Inaug.-Diss.--Erlangen. / Lebenslauf. "Literatur": p. [7]-8.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 1978. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 493-532).

Thesis (doctoral)--Université de Paris, 1942. / "Liste des ouvrages port-royalistes consultés": p. [179]-182. "Liste des livres cites": p. [183]-185.

This thesis looks at how the Scottish state, with a long coastline, got away with a minimal naval footprint in a period when European navies were becoming large permanent institutions. Increasingly, Scottish authorities did this by relying upon the English Royal Navy. This thesis hopes to go some way to filling the lacuna in the historiography of the Royal Navy in the seventeenth century regarding Scotland. The Royal Navy in Scotland is used as a prism through which Scottish and British state development in the period of the union of the crowns is looked at. From the standpoint of 1707 Scotland is generally seen as being an underdeveloped state. Explanations of why this was tend to point to the regal union as a cause due to the removal of key elements of statehood to London, in particular the state's 'monopoly of violence'. This thesis suggests that Scotland did not lose its monopoly of violence and that, instead of being a sign of the regal union's failure, underdevelopment actually indicates success. The Royal Navy shielded Scotland from much of the maritime insecurity which would generate demands to create a significant Scottish naval force. However, this relative success was not indicative of British development providing structures to allow the Royal Navy to react well to Scottish defence needs. Multiple monarchy was a poor organisational structure and AngloScottish communication on naval matters was either poor or non-existent. Instead, geopolitical and strategic factors meant that much Royal Naval provision principally aimed at English defence also helped Scotland. That these factors did not lead to equal protection against all types of maritime threats offers an alternative explanation for the maritime tensions between England and Scotland in the 1690s which Eric Graham identifies with the imposition of English mercantilism on Scotland.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:50:29Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 jorge_pcs_me_arafcf.pdf: 737046 bytes, checksum: dec84c3ab28e6bf448b4986f93072480 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os filmes e revestimentos biodegradáveis são usados para revestir os alimentos, agindo como barreira à umidade e a gases, reduzindo a respiração e as perdas de água por transpiração e desidratação, além do escurecimento enzimático, e mantendo as características do alimento, com aumento da vida de prateleira. Este trabalho teve como objetivos reunir informações sobre o uso da quitosana como revestimento de frutas e vegetais, visando dar suporte ao trabalho experimental; avaliar maçãs revestidas com quitosana comercial, durante o armazenamento à temperatura ambiente, simulando as condições de comercialização das frutas para o mercado interno; avaliar maçãs revestidas com quitosana comercial durante 6 meses de armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada e baixa temperatura, condições de estocagem das frutas para o mercado externo, seguido de armazenamento por 30 dias em atmosfera ambiente e baixa temperatura, visando simular o transporte das frutas para o mercado consumidor no exterior, e posteriormente estocadas à temperatura ambiente, simulando as condições de comercialização; e avaliar maçãs revestidas com quitosana modificada, quando submetidas à temperatura ambiente, visando prolongar a vida de prateleira durante a comercialização, após 6 meses de armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada e baixa temperatura, seguidos de armazenamento por 30 dias em atmosfera ambiente e baixa temperatura. Maçãs ‘Royal Gala’ foram produzidas na safra de 2009, e após a colheita foram separadas em 3 lotes, sendo as frutas do 1o lote revestidas com quitosana comercial; as do 2o lote imersas em solução de ácido acético, que foram usadas como branco e as maçãs do 3o lote não receberam tratamento e foram usadas como controle. Após 6 meses de armazenamento sob atmosfera controlada e baixa temperatura, seguido de mais 30 dias de armazenamento em atmosfera ambiente... / The films and biodegradable coatings are used to coat the food, acting as a barrier to moisture and gases, reducing the respiration and water loss by transpiration and dehydration in addition to the enzymatic browning, maintaining the characteristics of food, with increased of shelf life. This study aimed to gather information about the use of chitosan as a coating for fruits and vegetables, aiming to support the experimental work; evaluate apples coated with commercial chitosan coating during storage at ambient temperature, simulating the real conditions of sale of the fruit for the domestic market; evaluate apples coated with commercial chitosan during 6 months of storage under controlled atmosphere and low temperature, storage conditions of fruit for the export market, followed by 30 days storage under at ambient and low temperature, in order to simulate the transport of fruit to the consumer market abroad, and subsequently stored at ambient temperature, simulating the conditions of marketing; and evaluate apples coated with modified chitosan, at ambient temperature, in order to prolong the shelf life during marketing after six months storaged under controlled atmosphere and low temperature, followed by another 30 days storage under at ambient atmosphere and low temperature. ‘Royal Gala’ apples were produced in 2009 crop and after the harvest they were separated into 3 lots, the first batch of fruit coated with commercial chitosan, those from second lot were immersed in an acetic acid solution and used as blank and the third lot of apples used as controls received no treatment. After 6 storage months under controlled atmosphere and low temperature, followed by another 30 days storage under at ambient atmosphere and low temperature apples without any treatment were separated in 2 lots, being the first batch of fruit coated with modified chitosan, and the second batch used as controls... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

La première partie présente l'état des connaissances actuelles sur les souverains et souveraines de Navarre et de Franceau XVI' siècle. Elle recense les publications de leurs écrits ainsi que les différents angles sous lesquels ils ont étéenvisagés jusqu'à présent par les chercheurs. Elle précise enfin selon quels critères a été établi le corpus étudié (choixdes lettres, compléments inédits).La deuxième partie définit les contextes culturels et matériels des correspondances royales. Elle fait le point sur l'étatdu genre épistolaire à la Renaissance, sur l'éducation et la culture des princes et princesses, ainsi que sur les contraintesmatérielles qui pèsent sur la rédaction de leurs missives.Les deux dernières parties sont consacrées à l'étude des lettres. Les stratégies discursives mises en place par les rois etles reines dépendent du rapport qu'ils entretiennent avec leur destinataire. Cela oblige à distinguer les lettres adresséesaux membres de la sphère publique de celles qui sont réservées à la sphère privée. Au-delà de cette distinction, onconstate que les différences stylistiques dépendent également de l'exercice (ou non) de l'autorité royale ainsi que dugenre (masculin ou féminin) de l'épistolier. Les différences de genre ne sont nullement <<naturelles>>, mais construitessocialement pour répondre à des objectifs précis.À partir de ces travaux, on peut faire l'hypothèse que la pratique épistolaire des rois et des reines exerce une influencesur les théories de l'époque. Enfin, ils confirment qu'au-delà d'une pratique d'écriture commune, la plupart dessouverains et souveraines possèdent un véritable style personnel. / The first part shows what is known toda y about the Royals of Navarre and France in the sixteenth century. It lists thepublications of their writings as well as different researchers' points of view about them up to now. Finally it specifiesunder which criteria the studied corpus bas been established (choice of letters, unpublished works).The second part describes the cultural and material contexts of the royal correspondence. It demonstrates the genre ofletter writing during the Renaissance period, the education and culture of princes and princesses as weil as the materialconstraints which influenced the ability of writing their letters.The last two parts are devoted to the study of letters. The language used by the kings and queens depended on therelationship between them and their correspondents. This makes a distinction between letters to members of the publicand those intended for personal correspondence. Beyond this distinction, it is noticed thal the differences in styledepend also on the exercising (or not) of royal authority, as well as on the gender of the writer. The different genresused in writing are in no way "natural" but dictated by society in order to address specific requirements.From these works the following hypothesis can be made: the kings' and queens' practices of letter writing influencedthe theories of the period. Furtherrnore, this study confirms thal beyond the practice of a universal way of writing, themajority of kings and queens bad their own unique persona! style.

Au XVIIIe siècle, il incombe aux autorités de veiller à l’approvisionnement des habitants en denrées alimentaires, en combustibles et en chandelles de suif. Le rattachement de Strasbourg au royaume de France de Louis XIV en 1681 signifie la fin de l’indépendance de la cité, le préteur royal étant à la tête du magistrat. Quelle conséquence cette évolution institutionnelle a-t-elle sur la politique d’approvisionnement de la ville ? Celle-ci demeure régulièrement perturbée par les accidents météorologiques, les guerres et les agissements des spéculateurs. Elle doit par ailleurs répondre à une demande croissante. La cité continue de se ravitailler en grain et en vin dans la province d’Alsace, mais elle recourt à l’importation pour le bois de chauffage, les bestiaux ou encore le café. Les tribus, à l’instar de celle des bouchers, jouent un rôle important dans l’approvisionnement de la ville qui se trouve compromis en 1788. / In the eighteenth century, it is the responsibility of the autorities to make sure that the inhabitants are provided with food, fuels and tallow candles. Strasbourg becoming part of the kingdom of Louis XIVth in 1681 means the end of the independance of the city, the royal preator being now the head of the magistracy. Which consequence does this institutional evolution have on the supplying policy of the city ? The latter remains regularly disrupted by weather setbacks, wars and the schemes of speculators. Besides, it must meet an ever increasing demand. The Alsace province still provides grain and wine, but the city resorts to importation for ist firewood, livestock and coffee too. The« tribes » (a grouping of guilds), as for instance the butchers’, play an important part in supplying the town, a task jeopardized in 1788.

Au croisement de la littérature et de l’histoire, l’étude du discours pamphlétaire contre le favori royal dans la première partie du dix-septième siècle en Espagne revient à mettre en contexte et en perspective un discours d’indignation baroque. Pour explorer la construction discursive de la légende noire du favori, au-delà des critiques souvent convenues qui lui sont adressées, on s’attachera en particulier à démontrer la cohérence esthétique du Discurso de las privanzas de Francisco de Quevedo. Aux alentours de 1608, le jeune lettré et courtisan retourne ce pamphlet lucide et virtuose contre le duc de Lerma, flamboyant protégé de Philippe III dont l’exercice de la faveur royale ébranla les fondements de la monarchie espagnole. Déployant les pouvoirs contextuels, syncrétiques et paradoxaux du langage baroque, cette oeuvre sous-estimée est une réponse ingénieuse aux défis socio-discursifs qui se posent aux mécontents dans le microcosme clientéliste de la Cour. C’est toute la complexité de ces défis que nous nous proposons d’explorer, en mettant en regard de cette oeuvre quévédienne d’autres textes contre le favori royal prétendant pareillement rompre le silence. Invitant à réfléchir sur l’ambiguïté de la louange comme de la réfutation, l’alibi de l’amitié et les rapports entre la voix, l’image et l’écrit, ils permettent de mesurer les enjeux d’un discours critique et affranchi dans le cadre de l’Espagne baroque / At the crossroads of history and literature, the study of the pamphlets targeting the royal favourite in the early 17th century Spain seeks to review and contextualise a discourse of baroque outrage. In order to investigate the discursive construction of the black legend of the favourite, looking beyond the often formulaic criticism that is leveled at him, we will strive to demonstrate the aesthetic consistency of Francisco de Quevedo’s Discurso de las privanzas. Around 1608, the lettered young courtier turned this lucid and skilled pamphlet against Philip III’s flamboyant protégé, the duke of Lerma, whose exercise of royal favour shook the foundations of the Spanish monarchy. This underestimated work deploys the contextual, syncretic and paradoxical powers of baroque language, offering an ingenious response to the socio-discursive challenges that faced those discontented with the client-patron system that prevailed at Court. We propose to explore the complexity of those challenges by contrasting Quevedo’s work with other written attacks against the royal favourite that claim, likewise, to break the silence. Bringing into play the ambiguities of praise and rebuttal, the alibi of friendship and the relationship between voice, image and the written word, these texts enable us to assess the implication of this critical and unfettered discourse in the context of baroque Spain

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