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Bakgrund: Fetma är ett allvarligt folkhälsoproblem då fetma ökar risken att drabbas av följdsjukdomar, samt att patienter med fetma visat sig ha lägre genomsnittlig hälsorelaterad livskvalitet (HRQoL) jämfört med befolkningen i allmänhet. Syfte: med denna litteraturöversikt var att beskriva hälsorelaterad livskvalitet bland personer som genomgått fetmakirurgi. Metod: Litteraturöversikt baserad på 8 kvantitativa interventionsstudier med uppföljningar mellan 9 månader - 10 år efter genomförd behandling. Litteratursökning skedde i databaserna PubMed och Cinahl. Analys av studierna skedde genom att studierna sammanställdes baserat på redovisning av frågeformulär SF-36 för index fysisk och mental hälsa och dess åtta dimensioner. Resultat: Samtliga studier indikerar att den fysiska hälsan i genomsnitt ökar efter fetmakirurgi. Samtliga utom en studie indikerar att hälsoindex för mental hälsa i genomsnitt ökar efter fetmakirurgi. Studier som sträcker sig över flera uppföljningsperioder visar att den initiala ökningen av hälsoindex minskar med tiden och effekten är som högst 1–2 år efter fetmakirurgi. Konklusion: Resultaten pekar på att fetmakirurgi initialt leder till en förbättring av fysisk och mental HRQoL med en tydlig topp efter 1–2 år. Studier med högt deltagande och uppföljning över tid är för få för att dra slutsatser kring effekten av fetmakirurgi på HRQoL på längre sikt. Utbildning av vårdpersonal och uppföljningsprogram kan bidra till ökat uppföljningsdeltagande, och minska risken för bortfall till följd av brister i vårdpersonalens bemötande. / Background: Obesity is a serious public health problem as it increases the risk of secondary diseases. Patients with obesity have been shown to have lower average health-related quality of life (HRQoL) compared to the general population. Aim: of this literature review was to describe health-related quality of life among people who have undergone bariatric surgery. Methods: Literature review of eight quantitative intervention studies with follow-ups between 9 months to 10 years. Literature search took place in the databases PuBMed and Cinahl. Analysis of the studies was done by summarizing the studies based on the reported result of the SF-36 questionnaire for physical and mental health and its eight dimensions. Results: All studies indicate that physical health increases on average after bariatric surgery. All but one study indicate that the mental health index increases, on average, after bariatric surgery. Studies that extend over several follow-up periods show that the initial increase in mental health decreases over time and the effect is highest 1–2 years after bariatric surgery. Conclusion: The results indicate that bariatric surgery initially leads to an improvement in physical and mental HRQoL with a clear peak after 1–2 years. Studies with high participation and follow-up over time are too few to draw conclusions about the effect of bariatric surgery on HRQoL in the longer term. Training of healthcare professionals and follow-up programs can contribute to increased follow-up participation, and reduce the risk of non-response.

BACKGROUND: Bariatric surgery is an effective weight loss treatment modality for people with morbid obesity, however, there may be a negative impact on postoperative bone health. This review summarizes changes of different bone mineral density dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry measurements, with specific attention to the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and the roux-en-y gastric bypass. METHODS: PubMed and the Cochrane Library searches yielded 156 articles published before November 2017. The articles were evaluated based on the following inclusion criteria: focus on laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy or roux-en-y gastric bypass and bone health, written in English, full-length article, studied participants for one-to-two years, and included statistical measurements. RESULTS: Of the 156 studies that were initially screened, 16 full-length articles were included in the final analysis. The articles described a lower loss of bone density at the lumbar spine, femoral neck, forearm, and total hip after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy when compared to roux-en-y gastric bypass, however, these studies lack statistical power due to the small sample sizes of less than 10 participants. CONCLUSION: The number of bariatric surgeries continues to increase worldwide, however, the literature provides limited studies that evaluate the effects of bariatric surgery on bone health, more than two-years postoperative. Further study is necessary to determine the mechanisms of bone loss after bariatric surgery, with great attention to differences in bone health between sexes.

Background: Roux-en-y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery produces significant weight loss, however a number of patients experience some and/or complete recidivism of weight years after surgery. Limited research has investigated why patients are experiencing weight regain after surgical interventions. Our objective was to identify appetite-related measures associated with weight regain after RYGB surgery. Methods: Using a cross-sectional design, 29 participants (49.6 ± 9.1 years of age; 29-62 months post-RYGB) were divided into three weight categories; (weight maintainers, n = 9; low weight regainers, n = 10; and high weight regainers, n = 10). Appetite, smell function, eating behaviours and food reward were measured in response to a standardized meal. Results: Weight regain increased significantly in association with time after surgery (rs = 0.768, p = 0.016). High regainers gained on average 8.6 kg/year, compared to low regainers and maintainers, 3.8 ± 0.9 kg/year and 0.9 ± 0.9 kg/year, respectively (p < 0.001). Dietary restraint (using the Three Factor Eating Questionnaire) was significantly higher in weight maintainers and low regainers compared to high regainers using clinical subscales (p < 0.05). Weight regain was associated with higher “liking” of high-fat sweet foods (measured with the Leeds Food Preference Questionnaire) among high weight regainers. Conclusion: Weight regain after RYGB may be associated with higher preferences for high-fat sweet foods, whereas, higher dietary restraint may be associated with lower wanting of high-fat sweet foods among weight maintainers. Findings provide insight into why some patients after RYGB regain weight, while others maintain their weight. Future research is needed to further explore the relationships between appetite-related factors and weight regain after RYGB employing a longitudinal study design.

Background. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an effective treatment for obesity, where gut peptides such as ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) play an instrumental role in reduced appetite after RYGB. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to establish the magnitude of change of ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY and appetite sensation following RYGB. Methods. A systematic search was conducted in Medline Ovid, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up until March 2021. Two independent reviewers screened articles for studies that evaluated ghrelin, GLP-1, PYY or appetite sensation via visual analogue scales (VAS) before and after RYGB in adults. Risk of bias was assessed with the quality assessment tool for before-after studies with no control group from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (NHLBI). A multilevel model with random effects for study and follow-up time points nested in study was fit to the data. The model included kilocalorie consumption as a covariate and time points as moderators. Results. Among the 2,559 articles identified, 47 met the inclusion criteria, among which k=19 evaluated ghrelin, k=40 GLP-1, k=22 PYY and k=8 appetite sensation via VAS. Our results indicate that fasting ghrelin levels are decreased 2 weeks post-RYGB (p = .005) but do not differ from baseline from 6 weeks to 1-year post-RYGB. Postprandial ghrelin levels at 6 months and 1-year post-RYGB were not different from pre-surgical values (p = .51). Fasting GLP-1 levels were not different from pre-surgical levels up to 2 years post-RYGB. Postprandial levels of GLP-1 increased significantly from 1 week (p < .001) to 2 years post-RYGB (p < .01) compared to before surgery. Compared to pre-RYGB levels, fasting PYY increased at 6 months (p = .034) and 1 year (p = .0299) post-surgery and postprandial levels were increased up to 1 year (p < .01). Heterogeneity was significant in most analyses. Insufficient data on appetite sensation was available to be meta-analyzed. Conclusion. Our analyses illustrate the magnitude of change of ghrelin, GLP-1 and PYY before and after RYGB surgery. Importantly, between study heterogeneity within the current literature warrants more standardized protocols and studies with longer follow-up periods for better comprehension of changes in gut peptides following RYGB surgery.

Le DT2 est caractérise par un défaut combiné de la sécrétion et de l’action de l’insuline. Depuis près d’un demi siècle la chirurgie bariatrique et notamment le Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass (RYGB) ont montré des effets spectaculaires sur le contrôle glycémique remettant en question le paradigme de la prise en charge médicale du DT2. L’exclusion gastro duodénale induite par le RYGB améliore le métabolisme glucidique indépendemment de la perte de poids. Ainsi les modifications du flux biliaire semblent jouer un rôle, cependant les mécanismes sous-jacents ne sont pas clairs. Nous avons réalisés des RYGB chez le miniporc et nous avons montré que l'absorption intestinale du glucose est diminuée dans l’anse alimentaire (AL) dépourvue de bile. L'absorption du glucose dans l’AL était restaurée par l'ajout de la bile, et cet effet était inhibé lorsque le co transport actif sodium glucose 1 (SGLT1) était bloquée par la phlorizine. SGLT1 restait exprimée dans la AL, cependant la teneur dans la lumière de l’intestin en sodium était nettement diminuée. L’ajout de sodium dans l'AL provoquait le même effet que la bile sur l'absorption du glucose et augmentait également l’excursion glycémique post prandiale chez le miniporc au cours d’un repas test vigil. La diminution de l'absorption intestinale du glucose après RYGB a ensuite été confirmée chez l'homme. Nos résultats démontrent que la l’exclusion biliaire affecte le métabolisme post prandiale du glucose par modulation des co transporteurs intestinaux sodium-glucose. / Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized primarily as a combined defect of insulin secretion and insulin action. For nearly a decade, the somewhat mysterious but spectacular benefit of metabolic surgery, and more specifically of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), on glucose control has been caused a questioning the current paradigm of T2D management. Gastro-intestinal exclusion by RYGB improves glucose metabolism, independent of weight loss. Although changes in intestinal bile trafficking have been shown to play a role, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. We performed RYGB in minipigs and showed that the intestinal uptake of ingested glucose is blunted in the bile deprived alimentary limb (AL). Glucose uptake in the AL was restored by the addition of bile, and this effect was abolished when active glucose intestinal transport was blocked with phlorizin. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 remained expressed in the AL, while intraluminal sodium content was markedly decreased. Adding sodium to the AL had the same effect as bile on glucose uptake. It also increased postprandial blood glucose response in conscious minipigs following RYGB. The decrease in intestinal uptake of glucose after RYGB was confirmed in humans. Our results demonstrate that bile diversion affects postprandial glucose metabolism by modulating sodium-glucose intestinal cotransport.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-26T12:51:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 sidneypinheirojunior_tese.pdf: 1185692 bytes, checksum: 2cae9b38515819abe487b6260ac74acc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-27 / Background Outstanding, among the factors associated to cholelithiasis after bariatric surgery, are those related to metabolism and synthesis of lipoproteins, such as apolipoprotein E (ApoE) and protein from cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP). Methods - 220 patients have been part of the study, 114 (G1) with cholelithiasis postoperatively and 106 (G2) without cholelithiasis in over 8 months period, including the analysis of apoE-Hha I and CETP-TaqIB polymorphisms per PCR / RFLP and biochemical profile [total cholesterol (TC), lipoprotein cholesterol fraction of low (LDL), high (HDLc) and very low density (VLDLc), triglycerides (TG) and glucose levels. It was accepted level of significance for P <0.05. Results - Preoperatively, it was observed that in G1 54% of the patients with the APOE*4 allele had serum altered levels of LDL. Postoperatively, there was a decrease (P <0.001) of LDL with TG in G2 (85.3 ± 32.1 mg / dL, P <0.0001) and glucose (G1 = 83.2 ± 10.7 mg / dL; G2 = 84.7 ± 11.5 mg / dL, P <0.0001 for both), TC and LDL and HDL cholesterol increased only in G2 (P <0.0001). The B1 allele was related to decreased (P <0.01) of TC, LDLc and TG postoperatively in both groups, in addition to lowering glucose levels and increase HDL cholesterol only in G2 (P <0.0001). The genotype APOE*_/4 in G2 was associated with decreased levels of TC, LDL, TG and glucose levels and increased levels of HDL cholesterol (P<0.01) postoperatively. Conclusions - This study does not confirm the association of apoE-Hha-I and CETP-TaqIB with gallstones in the late postoperative period after bariatric surgery. However, B1 allele seems to enhance the action of bariatric surgery in the control of dyslipidemia effectively reducing levels of TC, LDL and TG, with additional benefit to those without gallstones by decreasing blood glucose levels and also increase HDL cholesterol. The relationship of APOE*4 with increased LDLc preoperatively only in G1 suggests its association with cholelithiasis in the late postoperative bariatric surgery, which should be evaluated in prospective studies. / Introdução- Destacam-se entre os fatores associados à colelitíase após cirurgia bariátrica, aqueles relacionados a metabolismo e síntese de lipoproteínas plasmáticas, como apolipoproteína E (apo E) e proteína de transferência do éster de colesterol (CETP). Objetivos-Avaliar a associação das variantes genéticas apoE-Hha I e CETP-TaqIB na colelitíase e sua influência no perfil bioquímico,além de perfil antropométrico e co-morbidades em pacientes com obesidade mórbida após cirurgia bariátrica. Métodos- Foram estudados 220 pacientes: 114 (G1) com colelitíase no pós-operatório e 106 (G2) sem colelitíase, em período >8 meses, incluindo a análise dos polimorfismos apoE-HhaI e CETP-TaqIB por PCR/RFLP e perfil bioquímico [colesterol total (CT), fração de colesterol de lipoproteína de baixa (LDLc), alta (HDLc) e muito baixa densidade (VLDLc), triglicérides (TG) e glicemia], além do índice de massa corporal (IMC), cintura abdominal (CA), hipertensão e diabete melito. Admitiu-se nível de significância para P<0,05. Resultados- Houve semelhança entre os grupos para os genótipos de apoE-HhaI e CETP-TaqIB. O genótipo APOE*3/3 prevaleceu em ambos os grupos (G1: 65% e G2:73%; P=0,204), enquanto genótipos APOE*_/4 destacaram-se em G1 (23% versus 16%; P=0,269). Para CETP o alelo B1 prevaleceu em G1 (0,59) e G2 (0,62; P=0,558). O perfil bioquímico, com valores recomendados já no pré-operatório em ambos os grupos, exceto para TG (141,4±75,4; 159,3±90,9mg/dL, respectivamente, P=0,123) e glicemia (113,0±53,2; 105,8±34,3mg/dL, respectivamente; P=0,262), mostrou decréscimo (P<0,001) no pós-operatório para todas as variáveis, incluindo TG (respectivamente, 89,0±34,6mg/dL; 85,3±32,1mg/dL; P<0,0001 para ambos) e glicemia (respectivamente, 83,2±10,7mg/dL; 84,7±11,5mg/dL; P<0,0001 para ambos). Níveis de HDLc mostraram acréscimo no pós-operatório apenas em G2 (52,5±14,7 versus 43,0±11,9; P<0,0001). Em G1, 54% dos pacientes portadores do alelo APOE*4 tinham níveis séricos alterados de LDLc no pré-operatório. O genótipo APOE*3/3, em G1, associou-se com decréscimo nos níveis de CT, LDLc, TG e glicemia e aumento nos níveis de HDLc (P<0,01). O mesmo ocorreu para genótipos APOE*_/4, em G2. O alelo B1 relacionou-se com decréscimo (P<0,01) de CT, LDLc e TG no pós-operatório em ambos os grupos, além de redução de glicemia e aumento de HDLc apenas em G2 (P<0,0001).Ambos os grupos mostraram redução nos valores de IMC e CA, além de hipertensão e diabete melito. Conclusões: Variantes de apoE-HhaI e CETP-TaqIB não diferenciam os grupos com e sem colelitíase no pós-operatório tardio de cirurgia bariátrica. Presença de APOE*4 relacionada com aumento de LDLc no pré-operatório, sugere sua influência no desenvolvimento de colelitíase no pós- operatório tardio, a ser confirmado em estudos prospectivos. CETP-Taq IB, representado pelo alelo B1 parece potencializar a ação da cirurgia bariátrica no controle do perfil bioquímico, particularmente em G2 com aumento de HDLc e decréscimo da glicemia. Além disso, independente da presença de colelitiase, a cirurgia bariátrica controla também doenças crônicas como diabete melito e hipertensão arterial.

Προσχεδιασμένη συγκριτική διπλή τυφλή μελέτη της αποτελεσματικότητας της επιμήκους γαστρεκτομής (LSG) και της μερικής γαστρικής παράκαμψης Roux-en-Y (LRYGB) σε ασθενείς με κλινικά σοβαρή παχυσαρκία (BMI 35-49,9) Η λαπαροσκοπική γαστρική παράκαμψη (LRYGB) αποτελεί στις μέρες μας το χρυσό κανόνα για τη χειρουργική αντιμετώπιση της κλινικά σοβαρής παχυσαρκίας. Η λαπαροσκοπική επιμήκης γαστρεκτομή (LSG) είναι μία σχετικώς νέα επέμβαση περιοριστικού τύπου η οποία τελευταία έχει αρχίσει να εφαρμόζεται ως μοναδική επέμβαση για την κλινικά σοβαρή παχυσαρκία. Η παρούσα προοπτική διπλή τυφλή μελέτη έχει σκοπό να διερευνήσει την ασφάλεια των παραπάνω επεμβάσεων καθώς και την αποτελεσματικότητα τους σε χρονικό ορίζοντα τριών χρόνων. Μέθοδος: Εξήντα ασθενείς με δείκτη σωματικής μάζας <50 Kg/m2 μετά από τυχαιοποίηση υπεβλήθησαν τριάντα σε LSG και τριάντα σε LRYGB. Οι ασθενείς παρακολουθήθηκαν μετεγχειρητικά για τρία χρόνια. Στο διάστημα αυτό καταγράφηκε η απώλεια βάρους, η πρώιμη και όψιμη νοσηρότητα και θνητότητα, η ίαση των συνοδών της παχυσαρκίας νόσων και η ανάπτυξη μικροθρεπτικών ανεπαρκειών μετά τους δύο τύπους χειρουργείων. Αποτελέσματα: Η θνητότητα ήταν μηδενική και στους δύο τύπους επεμβάσεων. Δεν καταγράφηκε σημαντική διαφορά στην πρώιμη (10% μετά από LRYGBP και 13.3% μετά από LSG, P>0.05) και όψιμη νοσηρότητα (10% σε κάθε ομάδα) μετά και τους δύο τύπους χειρουργείων. Η απώλεια βάρους ήταν στατιστικώς μεγαλύτερη μετά από LSG καθόλη τη διάρκεια της μελέτης. Τον τρίτο μετεγχειρητικό χρόνο η επί τις εκατό απώλεια του υπερβάλλοντος βάρους κυμαίνονταν στο 62.09% μετά από LRYGBP και στο 68.46% μετά από LSG (p=0.02). Δεν παρατηρήθηκε σημαντική διαφορά ως προς την ίαση των συνοδών της παχυσαρκίας νόσων, εκτός από τη δυσλιπιδαιμία η οποία βελτιώθηκε σε σημαντικότερο βαθμό μετά από LRYGB και την υπέρταση η οποία βελτιώθηκε σε σημαντικότερο βαθμό μετά από LSG. Ανεπάρκεια μικροθρεπτικών συστατικών παρατηρήθηκε σε ανάλογο βαθμό μετά τις δύο επεμβάσεις εκτός από την έλλειψη βιταμίνης Β12 η οποία παρατηρήθηκε σε μεγαλύτερο βαθμό μετά από LRYGB (P<0.001). Συμπεράσματα: Και οι δύο επεμβάσεις είναι ασφαλείς και αποτελεσματικές ως προς την απώλεια βάρους και την ίαση των συνοδών της παχυσαρκίας νόσων. Η LSG συνοδεύεται από λιγότερες μεταβολικές ανεπάρκειες και δεν απαιτεί τη χορήγηση συμπληρωμάτων εφ’ όρου ζωής. Η LSG φαίνεται ότι είναι μία υποσχόμενη επέμβαση για την κλινικά σοβαρή παχυσαρκία η οποία στα τρία χρόνια μετεγχειρητικής παρακολούθησης επιτυγχάνει μεγαλύτερη απώλεια βάρους από την LRYGB. / The efficacy of sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and Roux en Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) in patients with morbid obesity (BMI 35-49,9). A comparative double-blind randomized trial Background: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is currently the gold standard bariatric procedure for the treatment of morbid obesity. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is an innovative restrictive procedure which has been increasingly applied as a sole bariatric procedure. A randomized trial was conducted to evaluate perioperative safety (30-day) and 3-years results. Methods: Sixty patients with body mass index (BMI) ≤ 50 Kg/m2 were randomized to LRYGB or LSG. Patients were monitored for 3 years after operation and throughout the study period weight loss, early and late complications, improvement of obesity related comorbidities and nutritional deficiencies were compared between studied groups. Results: There was no death in either group and no significant difference in early (10% after LRYGBP and 13.3% after LSG, P>0.05) and late morbidity (10% in each group). Weight loss was significantly better after LSG throughout the study period. At 3 years %EWL reached 62.09% after LRYGBP and 68.46% after LSG (p=0.02). There was no significant difference in the overall improvement of comorbidities but dyslipidemia improved more after LRYGB, whereas hypertension resolved more after LSG. Nutritional deficiencies occurred at same rate in the two groups except to vitamin B12 deficiency which was more common after LRYGB (P<0.001). Conclusion: In conclusion, LSG and LRYGBP are equally safe and effective in the amelioration of comorbidities, while LSG is associated with fewer postoperative metabolic deficiencies, without the need of supplementation. Furthermore, LSG is a promising bariatric procedure, since it seems to be superior to LRYGB at 3 years follow up on weight reduction.

Orientador: Maria Rita Marques de Oliveira / Resumo: A obesidade é resultante de uma complexa interação entre fatores genéticos, ambientais e metabólicos, cujo controle dos casos extremos tem se realizado com cirurgia. Embora efetivos, os resultados da cirurgia são variáveis e pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos em longo prazo. Objetivo: avaliar o efeito tardio da cirurgia bariátrica considerando técnica cirúrgica, consumo alimentar e as variações de peso, diante de um desfecho clínico desejável e indesejável. Métodos: Este estudo prospectivo não concorrente envolveu a participação de 74 mulheres (idade 42,2 ± 6,2 anos; IMC 44,7 ± 6,5 kg/m2) submetidas à cirurgia de derivação gástrica em Y-Roux (DGYR). Os pacientes foram categorizados em dois grupos de acordo com a variação de peso pós-cirúrgica: Grupo 1 – variação ≤10% do menor peso alcançado (desfecho desejável); Grupo 2 – reganho de peso >10% do menor peso alcançado (não desejável). Foram avaliados peso corporal, % perda do excesso de peso (%PEP), peso mínimo atingido, presença de comorbidades, consumo de energia e macronutrientes e Baros. Resultados: Após 6 anos da cirurgia, 35/74 pacientes apresentaram reganho de peso >10% do menor peso atingido (Grupo 2). Os grupos eram homogêneos para variáveis pré-cirúrgicas. A mediana do menor peso atingido para os pacientes do Grupo 1 foi de 74 (67,8 - 80) kg e 71,4 (64,6 – 80,8) Kg para os pacientes do Grupo 2, alcançados em 24 (18 – 42) e 18 (12 – 24) meses, respectivamente (p=0,017). O %PEP dos pacientes do Grupo 1 foi de 77% e 66% para... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre