Dentre as cinco liberdades citadas pela Farm Animal Welfare Council a liberdade comportamental consiste na possibilidade de exercer os comportamentos naturais das espécies. Neste contexto a presença de galos no sistema de produção de ovos pode contribuir para o bem-estar das aves ao propiciar a manifestação dos comportamentos reprodutivos que são inerentes à espécie. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inserção de galos em um sistema alternativo de produção de ovos, visando avaliar os seus efeitos tanto no bem-estar animal quanto na produção de ovos de poedeiras criadas nesse tipo de sistema de produção. O experimento foi conduzido em galpões da empresa Korin Agropecuária, a qual se baseia nos princípios e conceitos da Agricultura Natural, conforme preconizado por Mokiti Okada (Japão, 1882 - 1955). Foram utilizadas poedeiras e galos da linhagem Isa Brown no período compreendido entre o início e o pico de produção 15° e 31° semanas de idade, respectivamente. Foram estabelecidos dois tratamentos: Tratamento 1: criação de poedeiras sem galos (4500 aves) e Tratamento 2: criação de poedeiras com galos (4500 poedeiras e mais 250 galos). Esta proporção foi estabelecida considerando as variáveis custo de produção e área disponível. As variáveis avaliadas foram: microclima das instalações, produção de ovos, mortalidade e comportamento das aves. Este último foi analisado uma vez por semana em três períodos distintos: manhã (8hs às 9hs), meio do dia (12hs às 13hs) e à tarde (16hs às 17hs), as demais variáveis foram avaliadas diariamente. Utilizouse o delineamento casualizado em blocos. As médias foram analisadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância. A análise do microclima das instalações evidenciou, exceto no período da manhã, que as aves foram submetidas a períodos constantes de estresse, caracterizados pelo Índice de Temperatura de Globo Negro e Umidade ITGU (acima de 74) e pela entalpia (acima de 70). Mesmo neste contexto a produção de ovos e mortalidade das aves foram compatíveis aos índices preconizados pelo manual da linhagem no tratamento sem galos. No tratamento com galos os índices foram ainda melhores, caracterizado pela maior produção de ovos e menor índice de mortalidade. A análise comportamental permitiu identificar a presença de todos os comportamentos indicativos de bem-estar e baixa ocorrência de comportamentos anômalos e agonísticos em ambos os tratamentos. Pôde-se notar que a introdução de galos, além dos benefícios produtivos, ampliou o repertório de atividades das aves, ao introduzir os comportamentos reprodutivos. Somado a isso, houve redução significativa no comportamento reflexo de tolerância, o qual segundo as discussões desta pesquisa correlacionam-se à impossibilidade de expressar os comportamentos reprodutivo. Tais resultados ratificam os galos como sendo uma importante ferramenta na busca pelo bem-estar das aves. Essa pesquisa, portanto, inaugura novas possibilidades de se avaliar, sob outras condições, a presença dos galos nos sistemas de produção de ovos. Novas proporções de poedeiras e galos devem ser investigadas a fim de se estabelecer um valor que mantenha os benefícios citados e torne a introdução de galos mais eficiente em termos econômicos. / Among the five freedoms cited by the Farm Animal Welfare Council, behavioral freedom is the ability to perform natural behaviors of the species. In this context the presence of roosters on egg production system can contribute to the welfare of the birds by providing the manifestation of reproductive behaviors that are inherent to the species. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of roosters in an alternative system of egg production in order to evaluate its effects on both animal welfare and on the production of laying eggs created on this type of production system. The experiment was conducted on the facilities of Korin Agricultural Company, which is based on the principles and concepts of Natural Agriculture, as recommended by Mokiti Okada (Japan, 1882-1955). Hens and roosters of Isa Brown breeds were used on the period between the beginning and the peak of the production at 15th and 31st weeks of age, respectively. Two treatments were established: Treatment 1 - creation of laying hens without roosters (4,500 birds) and Treatment 2 - rearing of laying hens (4,500 hens plus 250 roosters). This ratio was settled considering variables as the production cost and available area. The parameters evaluated were: microclimate of the facilities, egg production, mortality and birds\' behavior. The latter was analyzed once a week in three different periods: morning (8 am to 9 am), midday (12 pm to 13 pm) and afternoon (16 pm to 17 pm), the other parameters were assessed daily. The experimental design was in randomized blocks. The means were analyzed by Tukey\'s test. The microclimate analysis of the facility showed, except in the morning, the birds were subjected to constant stress periods, characterized by high levels of Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index - BGHI, (over 74) and enthalpy (over 70). Even in this context, egg production and mortality of birds were comparable to the parameters given in the Breed Manual for a hen only production system. Higher egg production and lower mortality were observed in the hens that were housed with roosters. Behavioral analysis identified the presence of all behaviors indicative of high welfare and low occurrence of anomalous and agonistic behavior in both treatments. It might be noted that the introduction of roosters, in addition to the production benefits, expanded the repertoire of activities and behaviors of the birds. These results confirm the roosters as an important tool in the search for bird welfare. This research therefore opens new possibilities to evaluate, under other conditions, the presence of roosters in egg production systems. New proportions of layers and roosters should be investigated in order to establish the correct proportion of hens to roosters that maintains the benefits mentioned and make the introduction of roosters more efficient in economic terms.

Dentre as cinco liberdades citadas pela Farm Animal Welfare Council a liberdade comportamental consiste na possibilidade de exercer os comportamentos naturais das espécies. Neste contexto a presença de galos no sistema de produção de ovos pode contribuir para o bem-estar das aves ao propiciar a manifestação dos comportamentos reprodutivos que são inerentes à espécie. Assim, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inserção de galos em um sistema alternativo de produção de ovos, visando avaliar os seus efeitos tanto no bem-estar animal quanto na produção de ovos de poedeiras criadas nesse tipo de sistema de produção. O experimento foi conduzido em galpões da empresa Korin Agropecuária, a qual se baseia nos princípios e conceitos da Agricultura Natural, conforme preconizado por Mokiti Okada (Japão, 1882 - 1955). Foram utilizadas poedeiras e galos da linhagem Isa Brown no período compreendido entre o início e o pico de produção 15° e 31° semanas de idade, respectivamente. Foram estabelecidos dois tratamentos: Tratamento 1: criação de poedeiras sem galos (4500 aves) e Tratamento 2: criação de poedeiras com galos (4500 poedeiras e mais 250 galos). Esta proporção foi estabelecida considerando as variáveis custo de produção e área disponível. As variáveis avaliadas foram: microclima das instalações, produção de ovos, mortalidade e comportamento das aves. Este último foi analisado uma vez por semana em três períodos distintos: manhã (8hs às 9hs), meio do dia (12hs às 13hs) e à tarde (16hs às 17hs), as demais variáveis foram avaliadas diariamente. Utilizouse o delineamento casualizado em blocos. As médias foram analisadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância. A análise do microclima das instalações evidenciou, exceto no período da manhã, que as aves foram submetidas a períodos constantes de estresse, caracterizados pelo Índice de Temperatura de Globo Negro e Umidade ITGU (acima de 74) e pela entalpia (acima de 70). Mesmo neste contexto a produção de ovos e mortalidade das aves foram compatíveis aos índices preconizados pelo manual da linhagem no tratamento sem galos. No tratamento com galos os índices foram ainda melhores, caracterizado pela maior produção de ovos e menor índice de mortalidade. A análise comportamental permitiu identificar a presença de todos os comportamentos indicativos de bem-estar e baixa ocorrência de comportamentos anômalos e agonísticos em ambos os tratamentos. Pôde-se notar que a introdução de galos, além dos benefícios produtivos, ampliou o repertório de atividades das aves, ao introduzir os comportamentos reprodutivos. Somado a isso, houve redução significativa no comportamento reflexo de tolerância, o qual segundo as discussões desta pesquisa correlacionam-se à impossibilidade de expressar os comportamentos reprodutivo. Tais resultados ratificam os galos como sendo uma importante ferramenta na busca pelo bem-estar das aves. Essa pesquisa, portanto, inaugura novas possibilidades de se avaliar, sob outras condições, a presença dos galos nos sistemas de produção de ovos. Novas proporções de poedeiras e galos devem ser investigadas a fim de se estabelecer um valor que mantenha os benefícios citados e torne a introdução de galos mais eficiente em termos econômicos. / Among the five freedoms cited by the Farm Animal Welfare Council, behavioral freedom is the ability to perform natural behaviors of the species. In this context the presence of roosters on egg production system can contribute to the welfare of the birds by providing the manifestation of reproductive behaviors that are inherent to the species. Thus, this research aimed to evaluate the effect of inclusion of roosters in an alternative system of egg production in order to evaluate its effects on both animal welfare and on the production of laying eggs created on this type of production system. The experiment was conducted on the facilities of Korin Agricultural Company, which is based on the principles and concepts of Natural Agriculture, as recommended by Mokiti Okada (Japan, 1882-1955). Hens and roosters of Isa Brown breeds were used on the period between the beginning and the peak of the production at 15th and 31st weeks of age, respectively. Two treatments were established: Treatment 1 - creation of laying hens without roosters (4,500 birds) and Treatment 2 - rearing of laying hens (4,500 hens plus 250 roosters). This ratio was settled considering variables as the production cost and available area. The parameters evaluated were: microclimate of the facilities, egg production, mortality and birds\' behavior. The latter was analyzed once a week in three different periods: morning (8 am to 9 am), midday (12 pm to 13 pm) and afternoon (16 pm to 17 pm), the other parameters were assessed daily. The experimental design was in randomized blocks. The means were analyzed by Tukey\'s test. The microclimate analysis of the facility showed, except in the morning, the birds were subjected to constant stress periods, characterized by high levels of Black Globe Temperature and Humidity Index - BGHI, (over 74) and enthalpy (over 70). Even in this context, egg production and mortality of birds were comparable to the parameters given in the Breed Manual for a hen only production system. Higher egg production and lower mortality were observed in the hens that were housed with roosters. Behavioral analysis identified the presence of all behaviors indicative of high welfare and low occurrence of anomalous and agonistic behavior in both treatments. It might be noted that the introduction of roosters, in addition to the production benefits, expanded the repertoire of activities and behaviors of the birds. These results confirm the roosters as an important tool in the search for bird welfare. This research therefore opens new possibilities to evaluate, under other conditions, the presence of roosters in egg production systems. New proportions of layers and roosters should be investigated in order to establish the correct proportion of hens to roosters that maintains the benefits mentioned and make the introduction of roosters more efficient in economic terms.

The present study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of broiler breeders fed different levels of protein and metabolizable energy treated with three different diets, varying amounts of metabolizable energy and crude protein. In one treatment, the heavy broiler breeders were fed a diet with 13.8% CP and 2750 Kcal / kg, 22 to 66 weeks of age. In treatment two, the roosters received the same ration provides for the females, being from 22 to 36 weeks of age containing 15% CP from 36 to 60 weeks, 15.2% CP and 60 to 66 weeks, 14% CP, all diets contained 2850 Kcal / kg. In treatment three, the breeding males fed a diet with15% CP and 2700 Kcal / kg from 22 to 66 weeks is old. The semen was collected from 16 rooster each treatment in three different ages of week, 34, 38, 43, 48 and 51 weeks. The semen collected was subjected to staining protocol with toluidine blue and subsequently evaluated by computer image analysis, with measurements of area, perimeter, homogeneity and intensity of compaction of chromatin in each head of spermatozoa. The roosters fed with high protein (15%) showed improve results in terms of compression and density of the heads of sperm chromatin. This same group had values of spermatozoa size smaller, which indicates minor morphological changes. It wasn t possible to correlate the onset and fertility with other data, as in this study there was no significant difference between treatments (p >0.05). Concerning the age of the rooster, regardless of the diet used, all treatments showed changes in chromatin compaction, and the roosters fed with 13.8% crude protein and 2750 Kcal / kg, showed greater changes in chromatin compaction. This can explain the decrease in fertility, usually observed in the field after this period, in flocks of broiler breeders. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a morfometria e a compactação de cromatina em espermatozóides de reprodutores tratados com diferentes níveis de proteínas, e comparar as análises de compactação de cromatina com fertilidade e eclodibilidade, analisando a eficiência reprodutiva de galos reprodutores de corte. No tratamento um, os galos reprodutores pesados, foram alimentados com uma ração com 13,8% de Proteína Bruta (PB) e 2750 Kcal de EM/Kg, de 22 a 66 semanas de idade. No tratamento dois, os galos receberam a mesma ração fornecida para as fêmeas, sendo das 22 a 36 semanas de idade contendo 15% de PB, das 36 a 60 semanas, 15.2% de PB e das 60 a 66 semanas, 14% de PB, todas as dietas continham 2850 de Kcal de EM/Kg. No tratamento tres, os machos reprodutores foram alimentados com uma ração 15% de PB e 2700 Kcal de EM/Kg, de 22 a 66 semanas de idade. O sêmen de 16 galos foi coletado de cada tratamento, em três idades diferentes: 34, 38, 43, 48 e 51 semanas. O sêmen coletado foi submetido a protocolo de coloração com azul de toluidina, e posteriormente avaliado por análise de imagem computacional, com mensurações da área, perímetro, homogeneidade e intensidade da compactação da cromatina dentro de cada cabeça do espermatozóide. Os galos alimentados com elevado nível de proteína (15%) apresentaram melhores resultados em relação à compactação e a homogeneidade da cromatina das cabeças dos espermatozóides. Este mesmo grupo apresentou valores de tamanho de espermatozóides menores, o que indica menores alterações morfológicas. Não foi possível correlacionar a eclosão e fertilidade com os demais dados, pois neste estudo não houve diferença significativa entre os três tratamentos (p>0.05). Em relação à idade do galo reprodutor, independente da dieta utilizada, todos os tratamentos apresentaram alterações na compactação da cromatina, sendo que os galos alimentados com 13.8% de proteína bruta e 2750 Kcal de EM/Kg, apresentaram maiores alterações na compactação da cromatina. O que pode explicar a queda na fertilidade, geralmente observada no campo, após este período, em plantéis de matrizes pesadas. / Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias

<p>Abstract</p><p>This paper is about the philosophies created by Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). The purpose is to show the high degree of similarities between Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s philosphy.</p><p>At first glance, it seems far-fetched to suggest an affinity between them; the differences in style and choice of subjects, have most certainly contributed to the fact that very few comparisons so far have been made. There is no evidence that one experienced any influence over the other, neither writer seems to have been aware of the other. Also their different areas of use during the 20th century, may have influenced the almost total lack of search for affinity. Thoreau’s philosphy has often been used by environmentalist movements, while Nietzsche has been connected to a wide range of various strivings, such as totalitarian regimes, individualistic artists and post-modern thinkers.</p><p>But if one disregard these facts, look beyond the differences, and break down their texts in search for their most fundamental opinions, one will see that Nietzsche and Thoreau shared a number of concerns. They were both ciritical to many aspects of the modern civilisation, espacially the way of life it encouraged. It was a life style, deep rooted in an obstructive tradition, that did not take the very essential conditions of life into consideration. This was both Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s opinion, and their philosophies represent a willingness to re-establish a way of life that ignores all traditions hostile to life.</p><p>Both of them criticize the religion and its moral of work, the modern science, and many institutions of the modern society – the schools and the prisons for example. But they also praise things, things they claim to have a value in contrast to the modern way of life – the simple things. Both Thoreau and Nietzsche praise the solitude life style, the silent walking in the wilderness, the simple but healthy food, as well as some intellectual stimulus, especially good litterature and music. All these simple things contribute to Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s opinion of life; it should be looked upon with the eyes of a child. Life should be like a play.</p><p>The title of this paper is Philosphers of the Rooster and the Morning. The title suggests the similarities I have found between Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s philosophies. They both announce an awakening. For them, a new morning has broken, and this paper shows the similar circumstances they give credit for their awakening.</p>

Abstract This paper is about the philosophies created by Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862) and Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900). The purpose is to show the high degree of similarities between Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s philosphy. At first glance, it seems far-fetched to suggest an affinity between them; the differences in style and choice of subjects, have most certainly contributed to the fact that very few comparisons so far have been made. There is no evidence that one experienced any influence over the other, neither writer seems to have been aware of the other. Also their different areas of use during the 20th century, may have influenced the almost total lack of search for affinity. Thoreau’s philosphy has often been used by environmentalist movements, while Nietzsche has been connected to a wide range of various strivings, such as totalitarian regimes, individualistic artists and post-modern thinkers. But if one disregard these facts, look beyond the differences, and break down their texts in search for their most fundamental opinions, one will see that Nietzsche and Thoreau shared a number of concerns. They were both ciritical to many aspects of the modern civilisation, espacially the way of life it encouraged. It was a life style, deep rooted in an obstructive tradition, that did not take the very essential conditions of life into consideration. This was both Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s opinion, and their philosophies represent a willingness to re-establish a way of life that ignores all traditions hostile to life. Both of them criticize the religion and its moral of work, the modern science, and many institutions of the modern society – the schools and the prisons for example. But they also praise things, things they claim to have a value in contrast to the modern way of life – the simple things. Both Thoreau and Nietzsche praise the solitude life style, the silent walking in the wilderness, the simple but healthy food, as well as some intellectual stimulus, especially good litterature and music. All these simple things contribute to Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s opinion of life; it should be looked upon with the eyes of a child. Life should be like a play. The title of this paper is Philosphers of the Rooster and the Morning. The title suggests the similarities I have found between Thoreau’s and Nietzsche’s philosophies. They both announce an awakening. For them, a new morning has broken, and this paper shows the similar circumstances they give credit for their awakening.