Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-04-29Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:48Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 steagall_pvm_dr_botfm.pdf: 393562 bytes, checksum: 5728f72f985284dda5f8f079a19a7e0a (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos antinociceptivos da buprenorfina em gatos, quando administrada em diferentes doses pela via intravenosa (IV), e também por diferentes vias de administração, por meio da mensuração do limiar nociceptivo térmico (LNT) e mecânico (LNM) num estudo cruzado, cego e aleatório. O estímulo nociceptivo térmico (LNT) foi realizado por meio de um dispositivo justaposto a um mangüito de pressão neonatal, posicionado ao redor do tórax do gato por uma cinta elástica. O estímulo nociceptivo mecânico foi realizado por meio de um bracelete de plástico, colocado ao redor do antebraço do gato. Na primeira fase, após as mensurações basais dos LNT e LNM, oito gatos (3,8±0,6kg) receberam buprenorfina (IV) nas doses de 0,01 (B1), 0,02 (B2) e 0,04 (B4) mg/kg. As mensurações foram feitas até 10h após cada tratamento. Na segunda fase, após as mensurações basais dos LNT, seis gatos (4,1±0,5kg) receberam buprenorfina (0,02 mg/kg) pelas vias IV, intramuscular (IM) e subcutânea (SC). As mensurações foram realizadas até 24h após cada tratamento. Na terceira fase, após as mensurações basais dos LNT e LNM, oito gatos (4,7±1,5kg) receberam buprenorfina (0,02 mg/kg) pela via epidural, por meio de uma via de acesso vascular implantada cirurgicamente antes do início do estudo. As mensurações foram realizadas até 24h após cada tratamento. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA (P<0,05). Os LNT e LNM acima do intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%), gerados pelos valores basais, indicaram antinocicepção. Na primeira fase, os LNT e os LNM aumentaram significativamente entre 15min e 4h (LNT) após B1, entre 15min e 2h e aos 15 e 45min após B2, e entre 15min e 8h, exceto às 4h, e entre 30min e 2h, após B4, respectivamente. Aos 45min, os LNM foram significativamente maiores em B2 quando comparados a B1. As médias dos LNT e dos LNM ficaram... / The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine in cats after intravenous (IV) administration of different doses and after different routes of administration, by means of measuring thermal (TT) and mechanical (MT) nociceptive thresholds, in a randomized, blinded and crossover study. Thermal stimulation was given via a probe, attached to an elasticated band and positioned around the cat’s thorax with an inflated modified neonatal cuff. Mechanical stimulation was given via a plastic bracelet with a modified neonatal cuff, taped around the cat’s antebrachium. In the first phase, after MT and TT baseline recordings, eight cats (3.8±0.6kg) were given 0.01 (B1), 0.02 (B2) and 0.04 (B4) mg/kg of buprenorphine IV. Thresholds were measured until 10h after administration of treatments. In the second phase, after TT baseline recordings, buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg) was administered to six cats (4.1±0.5kg) by the IV, intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) routes. Threshold measurements were performed up to 24h after treatments. In the third phase, after TT and MT baseline recordings, eight cats (4.7±1.5kg) received buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg), through a vascular access port that had been surgically implanted in the epidural space. TT and MT were measured up to 24h after each treatment. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (P<0.05). A 95% confidence interval (IC95%) was generated by the baseline values. Thresholds above IC95% indicated antinociception. In the first phase, compared to baseline, TT were significantly increased between 15min and 4h after B1, between 15min and 2h after B2, and between 15min and 8h, expect at 4h, after B4. MT was significantly increased at 15 and 45min after B2 and between 30min and 2h after B4. At 45min, MT were significantly higher in B2 compared to B1. Mean TT were above the IC95% from 15min to 10h in all groups. Mean MT were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Stelio Pacca Loureiro Luna / Banca: André Leguthe / Banca: Renata Navarro Cassu / Banca: Juliana Brondani / Banca: Guilherme Barros / Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos antinociceptivos da buprenorfina em gatos, quando administrada em diferentes doses pela via intravenosa (IV), e também por diferentes vias de administração, por meio da mensuração do limiar nociceptivo térmico (LNT) e mecânico (LNM) num estudo cruzado, cego e aleatório. O estímulo nociceptivo térmico (LNT) foi realizado por meio de um dispositivo justaposto a um mangüito de pressão neonatal, posicionado ao redor do tórax do gato por uma cinta elástica. O estímulo nociceptivo mecânico foi realizado por meio de um bracelete de plástico, colocado ao redor do antebraço do gato. Na primeira fase, após as mensurações basais dos LNT e LNM, oito gatos (3,8±0,6kg) receberam buprenorfina (IV) nas doses de 0,01 (B1), 0,02 (B2) e 0,04 (B4) mg/kg. As mensurações foram feitas até 10h após cada tratamento. Na segunda fase, após as mensurações basais dos LNT, seis gatos (4,1±0,5kg) receberam buprenorfina (0,02 mg/kg) pelas vias IV, intramuscular (IM) e subcutânea (SC). As mensurações foram realizadas até 24h após cada tratamento. Na terceira fase, após as mensurações basais dos LNT e LNM, oito gatos (4,7±1,5kg) receberam buprenorfina (0,02 mg/kg) pela via epidural, por meio de uma via de acesso vascular implantada cirurgicamente antes do início do estudo. As mensurações foram realizadas até 24h após cada tratamento. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA (P<0,05). Os LNT e LNM acima do intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%), gerados pelos valores basais, indicaram antinocicepção. Na primeira fase, os LNT e os LNM aumentaram significativamente entre 15min e 4h (LNT) após B1, entre 15min e 2h e aos 15 e 45min após B2, e entre 15min e 8h, exceto às 4h, e entre 30min e 2h, após B4, respectivamente. Aos 45min, os LNM foram significativamente maiores em B2 quando comparados a B1. As médias dos LNT e dos LNM ficaram... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the antinociceptive effects of buprenorphine in cats after intravenous (IV) administration of different doses and after different routes of administration, by means of measuring thermal (TT) and mechanical (MT) nociceptive thresholds, in a randomized, blinded and crossover study. Thermal stimulation was given via a probe, attached to an elasticated band and positioned around the cat's thorax with an inflated modified neonatal cuff. Mechanical stimulation was given via a plastic bracelet with a modified neonatal cuff, taped around the cat's antebrachium. In the first phase, after MT and TT baseline recordings, eight cats (3.8±0.6kg) were given 0.01 (B1), 0.02 (B2) and 0.04 (B4) mg/kg of buprenorphine IV. Thresholds were measured until 10h after administration of treatments. In the second phase, after TT baseline recordings, buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg) was administered to six cats (4.1±0.5kg) by the IV, intramuscular (IM) and subcutaneous (SC) routes. Threshold measurements were performed up to 24h after treatments. In the third phase, after TT and MT baseline recordings, eight cats (4.7±1.5kg) received buprenorphine (0.02 mg/kg), through a vascular access port that had been surgically implanted in the epidural space. TT and MT were measured up to 24h after each treatment. Data were analyzed by ANOVA (P<0.05). A 95% confidence interval (IC95%) was generated by the baseline values. Thresholds above IC95% indicated antinociception. In the first phase, compared to baseline, TT were significantly increased between 15min and 4h after B1, between 15min and 2h after B2, and between 15min and 8h, expect at 4h, after B4. MT was significantly increased at 15 and 45min after B2 and between 30min and 2h after B4. At 45min, MT were significantly higher in B2 compared to B1. Mean TT were above the IC95% from 15min to 10h in all groups. Mean MT were... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

A terapia celular utilizando células tronco-mesenquimais (MSCs) surge como alternativa para o tratamento das doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII). Atualmente, os métodos terapêuticos consistem principalmente na utilização de fármacos que visam produzir e manter estados de remissão da colite ulcerativa e, muitas vezes, apresentam efeitos colaterais. Considerando a capacidade de modular células do sistema imune e de regenerar tecidos doentes, as MSCs podem ser consideradas uma alternativa para o tratamento de DII, como a colite ulcerativa. Além disso, muito tem se investigado a respeito do homing de MSCs exógenas infundidas por diversas vias em resposta a um insulto inflamatório e tem-se visto a capacidade de migração para tecidos afetados. A primeira etapa do trabalho consistiu na caracterização e desenvolvimento do modelo animal de colite ulcerativa aguda. Para isso, foram testados diferentes pesos moleculares e concentrações do reagente Dextran Sulfato de Sódio (DSS), a fim de verificar qual o melhor método de indução da doença. Após determinar o adequado modelo animal, que utilizou 2% DSS (36 000 – 50 000 Da), foi iniciado o experimento de terapia celular. Na tentativa de compreender como as MSCs podem influenciar a inflamação intestinal, o estudo avaliou o efeito do transplante de MSCs derivadas do tecido adiposo em duas diferentes vias de infusão, intraperitoneal e intravenosa, em modelo murino experimental de colite aguda. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: atividade clínica da doença, aspecto macroscópico e histopatológico do cólon, dosagem de citocinas inflamatórias, taxas de apoptose e parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. Os resultados obtidos no trabalho mostraram que o transplante celular intravenoso melhorou a severidade clínica de colite, como perda de peso, diarreia e presença de sangue nas fezes. Na avaliação histológica, observou-se a diminuição da inflamação colônica através da redução de perda de criptas e de infiltração de células inflamatórias. Ainda, os fatores secretados pelas MSCs parecem poder reduzir os níveis de IL-6 e aumentar os níveis de IL-10 e IL-4 do soro. Um aumento de células apoptóticas foi observado nos animais tratados com MSCs por via intravenosa, sugerindo que as MSCs induzem morte celular em células T resistentes à apoptose. Além disso, a terapia intravenosa foi capaz de aumentar os níveis de glutationa reduzida, um importante antioxidante natural, revertendo o dano causado pelo estresse oxidativo no cólon. Em conjunto, nossos resultados demonstram que a melhor via para a terapia celular na colite ulcerativa foi a intravenosa e que o tratamento proposto foi eficaz no que se refere à redução da inflamação do cólon. / Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is an alternative for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Currently, therapeutic methods consist primarily on the use of drugs which aim to produce and maintain state of ulcerative colitis remission and often present side effects. Considering the ability to modulate the immune system cells and regenerate injuried tissues, MSCs can be considered an alternative for treating IBD, such as ulcerative colitis. Moreover, there is many research investigating the homing of exogenous MSCs infused through different routes in response to an inflammatory insult, and has demonstrated the migration capacity of these cells into the affected tissues. The first stage of this study consisted in the characterization and development of acute animal model of ulcerative. For this, different molecular weights and concentrations of Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) reagent were tested in order to verify the best method for disease induction. After determining the appropriate animal model, that uses 2% DSS (36000-50000 Da), the cell therapy experiment was initiated. In an attempt to understand how MSCs can influence intestinal inflammation, the study evaluated the effect of MSCs transplantation using two different infusion routes, intraperitoneal and intravenous, in an acute colitis murine model. The following parameters were evaluated: clinical disease activity, colon macroscopic and histological analysis, serum inflammatory cytokine, determination apoptosis rates and oxidative stress parameters. Results show that MSC intravenous transplantation has improved the clinical severity of colitis, such as weight loss, diarrhea, and blood stool. Histological evaluation demonstrated a decreased colonic inflammation by reducing colonic crypt loss and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Also, MSCs secreted factors which seem to reduce levels of IL-6 and increase levels of IL-10 and IL-4 in the serum. In addition, an increase of apoptotic cells was observed in animals treated with intravenous MSCs, suggesting that MSCs induce cell death in T cells resistant to apoptosis. Furthermore, intravenous therapy was able to increase the levels of reduced glutathione, an important natural antioxidant, reversing the damage caused by oxidative stress in the colon. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the best route for cell therapy in ulcerative colitis was intravenous and the proposed treatment was effective with regards to reducing colon inflammation.

A terapia celular utilizando células tronco-mesenquimais (MSCs) surge como alternativa para o tratamento das doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII). Atualmente, os métodos terapêuticos consistem principalmente na utilização de fármacos que visam produzir e manter estados de remissão da colite ulcerativa e, muitas vezes, apresentam efeitos colaterais. Considerando a capacidade de modular células do sistema imune e de regenerar tecidos doentes, as MSCs podem ser consideradas uma alternativa para o tratamento de DII, como a colite ulcerativa. Além disso, muito tem se investigado a respeito do homing de MSCs exógenas infundidas por diversas vias em resposta a um insulto inflamatório e tem-se visto a capacidade de migração para tecidos afetados. A primeira etapa do trabalho consistiu na caracterização e desenvolvimento do modelo animal de colite ulcerativa aguda. Para isso, foram testados diferentes pesos moleculares e concentrações do reagente Dextran Sulfato de Sódio (DSS), a fim de verificar qual o melhor método de indução da doença. Após determinar o adequado modelo animal, que utilizou 2% DSS (36 000 – 50 000 Da), foi iniciado o experimento de terapia celular. Na tentativa de compreender como as MSCs podem influenciar a inflamação intestinal, o estudo avaliou o efeito do transplante de MSCs derivadas do tecido adiposo em duas diferentes vias de infusão, intraperitoneal e intravenosa, em modelo murino experimental de colite aguda. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: atividade clínica da doença, aspecto macroscópico e histopatológico do cólon, dosagem de citocinas inflamatórias, taxas de apoptose e parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. Os resultados obtidos no trabalho mostraram que o transplante celular intravenoso melhorou a severidade clínica de colite, como perda de peso, diarreia e presença de sangue nas fezes. Na avaliação histológica, observou-se a diminuição da inflamação colônica através da redução de perda de criptas e de infiltração de células inflamatórias. Ainda, os fatores secretados pelas MSCs parecem poder reduzir os níveis de IL-6 e aumentar os níveis de IL-10 e IL-4 do soro. Um aumento de células apoptóticas foi observado nos animais tratados com MSCs por via intravenosa, sugerindo que as MSCs induzem morte celular em células T resistentes à apoptose. Além disso, a terapia intravenosa foi capaz de aumentar os níveis de glutationa reduzida, um importante antioxidante natural, revertendo o dano causado pelo estresse oxidativo no cólon. Em conjunto, nossos resultados demonstram que a melhor via para a terapia celular na colite ulcerativa foi a intravenosa e que o tratamento proposto foi eficaz no que se refere à redução da inflamação do cólon. / Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is an alternative for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Currently, therapeutic methods consist primarily on the use of drugs which aim to produce and maintain state of ulcerative colitis remission and often present side effects. Considering the ability to modulate the immune system cells and regenerate injuried tissues, MSCs can be considered an alternative for treating IBD, such as ulcerative colitis. Moreover, there is many research investigating the homing of exogenous MSCs infused through different routes in response to an inflammatory insult, and has demonstrated the migration capacity of these cells into the affected tissues. The first stage of this study consisted in the characterization and development of acute animal model of ulcerative. For this, different molecular weights and concentrations of Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) reagent were tested in order to verify the best method for disease induction. After determining the appropriate animal model, that uses 2% DSS (36000-50000 Da), the cell therapy experiment was initiated. In an attempt to understand how MSCs can influence intestinal inflammation, the study evaluated the effect of MSCs transplantation using two different infusion routes, intraperitoneal and intravenous, in an acute colitis murine model. The following parameters were evaluated: clinical disease activity, colon macroscopic and histological analysis, serum inflammatory cytokine, determination apoptosis rates and oxidative stress parameters. Results show that MSC intravenous transplantation has improved the clinical severity of colitis, such as weight loss, diarrhea, and blood stool. Histological evaluation demonstrated a decreased colonic inflammation by reducing colonic crypt loss and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Also, MSCs secreted factors which seem to reduce levels of IL-6 and increase levels of IL-10 and IL-4 in the serum. In addition, an increase of apoptotic cells was observed in animals treated with intravenous MSCs, suggesting that MSCs induce cell death in T cells resistant to apoptosis. Furthermore, intravenous therapy was able to increase the levels of reduced glutathione, an important natural antioxidant, reversing the damage caused by oxidative stress in the colon. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the best route for cell therapy in ulcerative colitis was intravenous and the proposed treatment was effective with regards to reducing colon inflammation.

A terapia celular utilizando células tronco-mesenquimais (MSCs) surge como alternativa para o tratamento das doenças inflamatórias intestinais (DII). Atualmente, os métodos terapêuticos consistem principalmente na utilização de fármacos que visam produzir e manter estados de remissão da colite ulcerativa e, muitas vezes, apresentam efeitos colaterais. Considerando a capacidade de modular células do sistema imune e de regenerar tecidos doentes, as MSCs podem ser consideradas uma alternativa para o tratamento de DII, como a colite ulcerativa. Além disso, muito tem se investigado a respeito do homing de MSCs exógenas infundidas por diversas vias em resposta a um insulto inflamatório e tem-se visto a capacidade de migração para tecidos afetados. A primeira etapa do trabalho consistiu na caracterização e desenvolvimento do modelo animal de colite ulcerativa aguda. Para isso, foram testados diferentes pesos moleculares e concentrações do reagente Dextran Sulfato de Sódio (DSS), a fim de verificar qual o melhor método de indução da doença. Após determinar o adequado modelo animal, que utilizou 2% DSS (36 000 – 50 000 Da), foi iniciado o experimento de terapia celular. Na tentativa de compreender como as MSCs podem influenciar a inflamação intestinal, o estudo avaliou o efeito do transplante de MSCs derivadas do tecido adiposo em duas diferentes vias de infusão, intraperitoneal e intravenosa, em modelo murino experimental de colite aguda. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: atividade clínica da doença, aspecto macroscópico e histopatológico do cólon, dosagem de citocinas inflamatórias, taxas de apoptose e parâmetros de estresse oxidativo. Os resultados obtidos no trabalho mostraram que o transplante celular intravenoso melhorou a severidade clínica de colite, como perda de peso, diarreia e presença de sangue nas fezes. Na avaliação histológica, observou-se a diminuição da inflamação colônica através da redução de perda de criptas e de infiltração de células inflamatórias. Ainda, os fatores secretados pelas MSCs parecem poder reduzir os níveis de IL-6 e aumentar os níveis de IL-10 e IL-4 do soro. Um aumento de células apoptóticas foi observado nos animais tratados com MSCs por via intravenosa, sugerindo que as MSCs induzem morte celular em células T resistentes à apoptose. Além disso, a terapia intravenosa foi capaz de aumentar os níveis de glutationa reduzida, um importante antioxidante natural, revertendo o dano causado pelo estresse oxidativo no cólon. Em conjunto, nossos resultados demonstram que a melhor via para a terapia celular na colite ulcerativa foi a intravenosa e que o tratamento proposto foi eficaz no que se refere à redução da inflamação do cólon. / Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapy is an alternative for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Currently, therapeutic methods consist primarily on the use of drugs which aim to produce and maintain state of ulcerative colitis remission and often present side effects. Considering the ability to modulate the immune system cells and regenerate injuried tissues, MSCs can be considered an alternative for treating IBD, such as ulcerative colitis. Moreover, there is many research investigating the homing of exogenous MSCs infused through different routes in response to an inflammatory insult, and has demonstrated the migration capacity of these cells into the affected tissues. The first stage of this study consisted in the characterization and development of acute animal model of ulcerative. For this, different molecular weights and concentrations of Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) reagent were tested in order to verify the best method for disease induction. After determining the appropriate animal model, that uses 2% DSS (36000-50000 Da), the cell therapy experiment was initiated. In an attempt to understand how MSCs can influence intestinal inflammation, the study evaluated the effect of MSCs transplantation using two different infusion routes, intraperitoneal and intravenous, in an acute colitis murine model. The following parameters were evaluated: clinical disease activity, colon macroscopic and histological analysis, serum inflammatory cytokine, determination apoptosis rates and oxidative stress parameters. Results show that MSC intravenous transplantation has improved the clinical severity of colitis, such as weight loss, diarrhea, and blood stool. Histological evaluation demonstrated a decreased colonic inflammation by reducing colonic crypt loss and infiltration of inflammatory cells. Also, MSCs secreted factors which seem to reduce levels of IL-6 and increase levels of IL-10 and IL-4 in the serum. In addition, an increase of apoptotic cells was observed in animals treated with intravenous MSCs, suggesting that MSCs induce cell death in T cells resistant to apoptosis. Furthermore, intravenous therapy was able to increase the levels of reduced glutathione, an important natural antioxidant, reversing the damage caused by oxidative stress in the colon. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the best route for cell therapy in ulcerative colitis was intravenous and the proposed treatment was effective with regards to reducing colon inflammation.

La mémoire immunologique est le mécanisme biologique fondamental à la base du développement de la vaccination. La compréhension de ce mécanisme ainsi que de ses interactions avec les différents acteurs du système immunitaire a permis l’élaboration de vaccins qui sont aujourd’hui les garants d’une protection accrue face à l’émergence de maladies infectieuses potentiellement mortelles. La voie d’injection et le mode de transfert de ces vaccins sont des paramètres majeurs à prendre en considération car ils définissent une modulation des réponses immunitaires et de leurs spécificités d’action. De nos jours, seule la voie intramusculaire demeure la voie majoritaire d’administration de vaccins lors de la prophylaxie primaire en santé humaine. Au cours de notre étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à comparer l’injection d’un antigène (l’ovalbumine) selon deux voies d’administration : la voie intramusculaire et la voie intradermique. Nous nous sommes également appuyés sur une technologie du laboratoire qui consiste à transférer des gènes par des vecteurs AAV2/1 recombinants. Nous disposions de deux constructions de ces vecteurs ayant une spécificité pour cibler les cellules musculaires et permettant l’apport d’un effet auxiliaire par les lymphocytes T CD4+ lors d’injections dans des souris femelles. De plus, une de ces constructions nous permettait d’éviter la voie de présentation directe de l’antigène par les cellules dendritiques (DCs) aux lymphocytes T CD8+. Les capacités modulatrices de ces vecteurs nous permirent de montrer pour la première fois que le vecteur AAV2/1 recombinant était capable de faire exprimer un transgène au sein de la peau et d’y générer une réponse cellulaire forte. Nous avons également montré qu’il existait une synergie d’action entre l’effet auxiliaire et la voie intradermique qui améliorait considérablement les réponses cellulaires issues de la présentation croisée d’antigène. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer que les lymphocytes T CD8+ générés suite à cette synergie d’action présentaient un profil phénotypique de cellules mémoires polyfonctionnelles et capables de protéger l’hôte face à un challenge pathogénique. / Immunological memory is the fundamental biological mechanism at the beginning of the development of vaccination. Understanding this mechanism and its interactions with the various players of the immune system has allowed the development of vaccines that are today the most effective barrier against the emergence of life-threatening infectious diseases. Route of injection and the nature of carriers of these vaccines are key parameters to be taken into consideration because they define a modulation of immune responses and their specific features. Nowadays, only the intramuscular injection route remains the major route of vaccines injection in the context of primary prophylaxis in human health. During our study, we were interested in comparing the injection of antigen (ovalbumin) following two routes of administration: intramuscular and intradermal routes. We also relied on a technology in the laboratory that involves the transfer of genes by rAAV2/1 vectors. We had two constructs of these vectors having specificity to target skeletal muscle cells and allowing us to provide a helper effect from CD4+ T cells during injections into female mice recipients. Moreover, one of these constructs enabled us to avoid the direct presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8+ T cells. The capacity of modulation of these vectors allowed us to show for the first time that the rAAV2/1 vector was able to trigger the expression of a transgene in the skin, and there to generate a strong cellular response. We have also shown that CD4+ T cell help and the intradermal route of immunization synergize to improve greatly cellular responses from the cross-presentation of antigens. Finally, we have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells generated following this synergism exhibited a phenotypic profile of polyfunctional memory cells and able to protect the host against a pathogenic challenge.

La mémoire immunologique est le mécanisme biologique fondamental à la base du développement de la vaccination. La compréhension de ce mécanisme ainsi que de ses interactions avec les différents acteurs du système immunitaire a permis l’élaboration de vaccins qui sont aujourd’hui les garants d’une protection accrue face à l’émergence de maladies infectieuses potentiellement mortelles. La voie d’injection et le mode de transfert de ces vaccins sont des paramètres majeurs à prendre en considération car ils définissent une modulation des réponses immunitaires et de leurs spécificités d’action. De nos jours, seule la voie intramusculaire demeure la voie majoritaire d’administration de vaccins lors de la prophylaxie primaire en santé humaine. Au cours de notre étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à comparer l’injection d’un antigène (l’ovalbumine) selon deux voies d’administration : la voie intramusculaire et la voie intradermique. Nous nous sommes également appuyés sur une technologie du laboratoire qui consiste à transférer des gènes par des vecteurs AAV2/1 recombinants. Nous disposions de deux constructions de ces vecteurs ayant une spécificité pour cibler les cellules musculaires et permettant l’apport d’un effet auxiliaire par les lymphocytes T CD4+ lors d’injections dans des souris femelles. De plus, une de ces constructions nous permettait d’éviter la voie de présentation directe de l’antigène par les cellules dendritiques (DCs) aux lymphocytes T CD8+. Les capacités modulatrices de ces vecteurs nous permirent de montrer pour la première fois que le vecteur AAV2/1 recombinant était capable de faire exprimer un transgène au sein de la peau et d’y générer une réponse cellulaire forte. Nous avons également montré qu’il existait une synergie d’action entre l’effet auxiliaire et la voie intradermique qui améliorait considérablement les réponses cellulaires issues de la présentation croisée d’antigène. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer que les lymphocytes T CD8+ générés suite à cette synergie d’action présentaient un profil phénotypique de cellules mémoires polyfonctionnelles et capables de protéger l’hôte face à un challenge pathogénique. / Immunological memory is the fundamental biological mechanism at the beginning of the development of vaccination. Understanding this mechanism and its interactions with the various players of the immune system has allowed the development of vaccines that are today the most effective barrier against the emergence of life-threatening infectious diseases. Route of injection and the nature of carriers of these vaccines are key parameters to be taken into consideration because they define a modulation of immune responses and their specific features. Nowadays, only the intramuscular injection route remains the major route of vaccines injection in the context of primary prophylaxis in human health. During our study, we were interested in comparing the injection of antigen (ovalbumin) following two routes of administration: intramuscular and intradermal routes. We also relied on a technology in the laboratory that involves the transfer of genes by rAAV2/1 vectors. We had two constructs of these vectors having specificity to target skeletal muscle cells and allowing us to provide a helper effect from CD4+ T cells during injections into female mice recipients. Moreover, one of these constructs enabled us to avoid the direct presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8+ T cells. The capacity of modulation of these vectors allowed us to show for the first time that the rAAV2/1 vector was able to trigger the expression of a transgene in the skin, and there to generate a strong cellular response. We have also shown that CD4+ T cell help and the intradermal route of immunization synergize to improve greatly cellular responses from the cross-presentation of antigens. Finally, we have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells generated following this synergism exhibited a phenotypic profile of polyfunctional memory cells and able to protect the host against a pathogenic challenge.

La mémoire immunologique est le mécanisme biologique fondamental à la base du développement de la vaccination. La compréhension de ce mécanisme ainsi que de ses interactions avec les différents acteurs du système immunitaire a permis l’élaboration de vaccins qui sont aujourd’hui les garants d’une protection accrue face à l’émergence de maladies infectieuses potentiellement mortelles. La voie d’injection et le mode de transfert de ces vaccins sont des paramètres majeurs à prendre en considération car ils définissent une modulation des réponses immunitaires et de leurs spécificités d’action. De nos jours, seule la voie intramusculaire demeure la voie majoritaire d’administration de vaccins lors de la prophylaxie primaire en santé humaine. Au cours de notre étude, nous nous sommes intéressés à comparer l’injection d’un antigène (l’ovalbumine) selon deux voies d’administration : la voie intramusculaire et la voie intradermique. Nous nous sommes également appuyés sur une technologie du laboratoire qui consiste à transférer des gènes par des vecteurs AAV2/1 recombinants. Nous disposions de deux constructions de ces vecteurs ayant une spécificité pour cibler les cellules musculaires et permettant l’apport d’un effet auxiliaire par les lymphocytes T CD4+ lors d’injections dans des souris femelles. De plus, une de ces constructions nous permettait d’éviter la voie de présentation directe de l’antigène par les cellules dendritiques (DCs) aux lymphocytes T CD8+. Les capacités modulatrices de ces vecteurs nous permirent de montrer pour la première fois que le vecteur AAV2/1 recombinant était capable de faire exprimer un transgène au sein de la peau et d’y générer une réponse cellulaire forte. Nous avons également montré qu’il existait une synergie d’action entre l’effet auxiliaire et la voie intradermique qui améliorait considérablement les réponses cellulaires issues de la présentation croisée d’antigène. Enfin, nous avons pu démontrer que les lymphocytes T CD8+ générés suite à cette synergie d’action présentaient un profil phénotypique de cellules mémoires polyfonctionnelles et capables de protéger l’hôte face à un challenge pathogénique. / Immunological memory is the fundamental biological mechanism at the beginning of the development of vaccination. Understanding this mechanism and its interactions with the various players of the immune system has allowed the development of vaccines that are today the most effective barrier against the emergence of life-threatening infectious diseases. Route of injection and the nature of carriers of these vaccines are key parameters to be taken into consideration because they define a modulation of immune responses and their specific features. Nowadays, only the intramuscular injection route remains the major route of vaccines injection in the context of primary prophylaxis in human health. During our study, we were interested in comparing the injection of antigen (ovalbumin) following two routes of administration: intramuscular and intradermal routes. We also relied on a technology in the laboratory that involves the transfer of genes by rAAV2/1 vectors. We had two constructs of these vectors having specificity to target skeletal muscle cells and allowing us to provide a helper effect from CD4+ T cells during injections into female mice recipients. Moreover, one of these constructs enabled us to avoid the direct presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) to CD8+ T cells. The capacity of modulation of these vectors allowed us to show for the first time that the rAAV2/1 vector was able to trigger the expression of a transgene in the skin, and there to generate a strong cellular response. We have also shown that CD4+ T cell help and the intradermal route of immunization synergize to improve greatly cellular responses from the cross-presentation of antigens. Finally, we have demonstrated that CD8+ T cells generated following this synergism exhibited a phenotypic profile of polyfunctional memory cells and able to protect the host against a pathogenic challenge.