Human trafficking has existed in various forms throughout human history, but it never drew public attention until recent years. This thesis attempts to explore the causes of labor trafficking by empirical research and provide the government with anti-trafficking measures for Taiwan. The research comprised both quantitative and qualitative methods, in which a questionnaire survey was administered and in-depth interviews were conducted. A total of 167 illegal foreign laborers detained in the Yilan Detention Center and 7 social workers in shelters for trafficking victims participated in the study. Results of the research showed that most runaway foreign laborers came to Taiwan with the assistance of a broker agency, and that they paid brokerage fees with bank loans, while irregular foreign laborers were assisted by friends or relatives in their homelands or in Taiwan and paid their way with personal savings or loans from friends or relatives. It is common for both runaway foreign laborers and irregular foreign laborers to be charged extra fees and to be paid less than they were told before entering Taiwan. Labor trafficking in Taiwan is largely the result of a system of high brokerage fees without a standard and transparent mechanism. In addition, contract foreign laborers cannot change employers at will, which is also a key factor. Consequently, the government of Taiwan should actively negotiate with labor exporting nations to manage the payment of brokerage fees and modify foreign labor policy to decrease the illegality of foreign laborers and employers.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit dem besonders kritischen Ausschaltvorgang bipolarer Leistungsdioden, bei dem das im Durchlass vorhandene Ladungsträgerplasma abgebaut wird. Schwerpunkt ist dabei die Untersuchung von zwei ungewollten Phänomenen, die während des Ausschaltens auftreten können. Diese sind ein plötzliches Abreißen des Rückstroms während der Kommutierung und eine Zerstörung der Diode mit einem lokalen Aufschmelzen in der aktiven Fläche. Betrachtet wird dazu der Ladungsträgerberg, der sich während des Schaltvorgangs bildet. Durch die Analyse des Verhaltens der Ladungsträgerbergfronten, lässt sich sowohl der Einfluss von Schaltbedingungen auf den Plasmaabbau als auch der Unterschied von anodenseitigen und kathodenseitigen Stromfilamenten erklären. Die Erkenntnisse werden auf das moderne Diodenkonzept CIBH (Controlled Injection of Backside Holes) angewandt. Das Potential von CIBH-Dioden zur Verbesserung der Höhenstrahlfestigkeit und Stoßstromfestigkeit wird aufgezeigt. Schließlich wird das neue Anodenemitterkonzept IDEE (Inverse Injection Dependency of Emitter Efficiency) vorgestellt, welches in Kombination mit CIBH die Gesamteigenschaften von Dioden maßgeblich verbessert. Die aktuelle Version Dissertation_Roman_Baburske_2011_11_21.pdf ist um einige Tippfehler bereinigt. / This work concerns the reverse-recovery process of bipolar power diodes. The focus is the investigation of two undesirable phenomena. These are the sudden strong reverse-current decay and the destruction of the diode with a local melting of the chip in the active area. The plasma layer, which arises during the switching period, is considered. An analysis of the plasma-layer front dynamics allows an understanding of the influence of switching parameters on the plasma extraction and the different behavior of anode-side and cathode-side filaments. The results of the analysis are used to describe the operation of the modern diode concept CIBH (Controlled Injection of Backside Holes). The potential of CIBH diodes to improve cosmic-ray stability and surge-current ruggedness is investigated. Finally, a new anode-emitter concept called IDEE (Inverse Injection Dependency of Emitter Efficiency) is introduced, which improves in combination with CIBH the overall performance of a power diode.

This study focuses on the therapeutic interventions by mental health practitioners when faced with rebellious youths. Rebelliousness refers to the act of defying lawful authority or a resistant way of relating to authority or convention. It is manifested in, amongst others, withdrawal, deviance, delinquency, antisocial behaviour, and suicide. To date there are no interventions for rebellious youths per sé. Rebellious youths are often treated with traditional strategies which are often ineffective and show little promise for eliminating rebellious behaviour. Research has revealed that teen problem behaviours stem from "life-problems" such as psychosocial stressors. Therefore treating the adolescent for substance abuse, for example, is treating him/her for the wrong reasons. It is no surprise that many adolescents who have undergone intervention programmes for specific behaviour problems relapse soon after they are released from the programmes. The study focuses on integrating different strategies in order to combat rebelliousness in adolescence and beyond. This holistic approach argues that all treatments share certain curative processes. Therefore each treatment works best when it is combined with other aspects of treatment. For this reason, individual, family and group therapy were combined together with school strategies. The results of this study indicate that combining procedures that are designed to improve problematic behaviour in teenagers are viable forms of treatment. / Educational Studies / D.Ed.(Psychology of Education)

The aim of this investigation was threefold : to determine origins and perceptions of the street child problem nationally and internationally ; to explore the way in which children experience life in the streets ; and to devise strategies to enable these children to develop optimally. Literature indicates that the street child phenomenon is a global issue that presents many challenges. It is a socio-educational problem precipitated by multi-factorial events in the home, community and by children's personality attributes. Street children experience rejection, suffering, shame and anxiety. Deprivation of an environment conducive to positive development leads to maladjustment, anti-social behaviour and marginalisation. The empirical research was undertaken by means of semi-structured interviews conducted among fourteen children of the Khayalethu shelter and by administering questionnaires in the community of Port Shepstone. The findings culminate in recommendations for suitable assistance programmes and strategies to handle the problem in South Africa. / Educational Studies / M.Ed.(Socio-Education)

La sécurité des procédés est une préoccupation majeure dans l'industrie du raffinage et de pétrochimie. Pour les procédés très exothermiques, l'emballement thermique doit être évité. Ainsi, l'objectif de la thèse est la mise en place d'une méthodologie d'étude de la stabilité thermique dans les réacteurs chimiques qui permet de déterminer les zones opératoires de fonctionnement stable du réacteur. Après le développement d'un modèle dynamique de réacteur, la méthodologie consiste à cartographier les zones de stabilité et d'instabilité du système réactionnel en régime stationnaire et dynamique. Le critère de Van Heerden (régime stationnaire) à été généralisé pour application à des systèmes réactionnels complexes. La méthode de perturbation des états stationnaires (régime dynamique) a aussi été intégrée à la méthodologie avec l'analyse des valeurs propres.Cette méthodologie a été appliquée au procédé d'hydroconversion en lit bouillonnant de charges pétrolières lourdes, ceci à l'échelle pilote et industrielle. Des modèles dynamiques adaptés au procédé pilote et industriel ont été développés. Ils tiennent en compte la complexité de la charge ainsi que le schéma des deux procédés. L'étude de la stabilité stationnaire et dynamique a été réalisée. Des cartographies de stabilité/instabilité en fonction des principaux paramètres du procédé ont été tracées. D'après les résultats obtenus, la plage stable pour réacteur pilote est plus large que pour le réacteur industriel. La variation des paramètres du procédé ont le même effet sur les deux réacteurs. Les cartographies de stabilité obtenues sont un outil indispensable pour l'ingénieur lors du design des procédés ou leur opération. / In refining and petrochemistry process safety is a major issue. For highly exothermic processes it is necessary to ensure in a rigorous way the safe that the process operates in safe conditions, hence avoiding thermal runaway. The objective of this thesis was to develop a methodology to determine the operating conditions of reliable operation of chemical reactors. The methodology relies on stationary and dynamic analysis. The stationary stability analysis based on the Van Heerden criterion was generalized to complex chemical systems. The dynamic analysis applies the perturbation theory to definitely determine if a stationary point is stable according to eigenvalue analysis.The methodology was applied to ebullated-bed technology for residue hydroconversion at pilot and industrial scale. Two comprehensive dynamic models that accurately represent the ebullated-bed pilot plant and industrial process were developed for the study. The models take into account a detailed description of the reactive system and the configuration of the pilot and industrial plants: three phases, kinetics and flow characterization. A stationary and dynamic thermal stability analysis was carried out for both configurations and stable/unstable operating regions were identified. The study showed that the pilot plant reactor can operate in a larger domain of operating conditions compared to the industrial reactor while the parameters have the same effect on both reactors. The resulting reactor operation diagrams are a essential guide for engineers in the reactor design and operation practice.

Cette thèse CIFRE est réalisée dans le cadre d’un partenariat entre le laboratoire IMS de l’Université Bordeaux I et Airbus Operations S.A.S à Toulouse. Le thème abordé concerne la détection robuste et précoce de deux types particuliers de pannes dans le système de commandes de vol, à savoir l’embarquement et le grippage des gouvernes de profondeur. Afin de contribuer à l’optimisation du design structural des futurs avions, l’objectif est de proposer des méthodes capables d’améliorer les performances en détection des techniques actuellement en place, tout en garantissant un haut niveau de robustesse. Trois stratégies de surveillance à base de modèle sont présentées. La première solution est basée sur un filtre de Kalman dédié, associé à une procédure d’optimisation de ses paramètres. La seconde technique est basée sur un test de décision appliqué dans l’espace paramétrique, à une direction sensible identifiée. Finalement, une troisième approche consiste à utiliser un différentiateur à modes glissants pour estimer les dérivées du signal d’entrée et de sortie de la boucle d’asservissement. Les méthodes développées ont été implémentées dans le calculateur de commandes de vol et validées sur les bancs de tests Airbus et même en vol. Les résultats expérimentaux ont clairement mis en évidence l’apport des techniques présentées dans cette thèse par rapport à l’état de l’art industriel. / The research work done in this PhD has been carried out under an industrial convention (CIFRE) between the IMS laboratory (Bordeaux University, France) and Airbus Operations S.A.S. (Toulouse, France). The thesis deals with two important Electrical Flight Control System failure cases: runaway (a.k.a. hard over) and jamming (or lock-in-place failure) of aircraft control surfaces. Early and robust detection of such failures is an important issue for achieving sustainability goals and for early system reconfiguration. The thesis focuses on the elevator runaway and jamming. Three model-based monitoring strategies are presented. The first approach is based on a dedicated Kalman filtering with optimised tuning parameters. The second method is based on a decision test applied to an identified sensitive direction in the parametric space. Finally, the third solution is based on a sliding mode differentiator. The techniques have been implemented in the flight control computer and validated on Airbus test facilities and during real flight tests. The experimental results confirmed that good level of performance and robustness can be obtained.

The oldest and also most used type of secondary cells is lead-acid accumulator. Basic functional principle stayed same as in foundation time, only operation parameters are still improving (for example one of the most important is lifetime). Significant technical problem is temperature of lead-acid battery and her influence on functionality and running reactions. Master thesis is focused on this section, when is necessary to evaluate new pieces of knowledge in development. The work deals with description existing types of accumulators, further deals with theory of temperature balance and in the end by measured datas and theirs analyzing.

Lead –acid batteries are the most common type of secondary cells used in automotive industry. This diploma thesis deals with the influence of temperature on their lifetime. In the preamble of this work is shortly described their history, division, construction and processes during battery operation. There are noted unfavorable phenomena which have an impact on increasing the temperature inside the battery. The first experimental part is devoted to evaluation the effects of addition on the temperature rise during charging. The second part is focused on conditions simulation in hot areas at the temperature above 30 °C and effects of this temperature on the function of lead – acid batteries.

Målet med arbetet var att undersöka vilka tekniker som finns för att bekämpa bränder i elbilar ombord på fartyg och vilka farliga gaser som elbilar med litiumjonbatterier avger när de brinner.  För att svara på dessa gjordes en metaanalys för att undersöka hälsoriskerna med några av de farliga gaserna som uppstår, hur man minskar hälsorisken som följer bränder i litiumjonbatteri genom användning av särskild utrustning, samt vilka åtgärder som går att utnyttja ombord på fartyg,   Litiumjonbatterier har även visats sig problematiska att släcka, men det har dykt upp särskilda släckmedel för att bekämpa dessa bränder. I arbetet undersöks några av dessa släckmedel. Då teknologin bakom batteridrift i fordon fortfarande är relativt ny och precis börjar bli vanligt på våra gator, så finns det ännu inte mycket direktiv om vilka åtgärder som bör tas för en effektiv släckning, förhindra återtändning och skydda personers hälsa ombord på fartyg. Därför har vi valt att titta på vilka rutiner det finns i land för att se om de går att tillämpa ombord. / The purpose of this thesis was to examine which techniques exists to fight fires in electrical vehicles aboard ships and which harmful substances electrical vehicles releases when burning. To answer these questions, we performed a meta-analysis to understand some of the harmful gases that will be present during an EV fire, how to minimize the health hazard that comes with fires in lithium-ion batteries using certain equipment and what measures that can be taken aboard ships.  Li-ion batteries have also proven to be problematic to extinguish, but there have emerged certain extinguishing agents to fight these types of fires. In this thesis we look at some of these extinguishing agents. As technology being used in battery powered vehicles is still new and just becoming common on our streets, there is not a whole lot of directives on how to be effective in extinguishing them, prevent reignition and protect the health of people abord ships. That is why we have chosen to look at what is being used on shore and see if it can be applied on ships.

La fugue est une problématique importante pour les instances veillant à protéger la sécurité et le développement des enfants et adolescents. Au Québec, un jeune sur quatre hébergé en centre de réadaptation l'expérimente. Bien que le taux de jeunes fugueurs reste stable, au cours des dernières années, le nombre d’absences s'est avéré en hausse. Cela signifie que ceux qui ont quitté leur milieu de vie substitut l'ont fait plus souvent. Puisque ce comportement peut compromettre la sécurité et le développement des enfants sous la responsabilité de ces instances, il faut chercher à déterminer les facteurs de risque individuels qui y sont associés. Il importe également de comprendre les caractéristiques du milieu de vie substitut et, plus largement, du contexte social environnant qui peuvent venir augmenter ou diminuer le risque. Une gestion efficace du risque de fugue passe nécessairement par une compréhension systémique de différents facteurs de risque individuels, organisationnels et environnementaux qui s’influencent et interagissent. Afin de considérer l’ensemble des caractéristiques permettant de prédire l'occurrence et la récurrence de la fugue, cette thèse poursuit deux objectifs principaux, abordés à partir d’une méthodologie mixte, alliant les méthodes quantitative et qualitative. Premièrement, le Guide d’évaluation du risque de fugue, un outil permettant d’évaluer le risque de fugue chez les jeunes hébergés en centre de réadaptation a été développé et validé. Un modèle composé initialement de 25 facteurs de risque a été soumis à diverses analyses psychométriques pour mettre à l'épreuve sa fidélité et sa validité prédictive. Des analyses de courbes ROC ont permis de déterminer que le modèle offrant la meilleure valeur prédictive en est un qui regroupe 15 éléments. De ce nombre, huit concernent des enjeux relationnels (ex.: alliance thérapeutique, réseau social, conflits, etc.). Une part importante de la prévention de la fugue doit donc s’intéresser à la façon dont le jeune interagit avec son entourage. Deuxièmement, 15 entretiens ont été réalisés auprès d’acteurs-clés afin de mieux cerner les caractéristiques du milieu de vie substitut qui peuvent avoir une incidence sur le risque de fugue. L’étude de ces facteurs situationnels a permis de comprendre en quoi l'historique récent de fugues dans le milieu de vie substitut, l’encadrement physique, les équipes d’intervenants, les composantes organisationnelles et les caractéristiques de la prise en charge peuvent prévenir ou accroitre le risque de fugue. Ces entretiens ont également mis de l’avant l’importance du contexte social environnant dans la compréhension de la problématique. En somme, cette thèse avance que la gestion du risque implique non seulement qu'on identifie les caractéristiques du jeune qui le prédisposent à la fugue, mais que l'on comprenne également en quoi des facteurs situationnels réduisent ou exacerbent le risque. Enfin, elle soutient que cette compréhension reste incomplète si l’on ne tient pas compte de certaines composantes du contexte social environnant. / The subject of runaways is an important preoccupation for child welfare services responsible for youth protection. In Québec, one in four youths living in a residential treatment center will experiment running away. Although these statistics tend to remain stable, in recent years an increase in absences has been observed. This can lead us to believe that those who leave the substitute care, do it more frequently. Managing risks in the youth protection system is a high stakes endeavor. In fact, runaway behaviors can potentially compromise the security and development of the youths for whom child welfare services have a responsibility. An optimal management of these risks implies evaluating them. Such an evaluation must not only determine the factors predisposing the youth to run away, it must also aim to identify the characteristics of the environment, how they influence the phenomena and eventually how they contribute to heighten or lessen these risks. A systemic understanding of the different individual and environmental risk factors, influencing and interacting with one another, must be considered when managing such risks in a protection setting. Considering these overall characteristics and their predictive value, this thesis has targeted two main objectives, based on a mix-méthod. A first goal was to develop a clinically valid tool evaluating the risk of running away for youths living in a residential treatment center. Applicating a model initially including 25 risk factors, diversified psychometric analysis measured the fidelity and predictive validity of the Guide d’évaluation du risque de fugue. In particular, ROC curves analysis helped determine that the model offering the best predictive value uses 15 risk factors. Of these 15 factors, 8 are pertaining to the quality of the relationships the youth has with his environment (quality of therapeutic alliance, conflictual relationships, peer and social relationships, etc…). This supposes that to better prevent the phenomena of running away in these contexts, a large part of these evaluations must take into account how the youth interacts with his environment. In second place, 15 interviews were conducted with key actors to better understand the characteristics and organisation of these residential treatment centers, and eventually their incidence on the risks of runaway behaviors. The careful study of situational factors has helped understand the influence of the actual presence of runaway behaviors, the physical environment, the teams of professionals; the characteristics of psychosocial treatment and finally the organisational components, and how they can prevent or increase these risks. These interviews have also highlighted the importance of the exterior environment in which the child welfare system is rooted and how this context affects the comprehension on these behaviors. Ultimately the results of this thesis lead us to believe that managing the risks of runaway behaviors not only implies evaluating the youth’s characteristics and how they predispose them to such behaviors but equally implies that situational factors have a role in preventing or increasing the risks. Although it should be mentioned that this evaluation is incomplete without the analysis of the exterior environment’s components and how they will facilitate or limit the risk management of professionals and child welfare organisations.