing the switching current is a critical necessity for HCM-SCC, the RSCS is designed to meet all the requirement for the control purposes. A PCB-embedded shielding design is proposed to improve the sensor accuracy under high dv/dt noises caused by the rapid switching transients of SiC MOSFET. The overall system and control validations have been conducted on a high-power MMC prototype. The basic unit of the MMC prototype is a SiC Power Electronics Building Block (PEBB) rated at 1 kV DC bus voltage. Owing to the proposed SCC, the PEBB development has achieved high power density with considerable reduction of passive component size. Finally, experimental results exhibit the excellent performance of the RSCS and the HCM-SCC. / Ph. D.

Nowadays, major public concern is concentrated on reducing the usage of fossil fuels and reducing emissions of CO₂ by different energy advancement. Electric vehicle technology presents extremely effective way of reducing carbon emissions and paves the way of having sustainable and renewable energy future. In order to wear the cost of electric vehicles down, batteries have to be improved as well as higher power density and high reliability has to be achieved. This research work mainly focuses on achieving higher power density and higher reliability of the inverter stage by utilizing wide-bandgap SiC MOSFET semiconductor devices in electric vehicle application. In order to achieve higher reliability of the inverter stage, high bandwidth, high performance Rogowski coil switch current sensors are employed. These sensor were embedded on the PCB and integrated on the gate driver. High bandwidth switch current sensor measurement is used for fast short-circuit detection and protection of the SiC MOSFET semiconductor switches. Furthermore, comparison with conventional detection and protection method used in automotive IGBT applications is shown where novel protection showed superior performance. This thesis also shows principle of how to obtain phase currents of the system using Rogowski coil switch current sensor measurements. Digital reconstruction principle is employed to obtain the phase currents. Accurate and linear current sensor is achieved. By successfully realizing this integrated phase current measurement on the gate driver, elimination of the commercial current sensors from the system is possible. By eliminating existing phase current sensors, higher power density could be achieved. Sensor is evaluated in both continuous and discontinuous PWM schemes. / Master of Science / Together with renewable sources, electric vehicle will play an important role as a part of sustainable and renewable energy future by significantly reducing emissions of CO₂ into the atmosphere. In order to make electric cars more acceptable and accessible and make a significant impact on the environment, cost must be lowered down. To wear the cost of the electric vehicles down, powertrain of the car must be significantly improved and made smaller as well as lighter. This thesis mainly focuses on improving the reliability of the motor driving stage by implementing novel protection during fault periods such as short-circuit event. Furthermore, this novel protection allows current sensing that is crucial for motor control during normal operation periods. This will enable more compact motor driving stage since existing current sensing elements can be eliminated.